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Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
Introduction to Effective Outdoor Leadership | p. 1 |
Need for Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 2 |
Emerging and Designated Leaders | p. 2 |
Research on Outdoor Leadership | p. 3 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 6 |
Creating the Appropriate Mixture in the Right Settings | p. 6 |
Summary | p. 6 |
Questions to Think About | p. 7 |
References | p. 7 |
Foundations of Adventure Programming | p. 9 |
Philosophy of Adventure Programming | p. 11 |
Philosophy: Definitions | p. 13 |
Philosophical Models Supporting Adventure Programming | p. 13 |
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Experiential Theories of Learning | p. 14 |
Information Assimilation and Experiential Learning | p. 15 |
Defining Structures in Adventure Programming | p. 16 |
Product of Adventure: Affective Aspects | p. 19 |
Process of Adventure | p. 20 |
Adventure Programming Applications | p. 23 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 24 |
Summary | p. 24 |
Questions to Think About | p. 25 |
References | p. 25 |
History of Adventure Programming | p. 27 |
Beginnings | p. 28 |
Outward Bound | p. 28 |
Growth of Adventure Learning Programs | p. 30 |
History of Outdoor Leadership Preparation | p. 31 |
Certification Versus Accreditation | p. 37 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 40 |
Summary | p. 40 |
Questions to Think About | p. 41 |
References | p. 41 |
Individual Behavior and Motivation | p. 45 |
Physiological and Psychophysiological Factors | p. 46 |
Theories and Models of Motivation | p. 54 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 61 |
Summary | p. 61 |
Questions to Think About | p. 62 |
References | p. 62 |
Group Development and Dynamics | p. 65 |
Stages of Group Development | p. 66 |
Other Factors Affecting Group Dynamics | p. 72 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 73 |
Summary | p. 73 |
Questions to Think About | p. 74 |
References | p. 74 |
Practical and Organizational Skills for Outdoor Leaders | p. 75 |
Technical Skills | p. 77 |
Generic, Metaskills, and Specific Competency | p. 78 |
Specific Technical-Skill Competencies | p. 79 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 86 |
Summary | p. 86 |
Questions to Think About | p. 86 |
References | p. 87 |
Additional Resources | p. 87 |
Safety and Risk Management | p. 91 |
Risk Is Essential | p. 92 |
Accident Theory | p. 93 |
Risk-Management Countermeasures | p. 98 |
Risk-Management Skills | p. 109 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 110 |
Summary | p. 111 |
Questions to Think About | p. 112 |
References | p. 112 |
Environmental Skills | p. 113 |
Planning for an Environmentally Appropriate Experience | p. 115 |
Hiking and Traveling With Minimal Impact | p. 115 |
Camping and Campsite Behavior | p. 116 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 117 |
Summary | p. 118 |
Questions to Think About | p. 118 |
References | p. 118 |
Trip Planning | p. 119 |
Before the Trip | p. 120 |
During the Trip | p. 126 |
Back Home and Other Planning | p. 128 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 128 |
Summary | p. 129 |
Questions to Think About | p. 129 |
References | p. 129 |
Legal Liability | p. 131 |
Legal Liability | p. 132 |
Four Conditions of Negligence | p. 132 |
Applying the Four Conditions of Negligence in Court | p. 132 |
Standard of Care: Being Reasonable and Prudent | p. 133 |
Defenses Against Negligence Claims | p. 133 |
Written Forms | p. 134 |
After an Accident | p. 136 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 139 |
Summary | p. 139 |
Questions to Think About | p. 140 |
References | p. 140 |
Instruction in Adventure Programming | p. 143 |
Experiential Education | p. 145 |
Rationale for Fostering Functional Growth | p. 147 |
Educational Models Supporting Adventure Programming | p. 150 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 156 |
Summary | p. 157 |
Questions to Think About | p. 157 |
References | p. 157 |
Instructional Methods | p. 159 |
Five Depths of Learning | p. 160 |
Public Speaking | p. 163 |
Designing Effective Lessons | p. 164 |
Objective Writing and Goal Setting | p. 166 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 168 |
Summary | p. 168 |
Questions to Think About | p. 169 |
References | p. 169 |
Teaching Models | p. 171 |
Phases of the Learning Experience | p. 172 |
Range of Teaching Styles | p. 174 |
Selecting the Most Appropriate Style | p. 178 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 179 |
Summary | p. 179 |
Questions to Think About | p. 179 |
References | p. 179 |
Facilitation in Adventure Programming | p. 181 |
The Process of Facilitation | p. 183 |
Why Facilitate Adventure Experiences? | p. 184 |
Importance of Transfer of Learning | p. 184 |
Empowering Clients | p. 186 |
Facilitation Guidelines | p. 188 |
Six Generations of Adventure Facilitation | p. 189 |
Adventure Programs and Facilitation Styles | p. 194 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 194 |
Summary | p. 195 |
Questions to Think About | p. 195 |
References | p. 196 |
Basic Facilitation Techniques | p. 197 |
Discussion Techniques | p. 198 |
Alternative Reflections and Nonverbal Methods | p. 201 |
Debriefing the Experience | p. 202 |
Frontloading the Experience | p. 207 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 211 |
Summary | p. 211 |
Questions to Think About | p. 212 |
References | p. 212 |
Advanced Facilitation Techniques | p. 213 |
Isomorphically Framing the Experience | p. 215 |
Indirectly Frontloading the Experience | p. 220 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 225 |
Summary | p. 225 |
Questions to Think About | p. 226 |
References | p. 226 |
Facilitation Roles | p. 229 |
Assess Needs | p. 230 |
Be Neutral | p. 232 |
Construct Change Processes | p. 232 |
Deal With Resistance | p. 234 |
Exceptions Produce Solutions | p. 235 |
Feedback Aids Learning | p. 235 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 237 |
Good Listening Elicits Useful Questions | p. 237 |
Summary | p. 237 |
Questions to Think About | p. 238 |
References | p. 238 |
Metaskills for Outdoor Leaders | p. 241 |
Flexible Leadership Style | p. 243 |
Leadership Styles | p. 244 |
Leadership Orientation | p. 244 |
Conditional Favorability | p. 246 |
Conditional Outdoor Leadership Theory Model | p. 247 |
Applying the COLT Model | p. 247 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 250 |
Summary | p. 250 |
Questions to Think About | p. 250 |
References | p. 251 |
Effective Communication | p. 253 |
Communication Defined | p. 254 |
Improving Communication | p. 259 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 259 |
Summary | p. 260 |
Questions to Think About | p. 260 |
References | p. 260 |
Experience-Based Judgment | p. 261 |
The Judgment Cycle | p. 262 |
Role of Piagetian Theory | p. 264 |
Role of Heuristics | p. 265 |
Developing Judgment | p. 266 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 267 |
Summary | p. 267 |
Questions to Think About | p. 268 |
References | p. 268 |
Problem Solving | p. 269 |
Multiphase Problem Solving | p. 270 |
Solving Problems Using the Multiphase Model | p. 272 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 277 |
Summary | p. 278 |
Questions to Think About | p. 278 |
References | p. 278 |
Decision Making | p. 279 |
Divergence | p. 280 |
Convergence | p. 281 |
Qualitative Modifications | p. 284 |
Application to Problem Solving | p. 286 |
Decision Making and Leadership Styles | p. 286 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 287 |
Summary | p. 287 |
Questions to Think About | p. 287 |
References | p. 288 |
Professional Ethics | p. 289 |
Principle and Virtue Ethics | p. 291 |
Kitchener's Model of Ethical Decision Making | p. 292 |
Ethical Guidelines for Outdoor Leaders | p. 295 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 297 |
Summary | p. 297 |
Questions to Think About | p. 297 |
References | p. 297 |
Trends and Issues | p. 299 |
Factors at Work | p. 300 |
Growth | p. 300 |
Environment | p. 302 |
Technology | p. 303 |
Burnout | p. 305 |
Professionalism | p. 307 |
Research | p. 308 |
Growth Curves and Life Cycles | p. 310 |
Rebirth or Death? | p. 312 |
Effective Outdoor Leaders | p. 315 |
Summary | p. 315 |
Questions to Think About | p. 316 |
References | p. 316 |
Author Index | p. 319 |
Subject Index | p. 323 |
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