Effective Teaching in Elementary Social Studies

by Savage, Tom V.; Armstrong, David G.

• ISBN13: 9780133708264
• ISBN10: 0133708268
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-10-01
• Publisher: Macmillan Publishing Company, Incorporated

Table of Contents

PART I CONTEXTS FOR THE SOCIAL STUDIES	1	(158)
Defining the Social Studies	3	(30)
Introduction	6	(3)
Defining Social Studies	9	(2)
Citizenship Education	9	(1)
History and Social Science Education	10	(1)
Reflective Thinking and Problem-solving Education	11	(1)
Common Emphases within Social Studies Programs	11	(3)
Emphases within Citizenship Education	11	(1)
Emphases within History and Social Science Education	12	(1)
Emphases within Reflective Thinking and Problem-solving Education	13	(1)
Establishing Standards for Pupil Performance	14	(2)
The Grades K to 8 Social Studies Curriculum	16	(3)
Kindergarten: Awareness of Self in a Social Setting	16	(1)
The Individual in Primary and Social Groups---Understanding School and Family Life	16	(1)
Meeting Basic Needs in Nearby Social Groups---The Neighborhood	17	(1)
Sharing Earth and Space with Others---The Community	18	(1)
Human Life in Varied Environments---The Region	18	(1)
People of the Americas---The United States and Its Close Neighbors	18	(1)
People and Cultures---Representative World Regions	18	(1)
A Changing World of Many Nations---A Global View	18	(1)
Building a Strong and Free Nation---The United States	19	(1)
Relating Basic Social Studies Purposes to Subject Matter Covered at Each Grade Level	19	(4)
The Structure of Knowledge	23	(4)
Facts	24	(1)
Concepts	25	(1)
Generalizations	26	(1)
The Motivation Problem	27	(6)
The Content Sources: History, Geography, and Economics	33	(44)
Introduction	37	(1)
History	38	(14)
History of the Curriculum	41	(2)
History-related Classroom Activities	43	(7)
How Historians Judge the Truth	50	(1)
A Selection of Information Sources	51	(1)
Geography	52	(11)
The Geography Curriculum	53	(5)
Geography-related Classroom Activities	58	(4)
A Selection of Information Sources	62	(1)
Economics	63	(14)
Categories of Economic Systems	63	(1)
Economics-related Classroom Activities	64	(9)
A Selection of Information Sources	73	(4)
The Content Sources: Political Science, Sociology, Anthropology, and Psychology	77	(46)
Introduction	81	(1)
Political Science	81	(10)
Political Science in the Curriculum	82	(3)
Political Science-related Classroom Activities	85	(6)
Sociology	91	(11)
Institutions	92	(1)
Primary Groups	92	(1)
Secondary Groups	93	(1)
Stratified Groups	93	(1)
Relationships within and among Groups	94	(1)
Social Change	94	(1)
Communication	94	(1)
Social Problems	94	(1)
Sociology-related Classroom Activities	95	(7)
Anthropology	102	(9)
Archaeology and Prehistory	103	(1)
Human Evolution	103	(1)
Culture	104	(1)
Cultural Change	105	(1)
Anthropology-related Classroom Activities	106	(5)
Psychology	111	(12)
Individual Differences	112	(1)
Perception	112	(2)
Fears	114	(1)
Aggression	114	(1)
Psychology-related Classroom Activities	114	(9)
Planning for Instruction	123	(36)
Introduction	126	(1)
Aims, Goals, Intended Learning Outcomes, and Instructional Objectives	127	(11)
Aims	128	(1)
Goals	128	(1)
Intended Learning Outcomes	129	(1)
Instructional Objectives	130	(8)
Information Needed in Making Instructional Planning Decisions	138	(3)
Knowledge about Learners	138	(1)
Pupil Expectations and Prior Experience	139	(1)
Knowledge about Content	139	(1)
Knowledge of Teaching Methods	140	(1)
Knowledge about Available Resources	140	(1)
Organizing Planning Information	141	(18)
Unit Plans	142	(10)
Lesson Plans	152	(7)
PART II FUNDAMENTAL APPROACHES TO INSTRUCTION	159	(136)
Concepts, Generalizations, and Individualized Learning	161	(30)
Introduction	165	(1)
Concepts	166	(5)
Types of Concepts	167	(1)
Teaching Concepts	168	(3)
Inducing Generalizations	171	(4)
Individualized Learning: Basic Features	175	(2)
Altering the Rate of Learning	175	(1)
Altering the Content of Learning	176	(1)
Altering the Method of Learning	177	(1)
Altering the Goals of Learning	177	(1)
Examples of Formal Approaches for Individualizing Learning	177	(14)
Learning Centers	179	(2)
Learning Activity Packages	181	(1)
Activity Cards	182	(4)
Learning Contracts	186	(5)
Group Learning	191	(36)
Introduction	195	(3)
Basic Group Types	198	(4)
The Tutoring Group	199	(1)
The Equal Roles Group	199	(2)
The Assigned Roles Group	201	(1)
Preparing Pupils to Work in Groups	202	(8)
Two-By-Two	203	(2)
Think-Pair-Share	205	(1)
Inside-Outside	205	(2)
Numbered Heads Together	207	(1)
Buzz Session	208	(2)
Three Popular Group Techniques: Classroom Debate, Role Playing, and Simulation	210	(7)
Classroom Debate	210	(2)
Role Playing	212	(3)
Simulations	215	(2)
Cooperative Learning Techniques	217	(10)
Jigsaw	218	(2)
Learning Together	220	(1)
Teams Achievement Divisions	221	(6)
Developing Thinking Skills	227	(32)
Introduction	232	(1)
Teaching Pupils to Monitor Their Thinking	232	(5)
Thinking Aloud	233	(1)
Visualizing Thinking	234	(3)
Inquiry Approaches	237	(7)
Inquiry Teaching: Basic Steps	238	(3)
Using Data Charts to Compare, Contrast, and Generalize	241	(2)
Delimiting and Focusing Pupils' Thinking	243	(1)
Creative Thinking	244	(2)
Critical Thinking	246	(1)
Problem Solving	246	(4)
Decision Making	250	(4)
Finding More Information	254	(5)
Developing Prosocial Behavior	259	(36)
Introduction	265	(1)
Values, Morality, and Prosocial Behavior	266	(2)
Aesthetic Values	266	(1)
Moral Values	267	(1)
James Rest's Framework	267	(1)
Dealing with Values, Morality, and Prosocial Behavior in the Classroom	268	(27)
Clarifying Personal and Aesthetic Values	269	(3)
Values-Situation Role Playing	272	(5)
Kohlberg's Approach to Developing Moral Judgment	277	(2)
Moral Dilemma Discussions	279	(3)
Teaching for Moral Decision Making: Issues, Values, and Consequences Analysis	282	(13)
PART III A SELECTION OF THEMES	295	(106)
Law-Related Education	297	(30)
Introduction	301	(1)
What is Law-Related Education?	301	(1)
Goals of Law-Related Education	302	(2)
Law-Related Education Topics	304	(3)
Basic Legal Concepts	304	(1)
The Constitution and Bill of Rights	304	(1)
The Legal System	305	(1)
Criminal Law	306	(1)
Consumer Law	306	(1)
Family Law	307	(1)
Sources of Information	307	(3)
Special Committee on Youth Education for Citizenship	308	(1)
Constitutional Rights Foundation	308	(1)
Law in a Free Society	308	(1)
Center for Civic Education	308	(1)
Consumer Law Resource Kit	308	(1)
Opposing Viewpoints Series	309	(1)
National Institute for Citizen Education in the Law	309	(1)
Public Affairs Pamphlet Series	309	(1)
Law in Action Units	309	(1)
Cases: A Resource Guide for Teaching about the Law	309	(1)
Classroom Approaches to Law-Related Education	310	(9)
Using Case Studies	310	(5)
Storyline	315	(2)
Children's Literature	317	(1)
Mock Trials	317	(2)
Community Resources	319	(8)
Global Education	327	(22)
Introduction	331	(1)
What is Global Education?	332	(1)
Global Education: Issues	333	(1)
Organizing Global Education Learning Experiences	334	(15)
Monocultural Emphasis	335	(1)
Experience Emphasis	336	(1)
Contributions Emphasis	337	(1)
Intercultural Emphasis	338	(2)
Personal Emphasis	340	(9)
Multicultural and Gender-Equity Education	349	(28)
Introduction	353	(1)
Multicultural Education's Many Faces	354	(3)
Gender-Equity Education: Purposes	357	(1)
Basic Goals of Multicultural and Gender-Equity Education	357	(2)
Monitoring Teaching Procedures	359	(2)
Classroom Approaches to Multicultural and Gender-Equity Studies	361	(10)
Single-Group Studies: General Characteristics	361	(1)
Single-Group Studies: Examples of Classroom Approaches	362	(6)
Multiple-Perspectives Approach: General Characteristics	368	(1)
Multiple-Perspectives Approach: A Classroom Example	368	(3)
Sources of Information	371	(6)
Multicultural Lessons	371	(1)
Gender-Equity Lessons	371	(6)
Environmental and Energy Education	377	(24)
Introduction	380	(1)
Pressing Environmental and Energy Challenges	381	(6)
Global Warming	381	(1)
Deforestation	381	(1)
Toxic Waste	382	(1)
Ozone Depletion	383	(1)
Issues Associated with Energy	384	(3)
Classroom Approaches to Building Environmental and Energy Awareness	387	(14)
Sensitizing Learners to the Problem of Unnecessary Waste	387	(3)
Developing Environmental Sensitivity through Children's Literature	390	(1)
Learning What Is Biodegradable	391	(10)
PART IV SUPPORTING AND ASSESSING SOCIAL STUDIES LEARNING	401	(148)
Technology and the Social Studies	403	(22)
Introduction	407	(2)
Computers in the Schools	409	(9)
Traditional Computer Programs	410	(2)
CD-ROM	412	(2)
Internet	414	(2)
Integrating Computer-based Instruction	416	(1)
Some ``Pros'' and ``Cons'' Related to Computers and Schools	416	(2)
Videocassettes	418	(1)
Videodiscs	418	(1)
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)	419	(6)
Understanding Map and Globe Skills	425	(30)
Introduction	429	(1)
Globes	430	(3)
Kinds of Globes	431	(2)
Parts of the Globe That Need to Be Emphasized	433	(1)
Maps	433	(4)
Conformal Maps	435	(1)
Equal Area Maps	436	(1)
Basic Map and Globe Skills	437	(11)
Recognizing Shapes	438	(1)
Utilizing Scale	438	(1)
Recognizing Symbols	439	(3)
Utilizing Direction	442	(2)
Determining Absolute Location	444	(1)
Pointing Out Relative Location	444	(3)
Describing Earth-Sun Relationships	447	(1)
Interpreting Information on Maps and Globes	447	(1)
Teaching All of the Skills at Each Grade Level	448	(7)
Social Studies and the Integrated Curriculum	455	(34)
Introduction	459	(1)
Choosing Appropriate Themes	460	(3)
Feasible	461	(1)
Worthwhile	461	(1)
Contextualized	462	(1)
Meaningful	462	(1)
Mapping the Integration	463	(1)
Integrating Units around Selections of Children's Literature	464	(1)
The Arts	465	(1)
Music	465	(1)
Mathematics	466	(4)
Science and Technology	470	(1)
Language Arts	471	(18)
Readers' Theater	472	(1)
Reading Study Skills	472	(2)
Prereading Techniques	474	(1)
During-Reading Techniques	475	(4)
Postreading Techniques	479	(2)
Writing and the Social Studies	481	(8)
Social Studies for Limited English Proficient Learners	489	(26)
Introduction	493	(1)
Potential Problems for Limited English Proficient Learners in Social Studies	494	(3)
Cultural Conflict	495	(1)
Lack of Social Studies Background	496	(1)
Sequential Nature of the Curriculum	496	(1)
Difficulty of Social Studies Materials	497	(1)
Sheltered Instruction in the Social Studies	497	(1)
Principles of Second Language Learning in Content Fields	498	(8)
The Affective Filter	499	(1)
Meaningful and Comprehensible Input	499	(1)
Stages of Language Acquisition	500	(2)
Context and Cognitive Load	502	(2)
Learning Types of Knowledge Structures	504	(2)
Successful Instructional Practices for Teaching Limited English Proficient Learners	506	(9)
Cooperative Learning	506	(1)
Multimedia and Concrete Experiences	507	(2)
Language Experiences	509	(6)
Evaluating Learning	515	(34)
Introduction	519	(1)
Authentic Assessment	519	(2)
Problems in Implementing Authentic Assessment	520	(1)
Informal Evaluation	521	(9)
Teacher Observation	523	(1)
Teacher--Pupil Discussion	523	(1)
Pupil-Produced Tests	524	(1)
My Favorite Idea	524	(1)
Headlines	525	(1)
Newspaper Articles	525	(1)
Word Pairs	525	(1)
Alphabet Review Game	526	(1)
Mystery Word Scramble	526	(1)
Anagrams	527	(1)
Other Informal Techniques	528	(1)
Recordkeeping and Informal Evaluation	528	(2)
Formal Evaluation	530	(14)
Rating Scales	530	(3)
Learning Checklists	533	(2)
Attitude Inventories	535	(1)
Essay Tests	535	(2)
True/False Tests	537	(1)
Multiple-Choice Tests	538	(3)
Matching Tests	541	(1)
Completion Tests	542	(2)
Using Evaluation Results to Improve Instruction	544	(5)
Subject Index	549	(6)
Name Index	555