Egress Design Solutions A Guide to Evacuation and Crowd Management Planning

by Tubbs, Jeffrey; Meacham, Brian

• ISBN13: 9780471719564
• ISBN10: 0471719560
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-05-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The architect's primary source for information on designing for egress, evacuation, and life safety,Egress Design Solutions, Emergency Evacuation and Crowd Management Planning, is written by proven experts on egress issues. Meacham and Tubbs are engineers with Arup, an international firm with a stellar reputation for quality design and engineering. Their book examines egress solutions in terms of both prescriptive and performance-based code issues. A portion of the book focuses on techniques for providing egress design solutions and for coordinating egress systems with other critical life safety systems. Another part reviews historic and recent tragic life-loss fire events. As such, this is easily the most comprehensive take on the subject, written especially for architects.

Author Biography

Jeffrey S. Tubbs, PE, is an associate principal with the global engineering and consulting firm Arup, and is staff group leader of Arup's Westborough, Massachusetts, office. Tubbs is a registered fire protection engineer in seven states, and has extensive experience developing prescriptive and performance-based code fire protection, life safety, and egress strategies for projects in the United States and internationally. In addition to being an adjunct instructor at the Center for Fire Safety Studies at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Tubbs has also contributed his expertise to various building design texts and led the Arup contributions to the National Construction Safety Team investigation of the February 20, 2002, fire at The Station nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island.

Brian J. Meacham, PhD, PE, is a principal with Arup, leading the firm's Global Risk Consulting Business. A licensed engineer and a fellow of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Meacham is widely regarded as an expert in risk-informed performance-based approaches to building regulation and fire protection design. He holds appointments of adjunct associate professor in fire protection engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and research associate professor and director, Center for Risk and Security, Clark University. Meacham is the editor of the ICC book Performance-Based Building Design Concepts: A Companion to the ICC Performance Code and lead editor of the NFPA book Extreme Event Mitigation in Buildings: Analysis and Design.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
St. Lawrence University Laboratory Building	p. 1
Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport	p. 4
International Finance Center	p. 9
Overview	p. 10
Myths and Misconceptions	p. 13
Summary	p. 15
References	p. 16
Background
Building Codes and Regulations	p. 17
History and Overview of Building and Fire Codes in the United States	p. 17
Model Codes	p. 20
Scope of Building and Fire Codes	p. 22
Application of Building and Fire Codes	p. 23
Responsibilities	p. 25
ICC Codes and Egress	p. 26
NFPA Codes	p. 30
Evolution to Performance-Based Codes	p. 35
Looking to the Future	p. 47
References	p. 49
Recommended Reading	p. 51
Historic Events	p. 53
Iroquois Theater, Chicago, Illinois, 1903	p. 54
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, New York, New York, 1911	p. 58
Italian Hall Disaster, Calumet, Michigan, 1913	p. 60
Rhythm Club, Natchez, Mississippi, 1940	p. 62
Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire, Boston, Massachusetts, 1942	p. 63
Ringling Brothers, Barnum & Bailey Circus Tent Fire, Hartford, Connecticut, 1944	p. 65
Our Lady of Angels School Fire, Chicago, Illinois, 1958	p. 66
Hartford Hospital Fire, Hartford, Connecticut, 1961	p. 67
Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire, Southgate, Kentucky, 1977	p. 70
The Who Concert, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979	p. 73
MGM Grand Fire, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1980	p. 74
Dupont Plaza, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1986	p. 76
World Trade Center Bombing, New York, New York, 1993	p. 79
World Trade Center Collapse, New York, New York, 2001	p. 80
E2 Nightclub, Chicago, Illinois, 2003	p. 82
The Station Nightclub Fire, West Warwick, Rhode Island, 2003	p. 83
Cook County Administration Building, Chicago, Illinois, 2003	p. 86
Summary	p. 89
References	p. 89
Recommended Reading	p. 92
Egress System Fundamentals
Egress Strategies	p. 93
Egress System Goals and Objectives	p. 93
General Egress Strategies	p. 95
Designing for Occupants with Disabilities	p. 103
Prescribed Performance	p. 109
Emerging Egress Strategies	p. 110
Performance-Based Approaches	p. 119
Selecting and Evaluating Options	p. 127
Summary	p. 128
References	p. 128
Recommended Reading	p. 131
Prescriptive Egress Concepts	p. 133
Fundamentals	p. 133
Occupant Load	p. 135
Exit Access	p. 147
Exit Components	p. 162
Exit Discharge	p. 173
Assembly Occupancies	p. 174
Summary	p. 177
References	p. 180
Recommended Reading	p. 180
Supporting Systems	p. 183
Systems Approach	p. 183
Accessibility	p. 185
Security	p. 188
Control of Combustibles	p. 189
Structural Integrity	p. 191
Fire Rating	p. 192
Construction Type	p. 193
Fire Resistance	p. 193
Compartmentation	p. 193
Floors	p. 194
Walls	p. 195
Doors	p. 196
Detection Systems	p. 197
Occupant Notification	p. 198
Suppression Systems	p. 200
Smoke Management Systems	p. 202
Back-Up Power	p. 203
Evacuation Using Elevators	p. 205
Types of Elevators	p. 207
References	p. 210
Recommended Reading	p. 211
Human Behavior and Performance Concepts
Human Behavior Considerations for Egress System Design	p. 213
People-Building-Event Interaction	p. 213
Occupant Characterization	p. 218
Occupant Reaction and Response in Emergency Situations	p. 221
Human Behavior and Crowds	p. 241
Using Occupant Risk Factors to Aid Egress System Design	p. 253
Summary	p. 255
References	p. 256
Recommended Reading	p. 263
Performance Egress Concepts	p. 265
Performance Egress Overview	p. 268
Tenability Criteria	p. 285
Hazards	p. 289
Safety Factors and Uncertainties	p. 289
Evacuation Time Calculation Overview	p. 291
Limitations with Engineering Calculations	p. 311
Designing for Elevator Evacuation	p. 324
References	p. 330
Recommended Reading	p. 333
Evacuation Planning and Design
Evacuation Planning and Crowd Management	p. 335
Evacuation Planning Overview	p. 335
Evacuation Plan Development	p. 337
Typical Challenges with Evacuation Plans	p. 347
Roles and Responsibilities during Incidents	p. 347
Evacuation Drilling and Training	p. 350
Crowd Management Planning	p. 355
Summary	p. 362
References	p. 362
Recommended Reading	p. 363
Design Solutions	p. 365
Airport Terminals	p. 365
Air Traffic Control Towers	p. 379
Arenas, Stadia, and Sports Facilities	p. 380
Convention and Exhibit Centers	p. 388
Courthouses	p. 396
Detention and Correctional Facilities	p. 401
Day-Care, Adult-Care, and Assisted-Living Facilities	p. 409
Hazardous Occupancies	p. 412
Health-Care Facilities	p. 414
Historic and Existing Buildings	p. 422
Museums and Libraries	p. 434
Performing Arts Centers	p. 441
Rail Stations and Platforms	p. 445
Rail and Road Tunnels	p. 455
Retail Facilities	p. 462
Tall Buildings	p. 465
Summary	p. 475
References	p. 475
Recommended Reading	p. 476
Appendix	p. 479
About the Authors	p. 516
Index	p. 518
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