Electromagnetic Metamaterials Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications

by Caloz, Christophe; Itoh, Tatsuo

• ISBN13: 9780471669852
• ISBN10: 0471669857
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-25
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

Electromagnetic metamaterials-from fundamental physics to advanced engineering applications This book presents an original generalized transmission line approach associated with non-resonant structures that exhibit larger bandwidths, lower loss, and higher design flexibility. It is based on the novel concept of composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line metamaterials (MMs), which has led to the development of novel guided-wave, radiated-wave, and refracted-wave devices and structures. The authors introduced this powerful new concept and are therefore able to offer readers deep insight into the fundamental physics needed to fully grasp the technology. Moreover, they provide a host of practical engineering applications. The book begins with an introductory chapter that places resonant type and transmission line metamaterials in historical perspective. The next six chapters give readers a solid foundation in the fundamentals and practical applications: * Fundamentals of LH MMs describes the fundamental physics and exotic properties of left-handed metamaterials * TL Theory of MMs establishes the foundations of CRLH structures in three progressive steps: ideal transmission line, LC network, and real distributed structure * Two-Dimensional MMs develops both a transmission matrix method and a transmission line method to address the problem of finite-size 2D metamaterials excited by arbitrary sources * Guided-Wave Applications and Radiated-Wave Applications present a number of groundbreaking applications developed by the authors * The Future of MMs sets forth an expert view on future challenges and prospects This engineering approach to metamaterials paves the way for a new generation of microwave and photonic devices and structures. It is recommended for electrical engineers, as well as physicists and optical engineers, with an interest in practical negative refractive index structures and materials.

Author Biography

CHRISTOPHE CALOZ, PhD, is a Professor at the École Polytechnique de Montréal and a member of the university's Poly-Grames Research Center. Dr. Caloz has authored or coauthored more than one hundred technical conference and journal papers, and three book chapters. He is also the holder of several patents as well as the Canada Research Chair.

TATSUO ITOH, PhD, is Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department of the University of California, Los Angeles. He has authored hundreds of book chapters and journal articles. He is also the author of a number of prominent publications, including RF Technologies for Low Power Wireless Communications.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xv
Acronyms	xvii
Introduction	1	(26)
Definition of Metamaterials (MTMs) and Left-Handed (LH) MTMs	1	(2)
Theoretical Speculation by Viktor Veselago	3	(1)
Experimental Demonstration of Left-Handedness	4	(5)
Further Numerical and Experimental Confirmations	9	(1)
``Conventional'' Backward Waves and Novelty of LH MTMs	10	(2)
Terminology	12	(1)
Transmission Line (TL) Approach	12	(4)
Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) MTMs	16	(1)
MTMs and Photonic Band-Gap (PBG) Structures	17	(3)
Historical ``Germs'' of MTMs	20	(7)
References	22	(5)
Fundamentals of LH MTMs	27	(32)
Left-Handedness from Maxwell's Equations	28	(5)
Entropy Conditions in Dispersive Media	33	(5)
Boundary Conditions	38	(1)
Reversal of Doppler Effect	39	(2)
Reversal of Vavilov-Cerenkov Radiation	41	(2)
Reversal of Snell's Law: Negative Refraction	43	(3)
Focusing by a ``Flat LH Lens''	46	(2)
Fresnel Coefficients	48	(2)
Reversal of Goos-Hanchen Effect	50	(1)
Reversal of Convergence and Divergence in Convex and Concave Lenses	51	(2)
Subwavelength Diffraction	53	(6)
References	57	(2)
TL Theory of MTMs	59	(74)
Ideal Homogeneous CRLH TLs	59	(20)
Fundamental TL Characteristics	60	(7)
Equivalent MTM Constitutive Parameters	67	(3)
Balanced and Unbalanced Resonances	70	(4)
Lossy Case	74	(5)
LC Network Implementation	79	(40)
Principle	79	(4)
Difference with Conventional Filters	83	(2)
Transmission Matrix Analysis	85	(15)
Input Impedance	100	(3)
Cutoff Frequencies	103	(3)
Analytical Dispersion Relation	106	(7)
Bloch Impedance	113	(2)
Effect of Finite Size in the Presence of Imperfect Matching	115	(4)
Real Distributed 1D CRLH Structures	119	(8)
General Design Guidelines	120	(2)
Microstrip Implementation	122	(2)
Parameters Extraction	124	(3)
Experimental Transmission Characteristics	127	(4)
Conversion from Transmission Line to Constitutive Parameters	131	(2)
References	131	(2)
Two-Dimensional MTMs	133	(59)
Eigenvalue Problem	134	(9)
General Matrix System	134	(4)
CRLH Particularization	138	(1)
Lattice Choice, Symmetry Points, Brillouin Zone, and 2D Dispersion Representations	139	(4)
Driven Problem by the Transmission Matrix Method (TMM)	143	(11)
Principle of the TMM	144	(1)
Scattering Parameters	145	(2)
Voltage and Current Distributions	147	(7)
Interest and Limitations of the TMM	154	(1)
Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) Modeling Method	154	(8)
TLM Modeling of the Unloaded TL Host Network	155	(3)
TLM Modeling of the Loaded TL Host Network (CRLH)	158	(1)
Relationship between Material Properties and the TLM Model Parameters	159	(2)
Suitability of the TLM Approach for MTMs	161	(1)
Negative Refractive Index (NRI) Effects	162	(8)
Negative Phase Velocity	162	(1)
Negative Refraction	163	(2)
Negative Focusing	165	(2)
RH-LH Interface Surface Plasmons	167	(2)
Reflectors with Unusual Properties	169	(1)
Distributed 2D Structures	170	(22)
Description of Possible Structures	171	(2)
Dispersion and Propagation Characteristics	173	(5)
Parameter Extraction	178	(5)
Distributed Implementation of the NRI Slab	183	(7)
References	190	(2)
Guided-Wave Applications	192	(69)
Dual-Band Components	193	(17)
Dual-Band Property of CRLH TLs	193	(4)
Quarter-Wavelength TL and Stubs	197	(4)
Passive Component Examples: Quadrature Hybrid and Wilkinson Power Divider	201	(1)
Quadrature Hybrid	201	(1)
Wilkinson Power Divider	202	(3)
Nonlinear Component Example: Quadrature Subharmonically Pumped Mixer	205	(5)
Enhanced-Bandwidth Components	210	(7)
Principle of Bandwidth Enhancement	211	(4)
Rat-Race Coupler Example	215	(2)
Super-compact Multilayer ``Vertical'' TL	217	(10)
``Vertical'' TL Architecture	219	(2)
TL Performances	221	(4)
Diplexer Example	225	(2)
Tight Edge-Coupled Coupled-Line Couplers (CLCs)	227	(22)
Generalities on Coupled-Line Couplers	228	(1)
TEM and Quasi-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with Small Interspacing: Impedance Coupling (IC)	228	(4)
Non-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with Relatively Large Spacing: Phase Coupling (PC)	232	(1)
Summary on Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures	233	(1)
Asymmetric Coupled-Line Structures	234	(1)
Advantages of MTM Couplers	235	(1)
Symmetric Impedance Coupler	235	(10)
Asymmetric Phase Coupler	245	(4)
Negative and Zeroth-Order Resonator	249	(12)
Principle	249	(2)
LC Network Implementation	251	(2)
Zeroth-Order Resonator Characteristics	253	(3)
Circuit Theory Verification	256	(2)
Microstrip Realization	258	(1)
References	259	(2)
Radiated-Wave Applications	261	(55)
Fundamental Aspects of Leaky-Wave Structures	262	(8)
Principle of Leakage Radiation	262	(4)
Uniform and Periodic Leaky-Wave Structures	266	(1)
Uniform LW Structures	266	(2)
Periodic LW Structures	268	(1)
Metamaterial Leaky-Wave Structures	269	(1)
Backfire-to-Endfire (BE) Leaky-Wave (LW) Antenna	270	(5)
Electronically Scanned BE LW Antenna	275	(7)
Electronic Scanning Principle	276	(1)
Electronic Beamwidth Control Principle	277	(2)
Analysis of the Structure and Results	279	(3)
Reflecto-Directive Systems	282	(8)
Passive Retro-Directive Reflector	283	(3)
Arbitrary-Angle Frequency Tuned Reflector	286	(1)
Arbitrary-Angle Electronically Tuned Reflector	287	(3)
Two-Dimensional Structures	290	(7)
Two-Dimensional LW Radiation	290	(2)
Conical-Beam Antenna	292	(4)
Full-Space Scanning Antenna	296	(1)
Zeroth Order Resonating Antenna	297	(3)
Dual-Band CRLH-TL Resonating Ring Antenna	300	(4)
Focusing Radiative ``Meta-Interfaces''	304	(12)
Heterodyne Phased Array	305	(5)
Nonuniform Leaky-Wave Radiator	310	(3)
References	313	(3)
The Future of MTMs	316	(31)
``Real-Artificial'' Materials: the Challenge of Homogenization	316	(3)
Quasi-Optical NRI Lenses and Devices	319	(4)
Three-Dimensional Isotropic LH MTMs	323	(5)
Optical MTMs	328	(1)
``Magnetless'' Magnetic MTMs	329	(1)
Terahertz Magnetic MTMs	330	(1)
Surface Plasmonic MTMs	331	(7)
Antenna Radomes and Frequency Selective Surfaces	338	(1)
Nonlinear MTMs	339	(2)
Active MTMs	341	(1)
Other Topics of Interest	341	(6)
References	342	(5)
Index	347