Elementary Statistics in Criminal Justice Research,9780321024633

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Elementary Statistics in Criminal Justice Research

by Jack Levin; James A. Fox

ISBN13:

9780321024633

ISBN10:

032102463X

Format:

Hardcover

Pub. Date:

11/1/1998

Publisher(s):

Pearson College Div

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Summary

The best-selling book, Elementary Statistics in Social Research, 7/e, has been adapted to provide a broad and accessible introduction to statistics for criminal justice enthusiasts. This straightforward book written specifically for criminal justice helps readers who do not have a strong background in mathematics, make sense of statistics. For anyone interested in statistics related to criminal justice.

PREFACE

XII

CHAPTER 1 WHY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCHER USES STATISTICS

(20)

The Nature of Criminal Justice Research

(4)

Major Data Sources in Criminology and Criminal Justice

(2)

Why Test Hypotheses?

(1)

The Stages of Criminal Justice Research

(1)

Using Series of Numbers to Do Criminal Justice Research

(4)

Functions of Statistics

(5)

Summary

(1)

Terms to Remember

(1)

Problems

(3)

PART ONE DESCRIPTION

(90)

CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZING THE DATA

(46)

Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data

(1)

Comparing Distributions

(1)

Proportions and Percentages

(1)

Ratios and Rates

(2)

Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data

(1)

Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data

(4)

Cumulative Distributions

(2)

Percentile Ranks

(6)

Dealing with Decimal Data

(1)

Flexible Class Intervals

(2)

Cross-Tabulations

(6)

Graphic Presentations

(14)

Summary

(1)

Terms to Remember

(1)

Problems

(4)

CHAPTER 3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

(19)

The Mode

(1)

The Median

(1)

The Mean

(2)

Taking One Step at a Time

(1)

Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean

(4)

Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Simple Frequency Distribution

(2)

Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Grouped Frequency Distribution

(3)

Summary

(1)

Terms to Remember

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Mode, Median, and Mean for Raw Scores

(1)

Problems

(3)

CHAPTER 4 MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

(23)

The Range

(1)

The Mean Deviation

(2)

The Variance and Standard Deviation

(4)

The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation

(1)

The Meaning of the Standard Deviation

(3)

Comparing Measures of Variability

100

(1)

Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Simple Frequency Distribution

101

(3)

Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Grouped Frequency Distribution

104

(2)

Summary

106

(1)

Terms to Remember

107

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Variance and Standard Deviation for Raw Scores

107

(1)

Problems

107

(4)

PART TWO FROM DESCRIPTION TO DECISION MAKING

111

(68)

CHAPTER 5 PROBABILITY AND THE NORMAL CURVE

113

(32)

Rules of Probability

114

(3)

Probability Distributions

117

(4)

The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution

121

(1)

Characteristics of the Normal Curve

121

(1)

The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve

122

(2)

The Area Under the Normal Curve

124

(5)

Standard Scores and the Normal Curve

129

(4)

Finding Probability Under the Normal Curve

133

(4)

Obtaining Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve

137

(3)

Summary

140

(1)

Terms to Remember

140

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Probability Under the Normal Curve

141

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve

141

(1)

Problems

141

(4)

CHAPTER 6 SAMPLES AND POPULATIONS

145

(34)

Sampling Methods

146

(4)

Sampling Error

150

(1)

Sampling Distribution of Means

151

(7)

Standard Error of the Mean

158

(1)

Confidence Intervals

159

(6)

The t Distribution

165

(6)

Estimating Proportions

171

(3)

Summary

174

(1)

Terms to Remember

174

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using z

174

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using t

175

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Proportion

176

(1)

Problems

176

(3)

PART THREE DECISION MAKING

179

(206)

CHAPTER 7 TESTING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS

181

(41)

The Null Hypothesis: No Difference between Means

183

(1)

The Research Hypothesis: A Difference between Means

183

(1)

Sampling Distribution of Differences between Means

184

(4)

Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences between Means

188

(3)

Levels of Significance

191

(5)

Standard Error of the Difference between Means

196

(1)

Testing the Difference between Means

197

(4)

Comparing the Same Sample Measured Twice

201

(3)

Two Sample Tests of Proportions

204

(3)

One-Tailed Tests

207

(6)

Requirements for Testing the Difference between Means

213

(1)

Summary

214

(1)

Terms to Remember

215

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for Independent Groups

215

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for the Same Sample Measured Twice

216

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Proportions

216

(1)

Problems

217

(5)

CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

222

(23)

The Logic of Analysis of Variance

223

(2)

The Sum of Squares

225

(6)

Mean Square

231

(2)

The F Ratio

233

(5)

A Multiple Comparison of Means

238

(2)

Requirements for Using the F Ratio

240

(1)

Summary

241

(1)

Terms to Remember

241

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for Several Independent Groups Using Analysis of Variance

242

(1)

Problems

243

(2)

CHAPTER 9 NONPARAMETRIC TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE

245

(39)

One-Way Chi-Square Test

246

(4)

Two-Way Chi-Square Test

250

(19)

The Median Test

269

(3)

The Mann-Whitney U Test

272

(3)

Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks

275

(3)

Summary

278

(1)

Terms to Remember

278

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Groups for Nominal-Level Data Using Chi-Square

278

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Groups for Ordinal-Level Data Using the Mann-Whitney U Test

279

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Several Groups for Ordinal-Level Data Using the Kruskal-Wallis Test

280

(1)

Problems

280

(4)

CHAPTER 10 CORRELATION

284

(24)

Strength of Correlation

284

(1)

Direction of Correlation

285

(1)

Curvilinear Correlation

286

(1)

The Correlation Coefficient

286

(2)

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

288

(8)

The Importance of Scatter Plots

296

(2)

Partial Correlation

298

(6)

Summary

304

(1)

Terms to Remember

304

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Interval-Level Variables Using Pearson's Correlation

304

(1)

Problems

305

(3)

CHAPTER 11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS

308

(24)

The Regression Model

309

(5)

Interpreting the Regression Line

314

(2)

Prediction Errors

316

(3)

Regression and Pearson's Correlation

319

(1)

Regression and Analysis of Variance

320

(5)

Multiple Regression

325

(3)

Summary

328

(1)

Terms to Remember

328

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Effect of an Independent Variable on a Dependent Variable Using Regression Analysis

328

(2)

Problems

330

(2)

CHAPTER 12 NONPARAMETRIC MEASURES OF CORRELATION

332

(29)

Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient

332

(7)

Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma

339

(5)

Correlation Coefficient for Nominal Data Arranged in a 2 X 2 Table

344

(2)

Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data in Larger than 2 X 2 Tables

346

(3)

Lambda

349

(3)

Elaboration

352

(4)

Summary

356

(1)

Terms to Remember

357

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Ordinal-Level Variables Using Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation

357

(1)

Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Cross-Tabulated, Ordinal-Level Variables Using Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma

357

(1)

Problems

358

(3)

CHAPTER 13 APPLYING STATISTICAL PROCEDURES TO RESEARCH PROBLEMS

361

(24)

Research Situations

363

(13)

Research Solutions

376

(9)

APPENDIXES

385

(33)

APPENDIX A: CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE INTERNET SITES

387

(4)

APPENDIX B: A REVIEW OF SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

391

(5)

APPENDIX C: TABLES

396

(16)

APPENDIX D: LIST OF FORMULAS

412

(6)

GLOSSARY

418

(7)

ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS

425

(6)

INDEX

431

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Elementary Statistics in Criminal Justice Research

9780321024633

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Summary

Table of Contents