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9780470973943

Elements of Modern X-ray Physics

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780470973943

  • ISBN10:

    0470973943

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2011-04-04
  • Publisher: Wiley
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Summary

Eagerly awaited, this second edition of a best-selling text comprehensively describes from a modern perspective the basics of x-ray physics as well as the completely new opportunities offered by synchrotron radiation. Written by internationally acclaimed authors, the style of the book is to develop the basic physical principles without obscuring them with excessive mathematics. The second edition differs substantially from the first edition, with over 30% new material, including: A new chapter on non-crystalline diffraction - designed to appeal to the large community who study the structure of liquids, glasses, and most importantly polymers and bio-molecules A new chapter on x-ray imaging - developed in close cooperation with many of the leading experts in the field Two new chapters covering non-crystalline diffraction and imaging Many important changes to various sections in the book have been made with a view to improving the exposition Four-colour representation throughout the text to clarify key concepts Extensive problems after each chapter Praise for the previous edition: "The publication of Jens Als-Nielsen and Des McMorrow's Elements of Modern X-ray Physics is a defining moment in the field of synchrotron radiation... a welcome addition to the bookshelves of synchrotronradiation professionals and students alike.... The text is now my personal choice for teaching x-ray physics..." Physics Today, 2002

Author Biography

Professor Emeritus Jens Als-Nielsen of the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, has been a pioneer in the field of neutron and x-ray scattering contributing to setting high standards for large international synchrotron centres. Today Jens Als-Nielsen's research is still - even after his official retirement - concentrated around x-ray radiation's potential in biological and medical research.? He was educated as a civil engineer in the field of electrophysics and from 1961-1995 was employed at the Riso National Laboratory, as section leader for the Solid-State Physics Section and later as division leader for the Physics Division. He has spent time at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF, Grenoble. From 1995 until his retirement in 2007 he was professor in experimental solid-state physics at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen. In 1985 he received the European Physical Society's Hewlett-Packard prize in solid-state physics and in 2009 the Velux Fonden's Honour Award for his research in the field of neutron and X-ray scattering.

Professor Desmond McMorrow is Professor of Physics at University College London. He received his B.Sc from Sheffield University in 1983and his PhD in 1987 from the University of Manchester. After spending time in research at Edinburgh and Oxford he then worked with at the Riso National Laboratory and collaborated with Professor Als-Nieslen between 1998 and 2003. In 2004 he took up his position at UCL and received from 2004 - 2009 the Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award. His research is focussed on understanding how electrons organise themselves in solids to produce the wonderfully diverse range of phenomena encountered in modern condensed matter physics. His research is based mainly on using x-rays and neutrons to probe the structural and magnetic correlations that dominate the low-energy behaviour of these and other interesting classes of solids.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. v
Preface to the first editionp. vi
Acknowledgements from the first editionp. vii
Notes on the use of this bookp. vii
X-rays and their interaction with matterp. 1
X-rays: waves and photonsp. 2
Scatteringp. 5
Absorptionp. 18
Refraction and reflectionp. 23
Coherencep. 25
Magnetic interactionsp. 27
Further readingp. 28
Sourcesp. 29
Early history and the X-ray tubep. 29
Introduction to synchrotron radiationp. 30
Synchrotron radiation from a circular arcp. 33
Undulator radiationp. 43
Wiggler radiationp. 59
Free-electron lasersp. 61
Compact light sourcesp. 62
Coherence volume and photon degeneracyp. 64
Further readingp. 66
Exercisesp. 66
Refraction and reflection from interfacesp. 69
Refraction and phase shift in scatteringp. 70
Refractive index and scattering length densityp. 71
Refractive index including absorptionp. 75
Snell's law and the Fresnel equations in the X-ray regionp. 77
Reflection from a homogeneous slabp. 81
Specular reflection from multilayersp. 85
Reflectivity from a graded interfacep. 89
Rough interfaces and surfacesp. 90
Examples of reflectivity studiesp. 97
X-ray opticsp. 101
Further readingp. 111
Exercisesp. 111
Kinematical scattering I: non-crystalline materialsp. 113
Two electronsp. 114
Scattering from an atomp. 118
Scattering from a moleculep. 123
Scattering from liquids and glassesp. 125
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)p. 134
Further readingp. 145
Exercisesp. 145
Kinematical scattering II: crystalline orderp. 147
Scattering from a crystalp. 147
Quasiperiodic structuresp. 164
Crystal truncation rodsp. 169
Lattice vibrations, the Debye-Waller factor and TDSp. 172
The measured intensity from a crystallitep. 179
Applications of kinematical diffractionp. 187
Further readingp. 203
Exercisesp. 204
Diffraction by perfect crystalsp. 207
One atomic layer: reflection and transmissionp. 209
Kinematical reflection from a few layersp. 210
Darwin theory and dynamical diffractionp. 212
The Darwin reflectivity curvep. 216
DuMond diagramsp. 230
Further readingp. 237
Exercisesp. 237
Photoelectric absorptionp. 239
X-ray absorption by an isolated atomp. 242
EXAFS and near-edge structurep. 251
X-ray dichroismp. 261
ARPESp. 268
Further readingp. 271
Exercisesp. 272
Resonant scatteringp. 275
The forced charged oscillator modelp. 277
The atom as an assembly of oscillatorsp. 281
The Kramers-Kronig relationsp. 282
Numerical estimate of f'p. 284
Breakdown of Friedel's law and Bijvoet pairsp. 289
The phase problem in crystallographyp. 295
Quantum mechanical descriptionp. 300
Further readingp. 302
Exercisesp. 302
Imagingp. 305
Introductionp. 305
Absorption contrast imagingp. 307
Phase contrast imagingp. 318
Coherent diffraction imagingp. 329
Holographyp. 337
Further readingp. 340
Exercisesp. 340
Scattering and absorption cross-sectionsp. 343
Classical electric dipole radiationp. 349
Quantization of the electromagnetic fieldp. 355
Gaussian statisticsp. 361
Fourier transformsp. 363
Comparison of X-rays with neutronsp. 371
MATLAB® computer programsp. 373
Answers to exercises and hintsp. 397
Bibliographyp. 403
Indexp. 407
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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