Encapsulation Nanotechnologies

by Mittal, Vikas

• ISBN13: 9781118344552
• ISBN10: 1118344553
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2013-05-13
• Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener

Summary

Encapsulation is a process prevalent from the earliest times when living creatures were engulfed in a suitable shell to protect them from the environment and enemies. These natural processes are well understood and have been applied to numerous processes in pharmaceutical, food, agriculture, and cosmetic industries. This, thus, allows one to combine the properties of the various components along with the time point of combination, if the release from such capsules can be controlled. In the recent past, owing to the increased understanding of the material properties and behaviors at nano-scale, the research in the encapsulation field has also moved to the generation of nano-capsules, nano-containers etc. One such example is the generation of self-healing nano-containers containing corrosion inhibitors which can be used in the anti-corrosion coatings. The processes used to generate such capsules have also undergone significant developments. Various technologies based on chemical, physical and physic-chemical synthesis methods have been developed and applied successfully to generate encapsulated materials. Owing to the high potential of the developed technologies and products in a large number of commercial processes, it is of significance to compile the recent technological advancements in a comprehensive volume. This volume would not only introduce the subject of encapsulation to the readers new to this field, but also would serve as a reference for the experts working in this area.

Author Biography

Vikas Mittal is currently an assistant professor in the Chemical Engineering Department of The Petroleum Institute at Abu Dhabi. He obtained his PhD in 2006 from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. He also worked as a polymer engineer at BASF Polymer Research in Ludwigshafen, Germany. His research interests include polymer nanocomposites, compatibilization of organic and inorganic materials, polymer colloids, thermal stability studies, and anti-corrosion coatings. He has published more than fifty journal publications and authored as well as edited several books on these subjects.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii

List of Contributors xvii

1 Copper Encapsulation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Preparation of Copper Encapsulated CNTs 3

References 37

2 Novel Nanocomposites: Intercalation of Ionically Conductive Polymers into Molybdic Acid 41

2.1 Introduction 41

2.2 Experimental 47

2.3 Intercalation into Molybdic Acid 48

2.4 Preparation of Polymer-Lithium Complexes 49

2.5 Instrumentation 50

2.6 Results and Discussion 51

2.7 Conclusions 68

References 68

3 Fluid-Bed Technology for Encapsulation and Coating Purposes 71

3.1 Introduction 71

3.2 Principles of Fluidization 74

3.3 Classification of Powders 78

3.4 Fluidized Bed Coaters 80

3.5 Fluid-Bed Coating and Encapsulation Processes 88

3.6 The Design, Optimization and Scale-Up of the Coating Process and the Apparatus 94

3.7 Numerical Modeling of Fluid-Bed Coating 97

References 101

4 Use of Electrospinning for Encapsulation 107

4.1 Introduction 107

4.2 Electrospun Structures for the Encapsulation of Bioactive Substances in the Food Area 112

4.3 Electrospun Encapsulation Structures for Biomedical Applications 117

4.4 Other Uses of Electrospinning for Encapsulation 124

4.5 Outlook and Conclusions 129

References 130

5 Microencapsulation by Interfacial Polymerization 137

5.1 Introduction 137

5.2 Generalities 141

5.3 Encapsulation by Heterophase Polymerization 144

5.4 Microencapsulation by Polyaddition & Polycondensation Interfacial 148

5.5 Microencapsulation by In Situ Polymerization 158

5.6 Conclusion 166

References 167

6 Encapsulation of Silica Particles by a Thin Shell of Poly(Methyl) Methacrylate 175

6.1 Introduction 176

6.2 Synthesis of Silica (Nano)Particles and Their Surface Modification 178

6.3 Encapsulation of Silica Particles in a Thin PMMA Shell 181

6.4 Summary 198

References 199

7 Organic Thin-Film Transistors with Solution-Processed Encapsulation 203

7.1 Introduction 203

7.2 Environment-Induced Degradations of OTFTs 205

7.3 Encapsulation of OTFTs 209

7.4 Summary and Outlook 221

References 221

8 Tunable Encapsulation Property of Amphiphilic Polymer Based on Hyperbranched Polyethylenimine 225

8.1 Introduction 226

8.2 Synthesis of PEI-CAMs 228

8.3 Unimolecularity versus Aggregate of PEI-CAMs 230

8.4 Host–Guest Chemistry of PEI-CAMs 231

8.5 Charge Selective Encapsulation and Separation 233

8.6 Recognition and Separation of Anionic–Anionic Mixtures by Core Engineering of a CAM 239

8.7 Modulation of the Guest Release of a CAM 247

8.8 Concluding Remarks 250

Acknowledgements 251

References 251

9 Polymer Layers by Initiated CVD for Thin Film Gas Barrier Encapsulation 255

9.1 Introduction 256

9.2 Initiated CVD Polymerization 258

9.3 Coating by Initiated CVD 268

9.4 Advantages of iCVD in Hybrid Multilayer Gas Barriers 272

9.5 Specific Requirements for the Use in Hybrid Multilayers 276

9.6 Multilayer Gas Barriers Containing Polymers by iCVD 281

9.7 Upscaling and Utilization 285

References 287

10 Polymeric Hollow Particles for Encapsulation of Chemical Molecules 291

10.1 Introduction 292

10.2 Colloidosome Approach 295

10.3 Internal Phase Separation/Precipitation Approach 299

10.4 Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Copolymers (Copolymer Vesicles) 305

10.4.1 From Amphiphilic Copolymers 306

10.5 Layer-by-Layer (L-b-L) Deposition 310

10.6 Unimolecular Micelles Approach 315

10.7 Heterophase Polymerization 319

10.8 Key Design Features for Applications of Hollow Polymer Particles 332

10.9 Conclusions 340

References 341

11 Protic Ionic Liquids Confinement in Macro, Meso and Microporous Materials for Proton Conduction 347

11.1 Introduction 348

11.2 Structure and Properties of Materials for Proton Conduction 351

11.3 Encapsulation Procedures and Proton Conduction Performance 365

11.4 New Activities and Development Trends 383

References 386

12 Encapsulation Methods with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Basis and Applications 391

12.1 Introduction 391

12.2 Supercritical Fluids – Properties 392

12.3 Particle Engineering and Encapsulation with Supercritical Fluids 394

References 419

Index 000