Energetic Polymers Binders and Plasticizers for Enhancing Performance

by Ang, How Ghee; Pisharath, Sreekumar

• ISBN13: 9783527331550
• ISBN10: 3527331557
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-03-26
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

This up-to-date overview provides the latest information on the performance, sensitivity, strength and processability aspects of propellants and explosive formulations, with the nature of polymer binder/plasticizer as the variable factor. Apart from applications, this monograph explores the principles behind energetic polymers, while discussing the synthetic routes and energetic characteristics of an individual family of energetic polymers. Furthermore, a number of case studies illustrate the role of energetic polymers in enhancing the performance of formulations as compared to their inert counterparts. The emphasis is on safety throughout, with practical guidance on how to safely handle and formulate as well as synthesize using energetic polymers. With the advent of a new generation of energetic polymers, this book is relevant to academic research and industrial R&D, as well as for industry and defense organizations.

Author Biography

How Ghee Ang is the founding director of the Energetics Research Institute (EnRI) at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. In his capacity as advisor to both Defence Science and Technology Association (DSTA) and DSO National Laboratories, Professor Ang plays a key role in strategizing and building up capabilities on chemical defence and energetic materials in Singapore. His research interests lie in several areas of chemistry (fluorine, phosphorus, organometallic and cluster chemistry) and energetic materials. He is Fellow of many professional bodies and serves on the editorial advisory board of several journals including the Journal of Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, the Central European Journal of Energetic Materials and the Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials. Sreekumar Pisharath is a senior research fellow at the Energetics Research Institute (EnRI) at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. He was awarded his PhD in materials science and engineering from NTU, Singapore, in 2005. Since then he has been associated with Energetics Research Institute (EnRI). His research interests are in the areas of synthesis and characterization of energetic polymers, thermal analysis of energetic material composites, deformation, fracture behavior and microscopy of composite materials.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. IX
Abbreviations	p. XI
Polymers as Binders and Plasticizers - Historical Perspective	p. 1
Nitrocellulose	p. 1
Polysulfides	p. 2
Polybutadienes (PBAA, PBAN, and CTPB)	p. 3
Polyurethanes	p. 4
Hydroxy Terminated Polybutadiene	p. 5
Explosive Binders	p. 5
Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 6
Energetic Polymers (Other Than NC) as Binders	p. 8
Polyglycidyl Nitrate	p. 8
GAP	p. 9
Energetic Polyoxetanes	p. 10
Polyphosphazenes	p. 11
Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 11
Energetic Polymer Plasticizers	p. 12
References	p. 15
High Nitrogen Content Polymers	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Preparation of Energetic Azido Polymers	p. 19
Glycidyl Azide Polymer	p. 19
Azido Polymers from Oxetanes	p. 22
Poly(BAMO)	p. 23
Poly(AMMO)	p. 24
Physical Properties of Azido Polymers	p. 25
Curing of Azido Polymers	p. 25
Curing by Polyisocyanates	p. 25
Preparation	p. 26
Structure of Cured Polyurethane Elastomer	p. 28
Kinetics of Curing of Azido Polymers	p. 29
Gel-Time Characteristics	p. 31
Post-Cure Properties	p. 33
Curing of Azido Polymers by Dipolarophiles	p. 38
Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Azido Polymers	p. 41
Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition	p. 41
Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Azido Polymers	p. 43
Combustion of Azido Polymers	p. 47
Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Energetic Formulations with Azido Polymers	p. 49
Thermal Decomposition of Azido Polymer/Nitramine Mixtures	p. 50
Combustion of Azido Polymer/Nitramine Propellant Mixtures	p. 54
Combustion of Azido Polymer/Ammonium Nitrate Composite Propellants	p. 57
Combustion of Azido Polymer Propellants with HNF	p. 58
Performance of Azido Polymer-Based Propellants	p. 61
Azido Polymers as Explosive Binders	p. 63
Azido Polymer Based PBX Formulations for Underwater Explosives	p. 65
Tetrazole Polymers and Their Salts	p. 66
N-N-Bonded Epoxy Binders	p. 69
References	p. 70
Nitropolymers as Energetic Binders	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Preparation of Nitropolymers	p. 82
Nitrocellulose	p. 82
Poly(Glycidyl Nitrate) (PGN)	p. 83
Curing of PGN	p. 85
Poly(Nitratomethyl-methyl Oxetane) (Poly(NIMMO))	p. 88
Nitrated HTPB (NHTPB)	p. 90
Nitrated Cyclodextrin Polymers (Poly(CDN))	p. 90
Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Nitropolymers	p. 91
Nitrocellulose	p. 91
Poly(Nitratomethyl-Methyl Oxetane) (Poly(NIMMO))	p. 94
Poly(Glycidyl Nitrate) (PGN)	p. 98
Combustion of Nitrate Ester Polymers and Propellants	p. 100
NC Based Double-Base Propellants	p. 100
Composite Modified Double-Base (CMDB) Propellants	p. 101
Poly(NIMMO)-Based Composite Propellants	p. 106
PGN-Based Composite Propellants	p. 109
Nitropolymer-Based Explosive Compositions	p. 111
References	p. 115
Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Preparation of Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 122
Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of ETPEs	p. 132
Combustion of ETPE Propellant Formulations	p. 137
Performance of ETPE Based Propellant Formulations	p. 139
Melt-Cast Explosives Based on ETPEs	p. 141
ETPE Based Polymer Nanocomposites	p. 142
References	p. 144
Fluoropolymers as Binders	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)	p. 148
Phase Transitions of PTFE	p. 148
Energetic Composites of PTFE	p. 149
Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene	p. 152
Kel-F800	p. 153
Dynamic Behavior of Kel-F800 under Shock	p. 153
Thermal Decomposition	p. 155
Viton A	p. 156
Thermal Decomposition of Viton	p. 158
Energetic Polymers Containing Fluorine	p. 159
Miscellaneous Energetic Fluoropolymers	p. 161
PBX Formulations with Fluoropolymers	p. 162
References	p. 165
Energetic Plasticizers for High Performance	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Energetic Plasticizers Based on Azido Compounds	p. 172
Azido Acetate Ester Based Plasticizers	p. 172
Azido Based Oligomeric Plasticizers	p. 174
Performance of Propellant Formulations Containing Azido Plasticizers	p. 178
Nitrate Ester Plasticizers	p. 180
General Characteristics	p. 180
Performance	p. 183
Nitrate Ester Oligomers as Energetic Plasticizers	p. 184
Miscellaneous Plasticizers Based on Nitro-Groups	p. 186
Polynitro-Aliphatic Plasticizers	p. 186
Nitratoethylnitramine (NENA) Plasticizers	p. 188
References	p. 189
Application of Computational Techniques to Energetic Polymers and Formulations	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Overview of Computational Techniques	p. 193
Application of Computational Modeling Techniques to Energetic Polymer Formulations	p. 197
Quantum Mechanical Methods	p. 197
Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations	p. 201
Mesoscale Simulations	p. 205
Macroscale Simulations	p. 206
Future Outlook	p. 207
References	p. 208
Index	p. 211
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