Energy and The Environment Scientific and Technological Principles

by Fay, James A.; Golomb, Daniel S.

• ISBN13: 9780199765133
• ISBN10: 0199765138
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-27
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Energy and the Environment Energy addresses a central problem of urban-industrial society: the interconnectedness of energy usage and environmental degradation. Intended for upper level undergraduate and first year graduate students, as well as professionals in the fields of energy and environmental sciences and technology, the text develops the scientific and technological background for understanding how the rapidly growing use of energy threatens the degradation of the natural environment at local, regional, and global scales. Fossil, nuclear and renewable energy technologies are described, and their efficiencies for transforming the source energy to useful mechanical or electrical power are explained. Special emphasis is given to the generation of electric power and the use of transportation vehicles, and their technological improvements that increase energy efficiency and reduce air pollutant emissions. The source of toxic emissions to air, water, and land that arise from energy uses, and their effects on environmental quality for urban and regional scale regions is analyzed. Special attention is given to global climate change, the contribution made to it by energy uses, and the salient technologies that are being developed to mitigate this effect. This book aims to equip engineering and science majors and professionals with the basic factual knowledge needed to develop solutions to these environmental problems.

Author Biography

James A. Fay is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Dan S. Golomb is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Sciences at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell.

Table of Contents

Energy and the Environment

Introduction

An Overview of this Text

Energy

Electric Power

Transportation Energy

Energy as a Commodity

The Environment

Managing Industrial Pollution

Bibliography

Global Energy Use and Supp

Introduction

Global Energy Consumption

Global Carbon Emissions

Global Energy Sources

Global Electricity Consumption

End-Use Energy Consumption in the United States

Industrial Sector

Residential Sector

Commercial Sector

Transportation Sector

Global Energy Supply

Coal Reserves

Petroleum Reserves

Unconventional Petroleum Resources

Natural Gas Reserves

Unconventional Gas Resources

Summary of Fossil Reserves

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Thermodynamic Principles of Energy Conversion

Introduction

The Forms of Energy

The Mechanical Energy of Macroscopic Bodies

The Energy of Atoms and Molecules

Chemical and Nuclear Energy

Electric and Magnetic Energy

Total Energy

Work and Heat Interactions

Work Interaction

Heat Interaction

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Properties

Steady Flow

Heat Transfer and Heat Exchange

Ideal Heat Engine Cycles

The Carnot Cycle

The Rankine Cycle

The Otto Cycle

The Brayton Cycle

Combined Brayton and Rankine Cycles

The Vapor Compression Cycle: Refrigeration and Heat Pumps

Energy Processing: First and Second Law Constraints

Fuel Heating V

Free Energy Change

Separating Gases

Fuel (Thermal) Efficiency

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Thermodynamics of Fossil, Biomass, and Synthetic Fuels

Introduction

Fossil Fuels

Combustion of Fossil Fuel

Fuel Heating V

Biomass Fuels

Synthetic Fuels

Examples of Fossil Fuel Synthesis

Coal to Gas

Examples of Biochemical Synthesis

Biochemical Production of Ethanol from Biomass

Electrochemical Reactions

Fuel Cells

Practical Fuel Cell Systems

The Hydrogen Economy

Hydrogen Fuel for Vehicle Propul

Synthetic Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels with Carbon Capture and Storage

Hydrogen as Energy Storage for Intermittent Electric Power Pl

Hydrogen as a Substitute for Pipeline Natural Gas

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Electrical Energy Generation, Transmission, and Storage

Introduction

Electromechanical Power Transformation

Electric Power Transmission

AC/DC Conversion

Energy Storage

Electrostatic Energy Storage

Magnetic Energy Storage

Electrochemical Energy Storage

Lead-Acid Storage Battery

Lithium-Ion Storage Battery

Other Storage Batteries

Mechanical Energy Storage

Pumped Hydropower

Flywheel Energy Storage

Properties of Energy Storage Systems

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Fossil-Fueled Power Plants

Introduction

Fossil-Fueled Power Plant Components

Fuel Storage and Preparation

Burner

Boiler

Steam Turbine

Impulse Turbine

Reaction Turbine

Gas Turbine

Condenser

Cooling Tower

Wet Cooling Tower

Dry Cooling Tower

Generator

Combustion Stoichiometry

Emission Control

Control of Products of Incomplete Combustion and Carbon Monoxide

Control of Particles

Sulfur Control

Nitrogen Oxide Control

Mercury Control

Toxic Metals

Waste Disposal

Advanced Cycles

Combined Cycle

Coal Gasification Combined Cycle

Cogeneration

Fuel Cell

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Nuclear-Fueled Power Plants

Introduction

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Energy from Fission

Radioactivity

Decay Rates and Half-Lives

Units and Dosage

Health Effects of Radiation

Radiation Protection Standards

Nuclear Reactors

Boiling Water Reactor

Pressurized Water Reactor

Gas Cooled Reactor

Breeder Reactor

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Mining and Refining

Gasification and Enrichment

Spent Fuel Reprocessing

Temporary Waste Storage

Permanent Waste Storage

Fusion

Magnetic Confinement

Laser Fusion

Energy Evolvement in Nuclear Fission and Fusion Reactions

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Renewable Energy

Introduction

Hydropower

Environmental Effects

Biomass Energy

Photosynthesis

Biofuels

Bioethanol

Biodiesel

Wood as Biofuel

Environmental Effects

Geothermal Energy

Environmental Effects

Solar Energy

Flat Plate Collector

Focusing Collectors

Solar Thermal Farms

Photovoltaic Cells

Photovoltaic Farms

Environmental Effects

Wind Power

Aerodynamics of Wind Turbine Operation

Mechanical and Electrical Components

Wind Resources

Capacity Factor

Effectiveness

Wind Variability and Predictability

Economical Turbine Designs

Wind Farms

Integrating Wind Farms into the Electric Power Network

Averaging An Array of Wind Farms

Environmental Effects

Tidal Power

Tidal Current Power

Environmental Effects

Ocean Wave Power

Ocean Wave Energy and Power

Ocean Wave Power Systems

Wave Power Farms

Environmental Impacts

Ocean Thermal Power

Capital Cost of Renewable Electric Power

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Automotive Transportation

Introduction

Internal Combustion Engines for Highway Vehicles

Combustion in SI and CI engines

Engine Power and Performance

Engine Efficiency

Vehicle Power and Performance

Connecting the Engine to the Wheels

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Regulations and Test Cycles

Improving Vehicle Fuel Economy

Improving Vehicle Performance

Improving Engine Performance

Electric Drive Vehicles

Vehicles Powered by Storage Batteries

Hybrid Vehicles

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Vehicle Emissions

U.S. Vehicle Emission Standards

Reducing Vehicle Emissions

Reducing Engine-Out Emissions

Catalytic Converters for Exhaust Gas Treatment

Evaporative Emissions

Reducing CI Engine Emissions

Fuel Quality and its Regulation

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuel Use

Introduction

Air Pollution

U.S. Emission Standards

U.S. Ambient Standards

Health and Environmental Effects of Fossil-Fuel-Related Air Pollutants

Air Pollution Meteorology

Air Quality Modeling

Modeling of Steady-State Point Source

Plume Rise

Steady State Line Source

Steady State Area Source

Photo-oxidants

Photo-oxidant Modeling

Acid Deposition

Acid Deposition Modeling

Regional Haze and Visibility Impairment

Water Pollution

Acid Mine Drainage and Coal Washing

Water Use and Thermal Pollution from Power Plants

Atmospheric Deposition of Toxic Pollutants onto Surface Waters

Toxic Metals

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Land Pollution

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Global

Warming and Climate Change

Introduction

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

Solar and Terrestrial Radiation

Sun-Earth-Space Radiative Equilibrium

Modeling Global Warming

Global Warming Potential

Radiative Forcing

Results of Global Warming Modeling

Observed Trend of Global Warming

Associated Effects of Global Warming

Sea Level Rise

Water Vapor and Precipitation Changes

Hurricanes and Typhoons

Climate Changes

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Carbon Cycle

Methane

Nitrous Oxide

Chlorofluorocarbons

Ozone

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Mitigating Global

Warming

Introduction

Controlling Halocarbon Emissions

Controlling Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Controlling Methane Emissions

Controlling Methane Generated by Coal Mining

Controlling Methane from Petroleum and Natural Gas Operations

Controlling Landfill Methane

Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Controlling CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fueled Electric Power Plants

Shift from Coal or Oil to Natural Gas Fuel

Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle Plants

Capturing CO2 from the Flue Gas by Chemical Absorption

Oxyfuel Combustion with CO2 Capture

Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle Plants with CO2 Capture

Capturing CO2 after Gasification by Physical Absorption

Capturing CO2 after Gasification by Membrane Separation

Thermal Efficiency and Cost of Controlling CO2 Emissions from Power Plants

CO2 Sequestration

Sequestration in Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Sequestration in Coal Seams

Sequestration in Deep Sedimentary Basins

Sequestration in the Deep Ocean

CO2 Removal from the Atmosphere

Afforestation

Ocean Fertilization

Mineral Sequestration

CO2 Utilization

Conclusion

Problems

Bibliography

Concluding Remarks

Energy Resources

Regulating the Environmental Effects of Energy Use

Global Climate Change

Coping with Climate Change

Conclusion

Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.