Engendering Psychology: Women and Gender Revisited

by Denmark; Florence

• ISBN13: 9780205404568
• ISBN10: 0205404561
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-06
• Publisher: Rittenhouse Book Distributors

Summary

This text takes an analytic approach to understanding theories, research, policies, and practices with their affect on men and women. Engendering Psychology¿streatment of issues is based solidly on scientific evidence, and presented in a balanced manner. The text combines a developmental and topical approach. Denmark, Rabinowitz, and Sechzer explore the concept of gender as a social construction across the lines of race, ethnicity, class, age, and sexual orientation, pulling from the exciting new scholarship that has emerged over the last few years. Thoughtful discussion questions emphasize critical thinking skills, as well as encourage students to open a dialogue with both their professors and their peers. This text will help readers understand the concept of gender as a social construct in contrast to the concept of sex, which denotes biological. Upon completing this text, readers will have a deeper understanding of women and the knowledge that "woman" is a diverse and multifaceted category. This text enlightens without being overwhelming.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
About the Authors	xix
Exploring Sex and Gender	1	(27)
Distinction between Sex and Gender	3	(7)
The Limits of Biology	3	(1)
Why Gender?	3	(3)
Beliefs about Gender	6	(2)
Gender Stereotypes	8	(2)
Sex Discrimination in Society and Science: Blatant, Subtle, and Covert	10	(5)
Sex Discrimination in Society	10	(2)
Sex Discrimination in Science	12	(3)
Feminist Perspectives and Ideology	15	(2)
Feminism: Not a ``Brand Label''	15	(2)
The Feminist Critique in Psychology	17	(5)
Biases in Research	18	(1)
Traditional, Nonsexist, and Feminist Approaches to Research	18	(2)
Mapping Solutions for Gender-Fair Research	20	(2)
Formal Recognition of the Psychology of Women	22	(1)
Ethnic Minority Women	23	(1)
Emergence of the Psychology of Men as a Distinct Field	23	(1)
Psychological Research and Social Change	24	(1)
Summary	25	(3)
The Implications of Mythology and Religion for Women and Gender	28	(46)
Mythology and Religion	29	(6)
Women as a Source of Evil	29	(6)
China Before Confucius	35	(1)
Religions Originating in India	35	(11)
Brahmanism and Early Hinduism: The Transition from Polytheism to Pantheism	36	(3)
Jainism and Buddhism	39	(3)
Later Hinduism	42	(4)
Summary of Religions Arising in India	46	(1)
Monotheistic Religions	46	(25)
Judaism: From Polytheism to Monotheism	47	(7)
Christianity	54	(1)
Jesus and the Development of Christianity	55	(4)
Jesus and Women in Pre-Christian Palestine	59	(1)
Catholicism	59	(3)
Eastern Orthodoxy	62	(5)
Islam	67	(4)
Summary	71	(3)
Culture, Ethnicity, Race, and Class	74	(47)
June Chisholm
Historical Overview of the Experiences of People of Color in America	78	(3)
African Americans: Immigrants Not by Choice	78	(1)
American Indians: Indigenous Americans	79	(1)
Hispanic Americans: Immigrants Not by Choice and Voluntary Immigrants	79	(1)
Asian Americans	80	(1)
Theoretical and Empirical Research on People of Color: The Shift from a ``Minority'' to ``Multicultural'' Paradigm	81	(3)
Feminist Perspectives	84	(1)
Culture	85	(7)
Gender Socialized Behavior	87	(1)
Gender-Role Inequality and Abuse	88	(4)
American Culture	92	(1)
Ethnicity	93	(2)
Race in America	95	(3)
Class	98	(1)
Quality of Life among Women of Color	99	(18)
Mental Health	99	(3)
Physical Health	102	(8)
Education	110	(5)
Employment	115	(2)
Family Type	117	(1)
Summary	117	(4)
Biology of Sex and Gender	121	(26)
Is Anatomy Destiny?	122	(2)
Can We Change Sex and Orient Gender?	122	(1)
Nature versus Nurture: Development of Gender Identity	123	(1)
Sex Determination, Differentiation, and Reproduction	124	(11)
Chromosomes and Genes	124	(1)
Fertilization, Conception, and Sex Determination	125	(3)
Sexual Differentiation and Gestation	128	(4)
Sexual Selection	132	(3)
What Happens If Something Goes Awry?	135	(4)
Sex Chromosome Disorders	135	(1)
Genetic or Hormonal Conditions	136	(2)
Prenatal Drug Exposure	138	(1)
Biological Changes across the Life Span	139	(6)
Puberty	139	(1)
Menstruation and the Menstrual Cycle	140	(1)
Menopause	141	(3)
Male Climacteric	144	(1)
Sexuality and Ageism	145	(1)
Summary	145	(2)
Growing Up	147	(34)
Expectations and Gender Roles	149	(2)
Psychological Theories on Growing Up	151	(2)
Moral Development	153	(4)
Freud	153	(1)
Piaget	154	(1)
Kohlberg	154	(1)
Gilligan	155	(2)
Images of Femininity and Masculinity	157	(2)
Children's Attitudes toward Females and Males	159	(2)
Cross-Cultural Gender Attitudes in Children	160	(1)
Parenting	161	(5)
Single Parenting	163	(1)
Effects of Parents on Children	164	(2)
Socializing Forces	166	(7)
Language	166	(1)
Play and Competition	167	(1)
The Media	168	(1)
Children's Literature	169	(1)
Advertising	169	(1)
School	170	(2)
Peers	172	(1)
Puberty and Adolescence	173	(4)
Menarche	174	(1)
Parent--Child Relations	175	(1)
Peers	176	(1)
Ethnicity, Race, Culture, and Class Effects on Gender Development	177	(2)
Summary	179	(2)
Ability and Achievement	181	(29)
Issues in Comparing Males' and Females' Cognitive Abilities	182	(1)
The History of Sex Comparisons in Cognitive Ability	182	(1)
Understanding the Meaning of Difference	183	(13)
Sex and the Brain	184	(3)
Making Comparisons and Evaluating Differences	187	(3)
The What, Where, When, and Size of Sex Differences in Cognition	190	(6)
Gender Issues in Academic Achievement and the Experience of School	196	(8)
Education around the World	196	(1)
Gender in the Classroom	196	(4)
Achievement Motivation	200	(1)
Attributions for Success and Failure and Expectations for Performance	201	(3)
Special Topics in Ability and Achievement	204	(4)
Gender and Computers	204	(1)
Issues in Evaluating Single-Sex and Coeducational Institutions	205	(2)
Diversity Issues in Education	207	(1)
Violence: A Developing Issue in Our Schools	207	(1)
Summary	208	(2)
The World of Work	210	(32)
The Changing Role of Women in the World of Work	211	(1)
Myths of the Workplace	212	(2)
Contemporary Societal Attitudes toward Working Women	214	(2)
Economic and Personal Outcomes	214	(1)
Cross-Cultural Perspectives	215	(1)
The Persistence of Discrimination: Contemporary Occupational Segregation	216	(4)
Affirmative Action	218	(1)
The Need for Two Incomes: Contemporary Trends	219	(1)
Sex Segregation: A Matter of Aspiration, Discrimination, or Choice?	220	(2)
Sex Discrimination in Hiring	220	(1)
Job Prestige: A Matter of Sex Typing	221	(1)
Turning the Tide: Issues of Competency, Access, and Socialization	222	(4)
Aversive Sexism	222	(1)
Discrimination against Lesbian Women	223	(1)
Becoming ``Gentlemen``: The Tolerance of Inequities in the Legal Profession	224	(2)
The Glass Ceiling	226	(2)
Denial of Personal Disadvantage	228	(1)
Coping with Stress	228	(6)
Internal versus External Stress	229	(1)
Sexual Harassment	230	(2)
Coping Strategies	232	(1)
Multiple Roles: Myths and Realities	233	(1)
The Time Bind	234	(3)
Part-Time Work and Flextime	235	(1)
Maternal and Paternal Leave	236	(1)
Evading the Time Bind	236	(1)
Conclusion: Looking Back While Looking Ahead	237	(1)
Summary	238	(4)
Sexuality	242	(41)
Sexuality in a Social Context	243	(9)
The Double Standard: A Historical Perspective	244	(3)
Socialization in the Double Standard	247	(4)
Sex, Race, Ethnicity, Religion, and Class	251	(1)
Science Studies Sexual Behavior	252	(28)
Sex by the Numbers: Sex Lives in the United States from World War II to the Present	252	(1)
Sex In and Out of Marriage	253	(3)
Sexual Orientation	256	(7)
Sexual Practices	263	(3)
Human Sexual Response	266	(4)
Sexual Dysfunction	270	(1)
Sexual Fantasy	271	(2)
Sexuality among People with Disabilities	273	(1)
Birth Control and Safe(r) Sex	274	(6)
Summary	280	(3)
Intimate Relationships: Women as Lovers, Spouses, Family, and Friends	283	(36)
Love	285	(6)
Who Dates Whom, and Why?	285	(3)
What's Love Got to Do with It?	288	(1)
Falling in Love	289	(2)
Communication and Conflict in Relationships	291	(1)
Marriage	291	(14)
Why Do People Marry?	293	(1)
When Marriage Takes Place, Who Marries, and Who Marries Whom?	294	(2)
Types of Marriages	296	(1)
Division of Labor	297	(2)
Happiness and Psychological Well-Being in Marriage	299	(4)
Conflict in Marriage	303	(2)
Cohabitation	305	(5)
Who Cohabits?	306	(1)
Money, Work, and Sex among Cohabiting Couples	306	(1)
Which Cohabitors Marry?	307	(1)
Lesbian and Gay Couples	307	(3)
Divorce	310	(3)
What Risk Factors Are Associated with Divorce?	310	(1)
The Social and Psychological Costs of Divorce	311	(2)
Taking Care: Women's Other Relationships	313	(4)
Women as Daughters and Sisters	314	(2)
Friendships	316	(1)
Summary	317	(2)
Parenting and Reproductive Issues	319	(23)
Why Do People Become Parents?	320	(4)
The Motherhood Mandate	324	(1)
The Motherhood Mystique	324	(1)
Enforcing Motherhood	325	(3)
Women Who Choose to Remain Child Free	326	(1)
Mothers Who Fall Short of the ``Ideal''	326	(2)
The Experience of Mothering	328	(7)
Pregnancy	328	(2)
Giving Birth	330	(2)
The Postpartum Experience	332	(2)
Motherhood beyond the First Year	334	(1)
Mothering under Difficult Circumstances	335	(1)
Fatherhood	335	(2)
Infertility	337	(1)
Abortion	338	(2)
Summary	340	(2)
Growing Older	342	(24)
Life-Span Development	344	(1)
Erik Erikson	344	(1)
Carol Gilligan	344	(1)
Midlife	345	(11)
Double Standards of Aging	345	(1)
The Media	346	(1)
Cultural Values and Ageism	347	(1)
Age and Partner Choice	347	(1)
Language	347	(2)
A Traumatic Transition?	349	(1)
Menopause	349	(3)
Men at Midlife	352	(1)
Empty Nest Syndrome	353	(1)
Midlife Relationships	353	(1)
Midlife Crisis	354	(1)
Reentry Women	355	(1)
Later Life	356	(8)
Retirement	358	(1)
Spousal Bereavement	359	(2)
Grandparenting	361	(1)
Gender-Role Flexibility in Aging	362	(1)
Cognitive Changes	362	(2)
Summary	364	(2)
Gender, Violence, and Exploitation	366	(45)
The Nature and Scope of Gendered Violence and Exploitation	367	(1)
Sexual Harassment	368	(10)
Definitions and Prevalence	369	(4)
Theories of the Origins of Sexual Harassment	373	(1)
Research on Sexual Harassment: Who Harasses, and Who Is Harassed?	374	(2)
Consequences of Sexual Harassment	376	(1)
Personal and Societal Responses to Harassment	377	(1)
Rape	378	(12)
Definitions and Prevalence	378	(2)
Who Is Raped?	380	(1)
Relationship of the Rapist and Rape Victim	381	(1)
Men Who Rape	381	(1)
Categories of Rape	382	(2)
Cultural Significance of Rape and Sexual Assault	384	(4)
Effects of Rape and Sexual Assault on Women	388	(1)
Personal and Societal Responses to Rape	389	(1)
Partner Abuse	390	(7)
Definitions and Prevalence	391	(2)
Theories of Partner Abuse	393	(1)
Research on Partner Abuse: Who Abuses Women, and Who Is Abused?	394	(1)
Consequences for Abused Women	395	(1)
Personal and Societal Responses to Partner Abuse	396	(1)
Sexual Abuse of Children	397	(4)
Definitions and Prevalence	398	(1)
Patterns of Child Sexual Abuse	398	(1)
Incest	399	(1)
Consequences of Child Sexual Abuse	400	(1)
Societal Responses to Child Sexual Abuse	401	(1)
Pornography	401	(4)
Definitions and Prevalence	402	(1)
Cultural Significance of Pornography	402	(1)
Effects of Pornography on Women and Men	403	(2)
Other Forms of Gendered Violence and Exploitation	405	(4)
Prostitution	405	(1)
Anti-Gay Violence	406	(1)
Female Infanticide	407	(1)
The Case of Female Genital Mutilation	407	(1)
Elder Abuse	408	(1)
Summary	409	(2)
Issues in Mental Health	411	(36)
Issues in Diagnosis	414	(1)
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders	414	(1)
The Double Standard of Labeling and Diagnosis	414	(1)
Reporting Bias	415	(1)
Major Diagnostic Categories Applied to Women	415	(1)
Depression	416	(9)
Symptoms	416	(1)
Reasons Why More Women Are Diagnosed with Depression	416	(2)
Major Theories and Factors Contributing to Depression	418	(6)
Depression among Lesbian Women	424	(1)
Aging Women and Depression	424	(1)
Ethnic Minority Women	424	(1)
Treatment for Depression	425	(1)
Eating Disorders	425	(8)
Anorexia Nervosa	426	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	427	(1)
Binge-Eating Disorder	428	(1)
Demographics of Those with Eating Disorders	429	(1)
Risk Factors for Eating Disorders	430	(2)
Treatment Patterns for Anorexia and Bulimia	432	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	433	(2)
Specific Phobias and Panic Disorders	433	(1)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	433	(1)
Agoraphobia	434	(1)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	435	(1)
Suicide	435	(1)
Parasuicide and Self-Mutilation	436	(1)
Personality Disorders	437	(1)
Substance Abuse	438	(2)
Alcohol	438	(1)
Tobacco	439	(1)
Other Drugs	439	(1)
Differences in Physiological Responses	439	(1)
Predictors of Substance Abuse	440	(1)
Treatment of Mental Disorders	440	(3)
Diversity Issues in Therapy	443	(1)
Summary	444	(3)
A Gendered View of Physical Health	447	(38)
The Politics of Illness	449	(2)
Victorian Times	449	(1)
Medical Treatments for Women	450	(1)
Health Status of Women	451	(1)
Women, Men, and Health	451	(3)
Physical Health and Well-Being	451	(1)
Gender-Role Stereotypes and the Consequences for Physical Health	452	(1)
Gender Comparisons in Morbidity and Mortality: A Crisis in Women's Health	452	(2)
Stress	454	(7)
Stress and Stressors Defined	454	(1)
Early Contributions	455	(3)
Pain: A Major Stressor	458	(3)
Issues of Bias in Women's Health Research	461	(16)
Cardiovascular Disease	461	(4)
Lung Cancer	465	(3)
Sexually Transmitted Infections	468	(9)
Diseases Primarily Affecting Women	477	(4)
Breast Cancer	477	(2)
Osteoporosis	479	(2)
A Changing View of Women's Health	481	(1)
Changes in Government Regulations	481	(1)
Summary	482	(3)
EPILOGUE: A REFLECTION ON THE FUTURE	485	(5)
Critical Issues for the Future	487	(1)
Images of Women	487	(1)
Occupational Barriers	487	(1)
Housework: The Revolution Left Undone	488	(1)
Redefining Masculinity	488	(1)
Changes in the Field of Psychology	488	(1)
Small World: International Realm of Women's Activities	489	(1)
Glossary	490	(10)
References	500	(62)
Author Index	562	(13)
Subject Index	575