The Environmental Policy Paradox

by Smith, Zachary A.

Edition:

5th

ISBN13:

9780136029991

ISBN10:

013602999X

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/23/2008

Publisher(s):

Pearson

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Summary

This text provides an introduction to the policy making process in the United States with regard to air, water, land use, agriculture, energy, waste disposal, and other areas, in addition to chapters on global and international environmental issues and institutions. It explains why some environmental ideas shape policy while others do not, and illustrates that even when the best short- and long-term solutions to environmental problems are identified, the task of implementing these solutions is either left undone or is completed too late. Also included is a comprehensive history of the environmental movement.

Preface	p. xi
Abbreviations	p. xv
About the Author	p. xix
The Poljcy-Making Process
Ecosystem Interdependence	p. 1
The Steady State	p. 4
Common Pool Resources	p. 4
Summary	p. 5
Notes	p. 6
Changing Cultural and Social Beliefs: From Conservation to Environmentalism	p. 7
Dominant Social Paradigm	p. 7
Economics and Growth	p. 8
The Role of Religion	p. 11
Science and Technology: Our Views of Nature	p. 12
Toward Better Science Policy	p. 15
History of the Environmental Movement	p. 16
Dominance	p. 16
Early Awakening	p. 16
Early Conservationist	p. 17
Later Conservationist	p. 17
The Reawakening	p. 18
Complacency	p. 19
The Little Reagan Revolution	p. 19
Post-Reagan Resurgence	p. 19
Interest Groups	p. 20
Public Opinion and the Environment	p. 22
Demographics	p. 24
Elections	p. 25
Environmental Discourse	p. 26
Survivalism	p. 27
Prometheans	p. 27
Administrative Rationalism	p. 28
Democratic Pragmatism	p. 28
Economic Rationalism	p. 29
Sustainable Development	p. 29
Ecological Modernization	p. 30
Green Romanticism	p. 30
Green Rationalism	p. 31
Summary	p. 31
Notes	p. 32
The Regulatory Environment	p. 36
The Regulatory Context	p. 36
Science and Risk Analysis	p. 37
Unanticipated Consequences	p. 39
Cost-Benefit Analysis	p. 40
The Role of Government	p. 41
Approaches to Regulation	p. 43
Fundamentals of Environmental Law	p. 45
Summary	p. 47
Notes	p. 48
The Political and Institutional Setting	p. 49
The Institutional Setting	p. 49
Formal Institutions	p. 49
Informal Institutions	p. 52
Institutional Biases	p. 55
Incrementalism	p. 55
Decentralization	p. 56
Short-Term Bias	p. 56
Ideological Bias	p. 57
Private Nature of Public Policy Making	p. 58
Crisis and Reforms	p. 58
The Political Setting	p. 60
Pluralism	p. 60
The Regulators	p. 64
Summary	p. 80
Notes	p. 81
Environmental Policy
Air	p. 85
Sources	p. 85
Health Effects	p. 88
Motor Vehicles	p. 90
Air Pollution: Law, Regulations, and Enforcement	p. 93
Regulatory Innovations	p. 96
Regulatory Issues	p. 99
Toxic Air Pollution	p. 101
Acid Rain	p. 104
Stratospheric Ozone	p. 108
The Greenhouse Effect (Global Warming)	p. 113
Summary	p. 118
Notes	p. 118
Water	p. 126
Sources	p. 127
Nonpoint Sources of Pollution	p. 129
Groundwater Pollution	p. 130
Health Effects of Water Pollution	p. 131
Water Law and Regulation	p. 132
Clean Water Act	p. 132
The CWA and Nonpoint Pollution Sources	p. 134
The CWA and the Regulatory Environment	p. 134
Safe Drinking Water Act	p. 136
Criticisms of Water Pollution Policy	p. 138
The Paradox in Water Pollution Policy	p. 140
Summary	p. 144
Notes	p. 144
Energy	p. 149
History of Energy	p. 151
Industrial Revolution	p. 151
Oil and War	p. 151
Role of Personal Consumption	p. 152
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the Oil Crises	p. 153
Development of Nuclear Power	p. 156
Development of a National Energy Policy	p. 157
Nonrenewable Energy Sources	p. 161
Coal	p. 161
Oil	p. 163
Natural Gas	p. 164
Geothermal Energy	p. 164
Nuclear Power	p. 165
Renewable Energy	p. 166
Hydropower	p. 167
Solar Power	p. 168
Wind Power	p. 169
Biomass	p. 170
Conservation and Energy Efficiency: Some Suggestions for the Future	p. 172
Conservation in Homes and Buildings	p. 173
Conservation in Transportation	p. 174
Conservation in Industry	p. 175
Obstacles to Conservation	p. 176
An Ecological Conclusion	p. 177
Summary	p. 178
Notes	p. 178
Toxic and Hazardous Waste	p. 189
Solid Waste	p. 190
What Is Solid Waste?	p. 190
Scope of the Problem	p. 191
Disposal Methods	p. 192
Regulations	p. 193
Solutions	p. 194
Hazardous Wastes	p. 198
Nature of the Problem	p. 198
Disposal Methods	p. 200
Federal Regulations	p. 204
Regulatory Problems	p. 208
The Policy Paradox in Hazardous Waste Management	p. 211
Summary	p. 214
Notes	p. 214
Land Management Issues	p. 222
Local Land-Use Planning	p. 222
Types of Land-Use Planning	p. 223
Urban Planning	p. 224
Smart Growth	p. 226
Soil Erosion	p. 228
Farmland Conversion	p. 229
Desertification	p. 231
Federal Land Management	p. 231
Multiple-Use	p. 232
Recreation	p. 233
Fee Demonstration Project	p. 233
Commercial Recreation Permits and Concessions	p. 233
Fire Management	p. 234
Roadless Areas	p. 235
Wilderness	p. 235
History	p. 235
Proposed Wilderness and Wilderness Study Areas	p. 237
National Park Service Management	p. 239
Endangered Species	p. 240
Ecosystem Management	p. 244
Summary	p. 246
Notes	p. 246
International Environmental Issues	p. 253
Population and Food Production	p. 254
Desertification and Food Production	p. 259
Global Pollution	p. 260
The Ozone Layer	p. 260
The Greenhouse	p. 262
Deforestation	p. 264
Ocean Pollution	p. 265
Less Developed Countries: North Vs. South	p. 266
International Conflict	p. 268
Summary	p. 270
Notes	p. 271
International Environmental Management	p. 275
International Environmentalism	p. 275
Alternative Political Systems	p. 277
Market-Based Economies	p. 277
Collective Ownership Systems	p. 278
Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union	p. 278
China	p. 280
International Environmental Management	p. 281
Common Pool Resources	p. 282
Creation of an IGO	p. 283
Economic Globalization and the Second Industrial Revolution	p. 285
International Regulatory Efforts	p. 287
Controlling Oceanic Pollution	p. 287
Atmospheric Conventions	p. 288
Hazardous Waste Control at the International Level	p. 290
Protection of Endangered and Threatened Species	p. 290
Trends in the International Regulatory Process	p. 291
Summary	p. 292
Notes	p. 292
Conclusion	p. 296
Notes	p. 299
How We Study Public Policy-Theoretical Approaches	p. 300
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as Amended	p. 308
Index	p. 316
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.