Environmental Policy and Politics : Towards the 21st Century

by Kraft, Michael E.

Edition:

2nd

ISBN13:

9780321042569

ISBN10:

0321042565

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

10/1/2000

Publisher(s):

Addison-Wesley

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Summary

This up-to-date and readable text is a concise yet thorough examination of environmental, natural resource and energy policy and politics, primarily within the United States. Drawing from work within environmental science, policy analysis, and political science, it critically examines the key strengths and weaknesses of policy-making processes today, as well as the promise of new policy approaches. It offers extensive coverage of the nature of environmental problems and historical developments in environmental policy. The overriding theme of Environmental Policy and Politics, Second Edition, is that democratic approaches to policy-making and policy change are likely to be the most effective over time, based on strong public support. In that vein, the book stresses the opportunities available to citizens to shape environmental policies at all levels of government.

List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes

Preface

Environmental Problems and Politics

(25)

Environmental Policy and Politics

(2)

Perspectives on Environmental Problems

(4)

Scientific Knowledge and Its Use

(1)

Economics and Incentives

(2)

Environmental Values and Ethics

(1)

The Role of Government and Politics

(2)

Democracy, Politics, and Environmental Policy

(1)

Defining Environmental Policy

(3)

Policy Typologies

(1)

The Breadth of Environmental Policy

(1)

Interdisciplinary Approaches to Environmental Policy

(1)

Environmental Problems and Public Policy

(7)

Defining the Problems: The Nature of Environmental Risks

(4)

Coping with Environmental Risks

(3)

Public Policy Responses

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

Judging the State of the Environment

(32)

Air Quality

(7)

Gains in Air Quality and Remaining Problems

(2)

The Case of Southern California

(1)

Indoor Air Quality

(1)

Acid Precipitation

(1)

CFCs and the Stratospheric Ozone Layer

(2)

Water Quality

(4)

Pollution of Surface Waters

(3)

Drinking Water

(1)

Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes

(5)

Toxic Chemicals and Health Effects

(3)

Handling of Hazardous Wastes

(1)

Contaminated Federal Facilities

(1)

Radioactive Wastes

(1)

Solid Waste and Consumer Waste

(2)

Energy Use and Climate Change

(2)

The Scope of Energy Problems

(1)

Fossil Fuels and the Threat of Climate Change

(1)

Biological Diversity and Habitat Loss

(4)

Biodiversity Loss and Implications

(2)

Policy Actions and Effects

(1)

Human Polution Growth

(3)

Population and Sustainable Development

(1)

Growth Rates and Projected Population Increase

(2)

Conclusions

(1)

Suggested Readings

(3)

The Policy-Making Process and the Environment

(23)

The Policy-Making Process and the Environment

(8)

The Policy Cycle Model

(5)

Patterns in Environmental Policy Making

(2)

Agenda Setting and Environmental Policy Change

(3)

Problems, Policies, and Politics

(1)

Policy Entrepreneurs and Policy Change

(2)

Characteristics of U.S. Government and Politics

(8)

Constitutional and Political Features

(1)

Institutional Fragmentation and Policy Gridlock

(5)

The Benefits of Dispersed Power

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

U.S. Politics and the Evolution of Environmental Policy

(21)

Natural Resources and Environmental Policies in Historical Perspective

(5)

The Settlement and ``Conquest'' of Nature

(1)

The Conservation Movement and Advances in Public Health

(1)

From the New Deal to the Environmental Movement

(2)

The Modern Environmental Movement and Policy Achievements

(11)

The Role of Environmental Interest Groups

(3)

Public Opinion and the Environment

(3)

Environmental Issues in Election Campaigns

(2)

Political Reaction in the 1980s and 1990s

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Suggested Readings

100

(2)

Environmental Protection Policy: Controlling Pollution

102

(41)

The Contours of Environmental Protection Policy

103

(17)

The Clean Air Act

103

(4)

The Clean Water Act

107

(4)

The Safe Drinking Water Act

111

(1)

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

112

(2)

The Toxic Substances Control Act

114

(1)

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

115

(2)

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

117

(3)

The Institutional Context of Policy Implementation

120

(8)

The EPA's Organization, Budget, and Staff

121

(4)

Working with the States

125

(2)

Political Support and Opposition

127

(1)

Setting Environmental Standards

128

(3)

Environmental Goals and Objectives

128

(1)

Environmental Quality Criteria

128

(2)

Setting Quality Standards

130

(1)

Emission Standards

131

(1)

Balancing Statutory Goals and Costs

131

(3)

Adopting and Enforcing Regulations

134

(5)

Administrative Rule Making

134

(2)

Compliance and Enforcement

136

(1)

White House Oversight

137

(2)

Conclusions

139

(1)

Suggested Readings

140

(3)

Energy and Natural Resource Policies

143

(42)

The Vagaries of Energy Policy: Goals and Means

144

(3)

Indirect Policy Impacts

146

(1)

Shifting Energy Priorities

146

(1)

The Energy Policy Cycle: 1973-1989

147

(2)

Carter's National Energy Plan and Conservation Gains

147

(2)

Reagan's Nonpolicy on Energy

149

(1)

Energy Policy for the Twenty-First Century

149

(6)

The Bush Administration's National Energy Strategy

150

(2)

The Clinton Administration Tries Its Hand

152

(2)

State and Local Energy Initiatives

154

(1)

Natural Resources and Policy Change

155

(17)

Environmental Stewardship or Economic Development?

155

(2)

The Environmentalist Challenge to Resource Development

157

(2)

Natural Resource Policies and Agencies

159

(1)

Managing the Nation's Forests

160

(5)

Battles Over Wilderness

165

(2)

Governing the Range

167

(3)

BLM Lands and the Sagebrush Rebellion

170

(1)

Other Protected Lands and Agencies

171

(1)

Environmental Impacts and Natural Resources Decision Making

172

(6)

The Endangered Species Act

172

(4)

The National Environmental Policy Act

176

(2)

The Changing Natural Resources Policy Agenda

178

(1)

Conclusions

179

(2)

Suggested Readings

181

(4)

Evaluating Environmental Policy

185

(32)

Approaches to Environmental Policy Evaluation

187

(3)

Program Outcomes

188

(1)

Process and Institutional Evaluation

189

(1)

Signs of Progress

190

(4)

Environmental Protection Policies

190

(2)

Natural Resource Policies

192

(1)

The Need for Data Assessment and Public Dialogue

193

(1)

Costs, Benefits, and Risks

194

(5)

Comparing Risks and Setting Priorities

196

(1)

Controversies over Cost-Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment

197

(1)

Environmentalists' Use of Economic Analysis

198

(1)

Jobs, the Economy, and the Environment

199

(3)

Employment, Business Costs, and Environmental Policy

199

(2)

Seeking Common Ground: Toward Environmental Sustainability

201

(1)

Reforming Environmental Regulation

202

(6)

The Case for Policy Alternatives

203

(2)

Assessing New Policy Approaches

205

(3)

New Directions in Energy and Natural Resources Policy

208

(6)

The Appeal of User Fees

208

(1)

Privatization

209

(1)

Social Cost Accounting

210

(1)

Government Purchasing Power

211

(1)

Ecosystem Management

212

(2)

Conclusions

214

(1)

Suggested Readings

214

(3)

Environmental Policy and Politics for the Twenty-First Century

217

(26)

Environmental Goals and Policy Choices

218

(1)

An Evolving Policy Agenda

219

(4)

Improving Environmental Policies and Institutions

219

(2)

A New Culture at the EPA and Other Federal Agencies?

221

(1)

Environmental Equity

222

(1)

Toward Sustainable Development

223

(11)

The President's Council on Sustainable Development

224

(1)

New Policy Horizons

225

(1)

Energy Policy

225

(1)

Population Policy

226

(2)

Suburban Sprawl and Smart Growth

228

(1)

Ecosystem Health and Biodiversity

229

(2)

International Environmental Policy

231

(2)

Environmental Science and Policy Research

233

(1)

Business and the Environment

234

(3)

The Greening of Industry?

234

(2)

Consumer Demand

236

(1)

Democracy and the Environment

237

(3)

Grassroots Environmentalism and Public Education

237

(1)

Environmental Information and the Internet

238

(2)

Conclusions

240

(1)

Suggested Readings

241

(2)

References

243

(21)

Abbreviations

264

(2)

Selected Environmental Web Sites

266

(3)

Index

269

Environmental Policy and Politics : Towards the 21st Century

9780321042569

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Summary

Table of Contents