The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging

by Bushberg, Jerrold T.; Seibert, J. Anthony; Leidholdt, Edwin M.; Boone, John M.

• ISBN13: 9780683301182
• ISBN10: 0683301187
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-11-16
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

Developed from the authors' highly successful annual imaging physics review course, this new Second Edition gives readers a clear, fundamental understanding of the theory and applications of physics in radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiobiology. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, Second Edition provides key coverage of the clinical implications of technical principles--making this book great for board review. Highlights of this new edition include completely updated and expanded chapters and more than 960 illustrations. Major sections cover basic concepts, diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiation protection, dosimetry, and biology. A Brandon-Hill recommended title.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
Foreword	xix
SECTION I: BASIC CONCEPTS	1	(94)
Introduction to Medical Imaging	3	(14)
The Modalities	4	(9)
Image Properties	13	(4)
Radiation and the Atom	17	(14)
Radiation	17	(4)
Structure of the Atom	21	(10)
Interaction of Radiation with Matter	31	(30)
Particle Interactions	31	(6)
X- and Gamma Ray Interactions	37	(8)
Attenuation of X- and Gamma Rays	45	(7)
Absorption of Energy from X- and Gamma Rays	52	(4)
Imparted Energy, Equivalent Dose, and Effective Dose	56	(5)
Computers in Medical Imaging	61	(34)
Storage and Transfer of Data in Computers	61	(5)
Analog Data and Conversion between Analog and Digital Forms	66	(4)
Components and Operation of Computers	70	(8)
Performance of Computer Systems	78	(1)
Computer Software	79	(3)
Storage, Processing, and Display of Digital Images	82	(13)
SECTION II: DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY	95	(492)
X-ray Production, X-ray Tubes, and Generators	97	(48)
Production of X-rays	97	(5)
X-ray Tubes	102	(11)
X-ray Tube Insert, Tube Housing, Filtration, and Collimation	113	(3)
X-ray Generator Function and Components	116	(8)
X-ray Generator Circuit Designs	124	(8)
Timing the X-ray Exposure in Radiography	132	(3)
Factors Affecting X-ray Emission	135	(2)
Power Ratings and Heat Loading	137	(3)
X-ray Exposure Rating Charts	140	(5)
Screen-Film Radiography	145	(30)
Projection Radiography	145	(1)
Basic Geometric Principles	146	(2)
The Screen-Film Cassette	148	(1)
Characteristics of Screens	149	(8)
Characteristics of Film	157	(6)
The Screen-Film System	163	(1)
Contrast and Dose in Radiography	164	(2)
Scattered Radiation in Projection Radiography	166	(9)
Film Processing	175	(16)
Film Exposure	175	(3)
The Film Processor	178	(3)
Processor Artifacts	181	(2)
Other Considerations	183	(1)
Laser Cameras	184	(1)
Dry Processing	184	(2)
Processor Quality Assurance	186	(5)
Mammography	191	(40)
X-ray Tube Design	194	(10)
X-ray Generator and Phototimer System	204	(3)
Compression, Scattered Radiation, and Magnification	207	(5)
Screen-Film Cassettes and Film Processing	212	(7)
Ancillary Procedures	219	(3)
Radiation Dosimetry	222	(2)
Regulatory Requirements	224	(7)
Fluoroscopy	231	(24)
Functionality	231	(1)
Fluoroscopic Imaging Chain Components	232	(10)
Peripheral Equipment	242	(2)
Fluoroscopy Modes of Operation	244	(2)
Automatic Brightness Control (ABC)	246	(2)
Image Quality	248	(1)
Fluoroscopy Suites	249	(2)
Radiation Dose	251	(4)
Image Quality	255	(38)
Contrast	255	(8)
Spatial Resolution	263	(10)
Noise	273	(10)
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)	283	(1)
Sampling and Aliasing in Digital Images	283	(4)
Contrast-Detail Curves	287	(1)
Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves	288	(5)
Digital Radiography	293	(24)
Computed Radiography	293	(4)
Charged-Coupled Devices (CCDs)	297	(3)
Flat Panel Detectors	300	(4)
Digital Mammography	304	(3)
Digital versus Analog Processes	307	(1)
Implementation	307	(1)
Patient Dose Considerations	308	(1)
Hard Copy versus Soft Copy Display	308	(1)
Digital Image Processing	309	(6)
Contrast versus Spatial Resolution in Digital Imaging	315	(2)
Adjuncts to Radiology	317	(10)
Geometric-Tomography	317	(3)
Digital Tomosynthesis	320	(1)
Temporal Subtraction	321	(2)
Dual-Energy Subtraction	323	(4)
Computed Tomography	327	(46)
Basic Principles	327	(4)
Geometry and Historical Development	331	(8)
Detectors and Detector Arrays	339	(3)
Details of Acquisition	342	(4)
Tomographic Reconstruction	346	(12)
Digital Image Display	358	(4)
Radiation Dose	362	(5)
Image Quality	367	(2)
Artifacts	369	(4)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	373	(42)
Magnetization Properties	373	(8)
Generation and Detection of the Magnetic Resonance Signal	381	(10)
Pulse Sequences	391	(1)
Spin Echo	391	(8)
Inversion Recovery	399	(4)
Gradient Recalled Echo	403	(5)
Signal from Flow	408	(1)
Perfusion and Diffusion Contrast	409	(2)
Magnetization Transfer Contrast	411	(4)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	415	(54)
Localization of the MR Signal	415	(11)
k-space Data Acquisition and Image Reconstruction	426	(12)
Three-Dimensional Fourier Transform Image Acquisition	438	(1)
Image Characteristics	439	(3)
Angiography and Magnetization Transfer Contrast	442	(5)
Artifacts	447	(11)
Instrumentation	458	(7)
Safety and Bioeffects	465	(4)
Ultrasound	469	(86)
Characteristics of Sound	470	(6)
Interactions of Ultrasound with Matter	476	(7)
Transducers	483	(7)
Beam Properties	490	(11)
Image Data Acquisition	501	(9)
Two-Dimensional Image Display and Storage	510	(6)
Miscellaneous Issues	516	(8)
Image Quality and Artifacts	524	(7)
Doppler Ultrasound	531	(13)
System Performance and Quality Assurance	544	(4)
Acoustic Power and Bioeffects	548	(7)
Computer Networks, PACS, and Teleradiology	555	(32)
Computer Networks	555	(10)
PACS and Teleradiology	565	(22)
SECTION III: NUCLEAR MEDICINE	587	(150)
Radioactivity and Nuclear Transformation	589	(14)
Radionuclide Decay Terms and Relationships	589	(4)
Nuclear Transformation	593	(10)
Radionuclide Production and Radiopharmaceuticals	603	(24)
Radionuclide Production	603	(14)
Radiopharmaceuticals	617	(7)
Regulatory Issues	624	(3)
Radiation Detection and Measurement	627	(42)
Types of Detectors	627	(5)
Gas-Filled Detectors	632	(4)
Scintillation Detectors	636	(5)
Semiconductor Detectors	641	(3)
Pulse Height Spectroscopy	644	(10)
Non-Imaging Detector Applications	654	(7)
Counting Statistics	661	(8)
Nuclear Imaging---The Scintillation Camera	669	(34)
Planar Nuclear Imaging: The Anger Scintillation Camera	670	(25)
Computers in Nuclear Imaging	695	(8)
Nuclear Imaging---Emission Tomography	703	(34)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)	704	(15)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)	719	(18)
SECTION IV: RADIATION PROTECTION, DOSIMETRY, AND BIOLOGY	737	(126)
Radiation Protection	739	(56)
Sources of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation	739	(8)
Personnel Dosimetry	747	(6)
Radiation Detection Equipment in Radiation Safety	753	(2)
Radiation Protection and Exposure Control	755	(33)
Regulatory Agencies and Radiation Exposure Limits	788	(7)
Radiation Dosimetry of the Patient	795	(18)
X-ray Dosimetry	800	(5)
Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry: The MIRD Method	805	(8)
Radiation Biology	813	(50)
Interaction of Radiation with Tissue	814	(4)
Cellular Radiobiology	818	(9)
Response of Organ Systems to Radiation	827	(4)
Acute Radiation Syndrome	831	(7)
Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis	838	(13)
Hereditary Effects of Radiation Exposure	851	(2)
Radiation Effects In Utero	853	(10)
SECTION V: APPENDICES	863	(52)
Appendix A: Fundamental Principles of Physics	865	(18)
A.1 Physical Laws, Quantities, and Units	865	(2)
A.2 Classical Physics	867	(1)
A.3 Electricity and Magnetism	868	(15)
Appendix B: Physical Constants, Prefixes, Geometry, Conversion Factors, and Radiologic Data	883	(4)
B.1 Physical Constants, Prefixes, and Geometry	883	(1)
B.2 Conversion Factors	884	(1)
B.3 Radiological Data for Elements 1 through 100	885	(2)
Appendix C: Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Spectra Data Tables	887	(12)
C.1 Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Elements	887	(2)
C.2 Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Compounds	889	(1)
C.3 Mass Energy Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Detector Compounds	890	(1)
C.4 Mammography Spectra: Mo/Mo	891	(2)
C.5 Mammography Spectra: Mo/Rh	893	(2)
C.6 Mammography Spectra: Rh/Rh	895	(2)
C.7 General Diagnostic Spectra: W/Al	897	(2)
Appendix D: Radiopharmaceutical Characteristics and Dosimetry	899	(14)
D.1 Route of administration, localization, clinical utility, and other characteristics of commonly used radiopharmaceuticals	900	(8)
D.2 Typical administered adult activity, highest organ dose, gonadal dose, and adult effective dose for commonly used radiopharmaceuticals	908	(2)
D.3 Effective doses per unit activity administered to patients age 15, 10, 5, and 1 year for commonly used diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals	910	(1)
D.4 Absorbed dose estimates to the embryo/fetus per unit activity administered to the mother for commonly used radiopharmaceuticals	911	(2)
Appendix E: Internet Resources	913	(2)
Subject Index	915