The Essentials of American Government: Continuity and Change, 2004,9780321129734

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The Essentials of American Government: Continuity and Change, 2004

by O'Connor, Karen; Sabato, Larry J.

ISBN13:

9780321129734

ISBN10:

0321129733

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

11/1/2003

Publisher(s):

Pearson College Div

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Summary

Thoroughly updated through the 2002 elections and trends facing the American government, the Essentials version of this esteemed best-seller continues to provide a current and engaging introduction to the course.Like the comprehensive edition, this nuts-and-bolts version was written in the belief that we must first understand how American government and politics have developed in order to fully understand the issues facing our nation today. Featuring a distinctive "Continuity and Change" theme, the text begins with why and how our government was formed, and shows students how change is a necessary process that keeps our political system vibrant and effective.

Preface

xxi

Analyzing Visuals: A Brief Guide

xxxiv

PART 1 FOUNDATIONS OF GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 1 THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

(30)

The Roots of American Government: Where Did the Ideas Come From?

(6)

From Aristotle to the Enlightenment

(1)

A Growing Idea: Popular Consent

(1)

Devising a National Government

(1)

The Theory of Democratic Government

(1)

Why a Capitalist System?

(3)

Politics Now: The Internet and Our Changing Society

(2)

Characteristics of American Democracy

(3)

Popular Consent

(1)

Popular Sovereignty

(1)

Majority Rule

(1)

Individualism

(1)

Equality

(1)

Personal Liberty

(1)

Civil Society

(1)

Making Decisions in America

(2)

Elite Theory

(1)

Policy in Action: Community Service and the Young

(1)

Bureaucratic Theory

(1)

Interest Group Theory

(1)

Pluralist Theory

(1)

The Changing Political Culture and Characteristics of the American People

(10)

Changing Size and Population

(1)

Changing Demographics of the U.S. Population

(2)

Implications of These Changes

(2)

The Ideology of the American Public

(4)

Analyzing Visuals: Changing Age Composition of the United States

(2)

Global Politics: The United States in Comparative Context

(1)

Problems with Political Labels

(1)

Political Culture and Views of Government

(4)

High Expectations

(1)

A Missing Appreciation of the Good

(1)

Mistrust of Politicians

(1)

Voter Apathy

(1)

Redefining Our Expectations

(1)

Continuity & Change: The Face of America

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

CHAPTER 2 THE CONSTITUTION

(34)

The Origins of a New Nation

(2)

First Steps Toward Independence

(1)

The Continental Congresses

(1)

The Declaration of Independence

(1)

A Theoretical Basis for a New Government

(1)

The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation

(2)

Problems Under the Articles of Confederation

(1)

The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing a Constitution

(6)

The Framers

(1)

Motives of the Framers

(1)

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

(1)

Creating Constitutional Compromises

(3)

Analyzing Visuals: Who Were the Framers?

(2)

Unfinished Business

(1)

The U.S. Constitution

(8)

The Basic Principles of the Constitution

(5)

Politics Now: Abolishing the Electoral College?

(3)

The Articles of the Constitution

(3)

Policy in Action: The Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker

(1)

The Drive for Ratification

(3)

Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists

(3)

Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution

(3)

The Amendment Process

(2)

On Campus: A Student's Revenge: The Twenty-Seventh (Madison) Amendment

(1)

Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution

(4)

Judicial Interpretation

(1)

Social, Cultural, and Legal Change

(10)

Analyzing Visuals: Why Did the Framers Write the Constitution as They Did?

(1)

Global Politics: Comparing Constitutions

(1)

Continuity & Change: Counting Americans

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

CHAPTER 3 FEDERALISM

(34)

The Roots of the Federal System

(2)

The Powers of Government in the Federal System

(3)

Denied Powers

(1)

Guarantees to the States

(1)

Relations Among the States

(1)

The Evolution of Federalism

(6)

Early Pronouncements on Federalism

(2)

Dual Federalism

(1)

The Civil War and Beyond

(1)

The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments

(1)

The New Deal and Its Effect on Federalism

(1)

Modern Federalism

(10)

Creative Federalism

(3)

New Federalism and the Reagan Revolution

(2)

The Devolution Revolution

(4)

Policy in Action: Setting a National Alcohol Policy

(1)

Federalism and the Supreme Court

(8)

Global Politics: Federalism in Comparative Perspective

(1)

The Devolution Revolution and the Court

(10)

Politics Now: Marriage in the Federal System

(2)

On Campus: Legislating Against Violence Against Women: A Casualty of the Devolution Revolution?

(1)

Analyzing Visuals: State-by-State Report Card on Access to Abortion

(1)

Continuity & Change: Taxing Sales on the Internet

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Selected Readings

(2)

CHAPTER 4 CIVIL LIBERTIES

(39)

The First Constitutional Amendments: The Bill of Rights

101

(4)

The Incorporation Doctrine: The Bill of Rights Made Applicable to the States

102

(2)

Selective Incorporation and Fundamental Freedoms

104

(1)

First Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Religion

105

(6)

The Establishment Clause

106

(3)

Policy in Action: School Vouchers

108

(1)

The Free Exercise Clause

109

(2)

Global Politics: Religious Freedom

110

(1)

First Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Speech and Press

111

(8)

Attempts to Limit Speech

112

(5)

On Campus: Political Speech and Mandatory Student Fees

113

(2)

Politics Now: Civil Liberties and the Bush Administration

115

(2)

What Types of Speech Are Protected?

117

(2)

The Second Amendment and the Right to Keep and Bear Arms

119

(2)

The Rights of Criminal Defendants and the Criminal Justice System

121

(9)

The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures

121

(2)

The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination

123

(2)

The Fourth and Fifth Amendments and the Exclusionary Rule

125

(1)

The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel

126

(1)

The Sixth Amendment and Jury Trials

126

(1)

The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment

127

(3)

Analyzing Visuals: Capital Punishment in the United States

129

(1)

The Right to Privacy

130

(5)

Birth Control

130

(1)

Abortion

131

(1)

Homosexuality

132

(2)

The Right to Die

134

(1)

Continuity & Change: Conceptions of Civil Liberties

135

(1)

Summary

136

(1)

Key Terms

137

(1)

Selected Readings

137

(1)

CHAPTER 5 CIVIL RIGHTS

138

(34)

Slavery, Abolition, and Winning the Right to Vote, 1800-1885

140

(5)

The Abolitionist Movement: The First Civil Rights Movements

141

(1)

The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Civil Rights Laws and Constitutional Amendments

142

(1)

Civil Rights and the Supreme Court

143

(2)

The Push for Equality, 1889-1954

145

(5)

The Founding of Key Groups

146

(1)

Litigating for Equality

147

(3)

The Civil Rights Movement

150

(11)

School Desegregation After Brown

150

(1)

A New Move for African American Rights

151

(1)

Formation of New Groups

151

(3)

Policy in Action: The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

152

(1)

Analyzing Visuals: Police Confront Civil Rights Demonstrators in Birmingham

153

(1)

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

154

(1)

The Women's Rights Movement

155

(3)

Analyzing Visuals: Sexual Harassment Filings, Fiscal Years 1990-2001

156

(2)

Politics Now: Time for the Equal Rights Amendment?

158

(1)

The Equal Protection Clause and Constitutional Standards of Review

158

(3)

Other Groups Mobilize for Rights

161

(7)

Hispanic Americans

161

(3)

Global Politics: Immigration and Civil Rights

163

(1)

Native Americans

164

(1)

Gays and Lesbians

165

(1)

Disabled Americans

166

(2)

Continuity & Change: Race in America: Affirmative Action

168

(2)

Summary

170

(1)

Key Terms

170

(1)

Selected Readings

170

(2)

PART 2 INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 6 CONGRESS

172

(46)

The Roots of the Legislative Branch

174

(1)

The Constitution and the Legislative Branch of Government

175

(3)

Apportionment and Redistricting

176

(1)

Constitutional Powers of Congress

176

(2)

The Members of Congress

178

(7)

Running for Office and Staying in Office

180

(1)

What Does Congress Look Like?

181

(1)

The Representational Role of Members of Congress

182

(3)

Politics Now: It's a New Congress: To the Defeated Go the Pink Slips

183

(1)

Global Politics: Electoral Rules Around the World

184

(1)

How Congress Is Organized

185

(9)

The House of Representatives

187

(2)

The Senate

189

(1)

The Role of Political Parties

190

(1)

The Committee System

190

(4)

The Law-Making Function of Congress

194

(9)

How a Bill Becomes a Law: The Textbook Version

195

(4)

Analyzing Visuals: Gun Control Legislation Following Publicized Shootings Since 1968

198

(1)

How a Bill Really Becomes a Law: The China Trade Act of 2000

199

(4)

How Members Make Decisions

203

(3)

Constituents

203

(1)

Colleagues

203

(1)

Party

204

(1)

Caucuses

204

(1)

Interest Groups and Political Action Committees

205

(1)

Staff and Support Agencies

205

(1)

Congress and the President

206

(8)

Congressional Oversight of the Executive Branch

206

(14)

Join the Debate: Should Congress Allow Presidents to Control Terms of Trade?

210

(2)

Policy in Action: Scrapping Ergonomics Regulations

212

(2)

Congress and the Judiciary

214

(1)

Continuity & Change: Representatives-In or Out of Touch?

215

(1)

Summary

215

(1)

Key Terms

216

(1)

Selected Readings

217

(1)

CHAPTER 7 THE PRESIDENCY

218

(35)

The Roots of the Office of President of the United States

220

(4)

The Constitutional Convention

220

(2)

The Vice President

222

(2)

The Constitutional Powers of the President

224

(6)

The Appointment Power

224

(1)

The Power to Convene Congress

225

(1)

The Power to Make Treaties

226

(1)

Veto Power

226

(2)

The Power of the President to Preside over the Military as Commander in Chief

228

(1)

The Pardoning Power

228

(2)

The Development of Presidential Power

230

(3)

The Modern Presidency

232

(1)

The Presidential Establishment

233

(4)

The Cabinet

235

(1)

The Executive Office of the President (EOP)

235

(1)

Policy in Action: The President and the Pulpit

236

(1)

The White House Staff

236

(1)

The Role of the President in the Legislative Process: The President as Policy Maker

237

(7)

Presidential Involvement in the Budgetary Process

238

(2)

Ruling Through Regulation

240

(1)

Winning Support for Programs

241

(3)

Public Opinion and the President

244

(6)

Politics Now: What a Difference a President Makes

245

(1)

Going Public

246

(2)

Global Politics: The Presidency in Comparative Perspective

247

(1)

Presidential Approval Ratings

248

(7)

Analyzing Visuals: Presidential Approval Ratings Since 1938

249

(1)

Continuity & Change: A Woman President?

250

(1)

Summary

251

(1)

Key Terms

252

(1)

Selected Readings

252

(1)

CHAPTER 8 THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY

253

(30)

The Roots and Development of the Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

255

(2)

From George Washington to the Progressive Era

255

(2)

The Modern Bureaucracy

257

(11)

The Formal Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy

258

(5)

Who Are Bureaucrats?

263

(4)

Analyzing Visuals: Number of Federal Employees in the Executive Branch, 1789-2001

264

(3)

Politics and Government Workers

267

(1)

Policy Making

268

(8)

Iron Triangles and Issue Networks

268

(2)

Administrative Discretion

270

(6)

Politics Now: Creating the Department of Homeland Security

272

(2)

On Campus: Enforcing Gender Equity in College Athletics

274

(2)

Government Control: Making Agencies Accountable

276

(4)

Executive Control

276

(1)

Congressional Control

277

(1)

Judicial Control

277

(8)

Global Politics: Bureaucrats in Other Countries

278

(2)

Continuity & Change: Technology and the Bureaucracy

280

(1)

Summary

281

(1)

Key Terms

281

(1)

Selected Readings

282

(1)

CHAPTER 9 THE JUDICIARY

283

(43)

The Constitution and the Creation of the National Judiciary

285

(4)

The Judiciary Act of 1789 and the Creation of the Federal Judiciary System

287

(1)

The Marshall Court (1801-1835)

288

(1)

Judicial Review

288

(1)

The American Legal System

289

(4)

Jurisdiction

290

(1)

Criminal and Civil Law

290

(3)

The Federal Court System

293

(3)

District Courts

293

(1)

The Courts of Appeals

294

(1)

The Supreme Court

294

(2)

How Federal Court Judges Are Selected

296

(6)

Appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court

298

(1)

Nomination Criteria

298

(2)

The Supreme Court Confirmation Process

300

(2)

Analyzing Visuals: Race/Ethnicity and Gender of District Court Appointees

301

(1)

The Supreme Court Today

302

(10)

Deciding to Hear a Case

304

(4)

How Does a Case Survive the Process?

308

(4)

How the Justices Vote

312

(6)

Legal Factors

312

(4)

Politics Now: Educating or Lobbying?

313

(1)

Join the Debate: Should the Senate Rein In Judicial Activism?

314

(2)

Extra-Legal Factors

316

(2)

Judicial Policy Making and Implementation

318

(5)

Policy Making

318

(1)

Implementing Court Decisions

319

(9)

Global Politics: The Powers of the Courts

320

(2)

Policy in Action: The Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker

322

(1)

Continuity & Change: Participation in the Judicial Process

323

(1)

Summary

324

(1)

Key Terms

324

(1)

Selected Readings

325

(1)

PART 3 POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR

CHAPTER 10 PUBLIC OPINION AND THE NEWS MEDIA

326

(42)

Early Efforts to Influence and Measure Public Opinion

328

(2)

Early Election Forecasting

329

(1)

What Went Wrong

329

(1)

Political Socialization and the Factors That Influence Opinion Formation

330

(11)

Politics Now: Polling: When the Numbers Don't Add Up

331

(1)

Major Factors Affecting Opinion Formation

332

(9)

How We Form Political Opinions

341

(2)

How We Measure Public Opinion

343

(6)

Creating a Public Opinion Poll

344

(1)

Political Polls

345

(2)

Shortcomings of Polling

347

(2)

The News Media

349

(11)

The American Press of Yesteryear

349

(2)

The Contemporary Media Scene

351

(2)

Circulation of Daily Newspapers, 1850-2001

353

(2)

How the Media Cover Politicians and Government

355

(2)

Investigative Journalism

357

(2)

Bias and the Media

359

(1)

The Media's Influence on the Public and Public Opinion

360

(1)

Government Regulation of the Electronic Media

361

(4)

Global Politics: Media Freedom

362

(2)

Content Regulation

364

(1)

Censorship

364

(1)

Continuity & Change: The News Media and Public Opinion

365

(1)

Summary

366

(1)

Key Terms

367

(1)

Selected Readings

367

(1)

CHAPTER 11 POLITICAL PARTIES AND INTEREST GROUPS

368

(42)

Political Parties

370

(21)

The Roots of the American Political Party System

370

(4)

The Modern Era Versus the Golden Age

374

(1)

The Basic Structure of American Political Parties

375

(7)

Global Politics: Political Parties in Comparative Perspective

378

(4)

The Two-Party System and Third Parties

382

(2)

The Roles of Political Parties in the United States

384

(7)

Policy in Action: The Effect of Campaign Finance Law Reform on Political Parties and Interest Groups

387

(4)

Interest Groups

391

(17)

Why and How Interest Groups Form and Maintain Themselves

392

(2)

The Rise of the Interest Group State

394

(4)

What Interest Groups Do

398

(4)

Analyzing Visuals: Top Lobbying Expenditures

401

(1)

Involvement in Campaigns, Elections, and the Political Process

402

(5)

Politics Now: Year of the Woman-2002?

404

(3)

Protest Activities

407

(1)

Continuity & Change: The Evolution of Interest Groups and Parties

408

(1)

Summary

408

(1)

Key Terms

409

(1)

Selected Readings

409

(1)

CHAPTER 12 CAMPAIGNS, ELECTIONS, AND VOTING

410

(48)

Types of Elections

412

(2)

Presidential Elections

414

(17)

The Nomination Campaign

415

(3)

The General Election Campaign

418

(1)

The Personal Campaign

418

(1)

The Organizational Campaign

419

(2)

The Media Campaign

421

(2)

The Electoral College: How Presidents Are Elected

423

(6)

Patterns of Presidential Elections

429

(2)

Congressional Elections

431

(5)

The Incumbency Advantage

432

(4)

Policy in Action: The Politics of Re-redistricting

433

(2)

Analyzing Visuals: Congressional Election Results, 1948-2002

435

(1)

Modern Campaign Challenges

436

(8)

The High Cost of Campaigns

436

(2)

Sources of Campaign Financing

438

(5)

Campaign Finance Reform

443

(1)

Politics Now: Campaign Finance Reform

444

(1)

Voting Behavior

444

(10)

Voter Participation

445

(2)

Why Is Voter Turnout So Low?

447

(3)

Why Do Voters Vote the Way They Do?

450

(10)

Global Politics: Voter Turnout Around the World

452

(2)

Continuity & Change: Election Technology-Past, Present, and Future

454

(1)

Summary

455

(1)

Key Terms

456

(1)

Selected Readings

456

(2)

PART 4 PUBLIC POLICY

CHAPTER 13 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY

458

(36)

The Policy-Making Process

460

(7)

Problem Recognition and Definition

460

(2)

Agenda Setting

462

(1)

Policy Formulation

462

(1)

Policy Adoption

463

(1)

Budgeting

464

(1)

Policy Implementation

465

(2)

Policy Evaluation

467

(1)

Social Welfare Policy

467

(16)

The Roots of Social Welfare Policy

468

(2)

Social Welfare Policy Today

470

(13)

Global Politics: Comparing Health Policies

471

(3)

Analyzing Visuals: Rising U.S. Unemployment Rates, 2001-2002

474

(4)

Join the Debate: Should Welfare Recipients Be Subject to Stricter Requirements?

478

(5)

Economic Policy

483

(8)

The Roots of Economic Policy

483

(5)

Stabilizing the Economy

488

(3)

Continuity & Change: Return of the Deficits

491

(1)

Summary

492

(1)

Key Terms

493

(1)

Selected Readings

493

(1)

CHAPTER 14 FOREIGN AND MILITARY POLICY

494

(27)

The Roots of Current U.S. Foreign and Military Policy

497

(7)

Détente, Human Rights, and Renewed Containment: 1969-1981

499

(1)

Containment Revisited and Renewed: 1981-1989

500

(1)

Searching for a New International Order: 1989-2001

501

(3)

A New Order for the Twenty-First Century?

504

(2)

The Executive Branch and Foreign and Military Policy Making

506

(3)

The Role of the President

507

(1)

The Departments of State, Defense, and Homeland Security

508

(1)

The Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Council

508

(1)

Other Shapers and Influencers of Foreign and Military Policy

509

(6)

Congress

509

(2)

Politics Now: The United States and the International Criminal Court

511

(1)

The Military-Industrial Complex

511

(2)

Analyzing Visuals: U.S. Defense Spending

512

(1)

The News Media

513

(1)

The Public

514

(1)

The Challenge of Balancing Foreign and Domestic Affairs

515

(3)

On Campus: The Impact of September 11 on American Campuses

516

(1)

Building a Grand Strategy

516

(2)

Continuity & Change: Unilateralism Versus Multilateralism

518

(1)

Summary

519

(1)

Key Terms

519

(1)

Selected Readings

520

APPENDICES

I The Declaration of Independence

521

(3)

II The Constitution of the United States of America

524

(12)

III Federalist No. 10

536

(5)

IV Federalist No. 51

541

(3)

V Presidents, Congresses, and Chief Justices: 1789-2003

544

(4)

Selected Supreme Court Cases

548

(4)

Glossary

552

(10)

Notes

562

(17)

Index

579

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The Essentials of American Government: Continuity and Change, 2004

9780321129734

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