Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology

by Martini, Frederic H.; Bartholomew, Edwin F.

• ISBN13: 9780805373035
• ISBN10: 0805373039
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover w/CD
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Admired and respected for its outstanding illustrations, the Fourth Edition of Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology provides readers with easy-to-follow explanations of core concepts and a practical reference for future coursework for healthcare careers. Features such as Clinical Notes and the new Professional Profiles engage readers by showing them how the information they have learned is applied to workplace situations. Crafted especially for readers with no prior knowledge of anatomy & physiology, Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology provides a solid framework for interpreting and applying information. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology, The Chemical Level of Organization, Cell Structure and Function, The Tissue Level of Organization, The Integumentary System, The Skeletal System, The Muscular System, The Nervous System, The General and Special Senses, The Endocrine System, Blood, The Heart , Blood Vessels and Circulation, The Lymphatic System and Immunity, The Respiratory System, The Digestive System, Nutrition and Metabolism, The Urinary System, The Reproductive System, Development and Inheritance For all readers interested in easy-to-follow explanations of core concepts and a practical reference for future coursework for healthcare careers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology	2	(26)
The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology	4	(1)
Anatomy	4	(1)
Physiology	5	(1)
Levels of Organization	5	(2)
An Introduction to Organ Systems	7	(1)
Homeostasis and System Integration	7	(9)
Homeostatic Regulation	7	(9)
Homeostasis and Disease	16	(1)
The Language of Anatomy	16	(8)
Surface Anatomy	16	(2)
Sectional Anatomy	18	(4)
Clinical Note Sectional Anatomy and Clinical Technology	22	(2)
Chapter Review	24	(4)
The Chemical Level of Organization	28	(28)
Matter: Atoms and Molecules	29	(5)
The Structure of an Atom	29	(2)
Chemical Bonds and Chemical Compounds	31	(3)
Chemical Notation	34	(1)
Chemical Reactions	34	(3)
Basic Energy Concepts	34	(1)
Types of Reactions	35	(1)
Reversible Reactions	36	(1)
Enzymes and Chemical Reactions	36	(1)
Inorganic Compounds	37	(2)
Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen	37	(1)
Water and Its Properties	37	(1)
Inorganic Acids and Bases	38	(1)
Salts	39	(1)
Organic Compounds	39	(11)
Carbohydrates	40	(1)
Lipids	41	(3)
Proteins	44	(3)
Nucleic Acids	47	(1)
High-Energy Compounds	47	(3)
Chemicals and Cells	50	(1)
Chapter Review	51	(5)
Cell Structure and Function	56	(32)
Studying Cells	58	(3)
An Overview of Cell Anatomy	58	(3)
The Cell Membrane	61	(9)
Membrane Structure	61	(2)
Membrane Transport	63	(7)
The Cytoplasm	70	(5)
The Cytosol	70	(1)
Organelles	71	(4)
The Nucleus	75	(5)
Chromosome Structure	76	(1)
The Genetic Code	77	(1)
Clinical Note DNA Fingerprinting	77	(1)
Protein Synthesis	77	(3)
Clinical Note Mutations	80	(1)
The Cell Life Cycle	80	(3)
Interphase	81	(1)
Mitosis	81	(1)
Cytokinesis	82	(1)
Cell Division and Cancer	82	(1)
Cell Diversity and Differentiation	83	(1)
Chapter Review	84	(4)
The Tissue Level of Organization	88	(28)
Epithelial Tissue	90	(9)
Functions of Epithelia	90	(1)
Intercellular Connections	91	(1)
The Epithelial Surface	92	(1)
The Basement Membrane	93	(1)
Epithelial Renewal and Repair	93	(1)
Classifying Epithelia	93	(1)
Glandular Epithelia	94	(4)
Clinical Note Exfoliative Cytology	98	(1)
Connective Tissues	99	(7)
Classifying Connective Tissues	99	(1)
Connective Tissue Proper	99	(2)
Clinical Note Marfan's Syndrome	101	(1)
Clinical Note Adipose Tissue and Weight Control	101	(2)
Fluid Connective Tissues	103	(1)
Supporting Connective Tissues	103	(1)
Clinical Note Cartilages and Joint Injuries	103	(3)
Membranes	106	(1)
Mucous Membranes	106	(1)
Serous Membranes	107	(1)
The Cutaneous Membrane	107	(1)
Synovial Membranes	107	(1)
Muscle Tissue	107	(2)
Skeletal Muscle Tissue	107	(1)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue	107	(2)
Smooth Muscle Tissue	109	(1)
Neural Tissue	109	(1)
Tissue Injuries and Repair	110	(1)
Tissues and Aging	110	(1)
Aging and Cancer Incidence	111	(1)
Chapter Review	111	(5)
The Integumentary System	116	(18)
Integumentary Structure and Function	117	(9)
The Epidermis	118	(1)
Clinical Note Drug Administration Through the Skin	119	(2)
The Dermis	121	(1)
The Subcutaneous Layer	122	(1)
Accessory Structures	122	(2)
Clinical Note Hair Loss	124	(2)
Local Control of Homeostasis in the Integumentary System	126	(2)
Injury and Repair of the Skin	126	(2)
Aging and the Integumentary System	128	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	128	(1)
Chapter Review	129	(5)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Integumentary System and Other Systems	132	(1)
Professional Profile Burn Nurse	133	(1)
The Skeletal System	134	(50)
The Structure of Bone	136	(3)
Macroscopic Features of Bone	136	(1)
Microscopic Features of Bone	137	(2)
Bone Formation and Growth	139	(3)
Intramembranous Ossification	139	(1)
Endochondral Ossification	140	(1)
Bone Growth and Body Proportions	141	(1)
Requirements for Normal Bone Growth	141	(1)
Bone Remodeling and Homeostatic Mechanisms	142	(2)
The Role of Remodeling in Support	142	(1)
Homeostasis and Mineral Storage	142	(1)
Injury and Repair	142	(1)
Clinical Note Types of Fractures	143	(1)
Aging and the Skeletal System	144	(1)
Clinical Note Osteoporosis	144	(1)
An Overview of the Skeleton	144	(1)
Bone Markings (Surface Features)	144	(1)
Skeletal Divisions	144	(1)
The Axial Division	144	(13)
The Skull	144	(9)
The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage	153	(4)
The Appendicular Division	157	(8)
The Pectoral Girdle	157	(3)
The Upper Limb	160	(2)
The Pelvic Girdle	162	(1)
The Lower Limb	163	(2)
Articulations	165	(10)
The Classification of Joints	165	(2)
Clinical Note Rheumatism and Arthritis	167	(1)
Synovial Joints: Movement and Structure	167	(5)
Representative Articulations	172	(2)
Clinical Note Hip Fractures	174	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	175	(1)
Chapter Review	176	(8)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Skeletal System and Other Systems	182	(1)
Professional Profile Sports Trainer	183	(1)
The Muscular System	184	(52)
Functions of Skeletal Muscle	186	(1)
The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles	186	(4)
Gross Anatomy	186	(1)
Microanatomy	187	(3)
Clinical Note The Muscular Dystrophies	190	(1)
The Control of Muscle Fiber Contraction	190	(5)
The Neuromuscular Junction	190	(2)
The Contraction Cycle	192	(1)
Clinical Note Rigor Mortis	193	(2)
Clinical Note Interference with Neural Control Mechanisms	195	(1)
Muscle Mechanics	195	(3)
The Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation	195	(1)
Clinical Note The Disease Called Tetanus	196	(1)
The Number of Muscle Fibers Involved	197	(1)
Isotonic and Isometric Contractions	198	(1)
Muscle Elongation	198	(1)
The Energetics of Muscular Activity	198	(3)
ATP and CP Reserves	198	(1)
ATP Generation	199	(1)
Muscle Fatigue	200	(1)
The Recovery Period	200	(1)
Muscle Performance	201	(1)
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers	201	(1)
Physical Conditioning	201	(1)
Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Tissues	202	(2)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue	202	(1)
Smooth Muscle Tissue	203	(1)
Anatomy of the Muscular System	204	(22)
Origins Insertions and Actions	204	(3)
Names of Skeletal Muscles	207	(1)
The Axial Muscles	208	(6)
Clinical Note Hernias	214	(1)
The Appendicular Muscles	215	(9)
Clinical Note Intramuscular Injections	224	(2)
Aging and the Muscular System	226	(2)
Integration with Other Systems	228	(1)
Chapter Review	228	(8)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Muscular System and Other Systems	234	(1)
Professional Profile Physical Therapist	235	(1)
The Nervous System	236	(56)
The Nervous System	238	(1)
Cellular Organization in Neural Tissue	239	(5)
Neurons	239	(2)
Neuroglia	241	(2)
Clinical Note Demyelination Disorders	243	(1)
Anatomical Organization of Neurons	243	(1)
Neuron Function	244	(4)
The Membrane Potential	244	(2)
Clinical Note Neurotoxins in Seafood	246	(1)
Propagation of an Action Potential	246	(2)
Neural Communication	248	(4)
Structure of a Synapse	249	(1)
Synaptic Function and Neurotransmitters	249	(2)
Neuronal Pools	251	(1)
The Central Nervous System	252	(15)
The Meninges	252	(1)
Clinical Note Epidural and Subdural Damage	253	(1)
Clinical Note Meningitis	253	(1)
The Spinal Cord	253	(3)
Clinical Note Spinal Cord Injuries	256	(1)
The Brain	256	(2)
The Ventricles of the Brain	258	(3)
Clinical Note Aphasia and Dyslexia	261	(3)
Clinical Note Seizures	264	(3)
The Peripheral Nervous System	267	(10)
The Cranial Nerves	268	(3)
The Spinal Nerves	271	(1)
Nerve Plexuses	271	(1)
Reflexes	272	(3)
Sensory and Motor Pathways	275	(2)
Clinical Note Cerebral Palsy	277	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System	277	(6)
The Sympathetic Division	279	(1)
The Parasympathetic Division	280	(2)
Relationships Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions	282	(1)
Aging and the Nervous System	283	(1)
Clinical Note Alzheimer's Disease	283	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	283	(1)
Chapter Review	284	(8)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Nervous System and Other Systems	290	(1)
Professional Profile X-Ray Technologist	291	(1)
The General and Special Senses	292	(38)
The General Senses	294	(4)
Pain	294	(1)
Temperature	295	(1)
Touch, Pressure, and Position	295	(3)
Chemical Detection	298	(1)
The Special Senses	298	(1)
Smell	299	(1)
The Olfactory Pathways	299	(1)
Taste	300	(1)
The Taste Pathways	301	(1)
Vision	301	(14)
The Accessory Structures of the Eye	301	(2)
The Eye	303	(6)
Clinical Note Cataracts	309	(1)
Visual Physiology	310	(1)
Clinical Note Visual Acuity	310	(1)
Clinical Note Accommodation Problems	311	(1)
The Visual Pathway	312	(1)
Clinical Note Night Blindness	313	(2)
Equilibrium and Hearing	315	(9)
The Anatomy of the Ear	315	(3)
Equilibrium	318	(2)
Hearing	320	(4)
Clinical Note Hearing Deficits	324	(1)
Aging and the Senses	324	(1)
Smell	324	(1)
Taste	324	(1)
Vision	324	(1)
Hearing	325	(1)
Chapter Review	325	(5)
The Endocrine System	330	(34)
An Overview of the Endocrine System	332	(5)
The Structure of Hormones	332	(1)
The Mechanisms of Hormonal Action	333	(3)
The Secretion and Distribution of Hormones	336	(1)
The Control of Endocrine Activity	336	(1)
The Pituitary Gland	337	(5)
The Anterior Pituitary Gland	337	(3)
The Posterior Pituitary Gland	340	(1)
Clinical Note Diabetes Insipidus	340	(2)
The Thyroid Gland	342	(2)
Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones	342	(1)
The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland: Calcitonin	343	(1)
The Parathyroid Glands	344	(1)
The Adrenal Glands	345	(2)
The Adrenal Cortex	346	(1)
The Adrenal Medulla	347	(1)
The Pineal Gland	347	(1)
The Pancreas	348	(2)
Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations	349	(1)
Clinical Note Diabetes Mellitus	350	(1)
The Endocrine Tissues of Other Organ Systems	350	(3)
The Intestines	350	(1)
The Kidneys	350	(1)
The Heart	351	(1)
The Thymus	351	(1)
The Gonads	351	(1)
Adipose Tissue	352	(1)
Clinical Note Hormones and Athletic Performance	352	(1)
Patterns of Hormonal Interaction	353	(3)
Hormones and Growth	353	(1)
Hormones and Stress	353	(2)
Clinical Note Endocrine Disorders	355	(1)
Hormones and Behavior	356	(1)
Hormones and Aging	356	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	356	(1)
Chapter Review	356	(8)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Endocrine System and Other Systems	362	(1)
Professional Profile Occupational Therapist	363	(1)
The Cardiovascular System Blood	364	(24)
The Functions of Blood	366	(1)
The Composition of Blood	366	(2)
Blood Collection and Analysis	366	(2)
Plasma	368	(1)
Plasma Proteins	368	(1)
Formed Elements	368	(13)
The Production of Formed Elements	368	(1)
Red Blood Cells	369	(1)
Clinical Note Abnormal Hemoglobin	370	(4)
Clinical Note Blood Tests and RBCs	374	(3)
White Blood Cells	377	(1)
Clinical Note Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn	377	(1)
Clinical Note Testing for Blood Compatibility	377	(4)
Platelets	381	(1)
Hemostasis	381	(3)
The Clotting Process	382	(1)
Clot Retraction and Removal	383	(1)
Clinical Note Abnormal Hemostasis	384	(1)
Chapter Review	384	(4)
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart	388	(24)
The Heart's Place in the Circulatory System	389	(1)
The Anatomy and Organization of the Heart	390	(8)
The Surface Anatomy of the Heart	390	(1)
The Heart Wall	391	(3)
Internal Anatomy and Organization	394	(1)
Clinical Note Mitral Valve Prolapse	395	(2)
Clinical Note Valvular Heart Disease	397	(1)
The Blood Supply to the Heart	397	(1)
The Heartbeat	398	(6)
Contractile Cells	398	(1)
The Conducting System	399	(2)
The Electrocardiogram	401	(2)
The Cardiac Cycle	403	(1)
Heart Dynamics	404	(3)
Factors Controlling Cardiac Output	405	(2)
Clinical Note Extracellular Ions, Temperature, and Cardiac Output	407	(1)
Chapter Review	407	(5)
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation	412	(40)
The Structure of Blood Vessels	414	(4)
Arteries	414	(2)
Clinical Note Arteriosclerosis	416	(1)
Capillaries	416	(1)
Veins	417	(1)
Circulatory Physiology	418	(5)
Factors Affecting Blood Flow	418	(1)
Cardiovascular Pressures Within the Systemic Circuit	419	(2)
Clinical Note Capillary Dynamics and Blood Volume	421	(1)
Clinical Note Checking the Pulse and Blood Pressure	422	(1)
Cardiovascular Regulation	423	(5)
Autoregulation of Blood Flow	424	(1)
Neural Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow	424	(2)
Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation	426	(2)
Patterns of Cardiovascular Response	428	(1)
Exercise and the Cardiovascular System	428	(1)
Clinical Note Exercise, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Health	428	(1)
The Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhage	428	(1)
Clinical Note Shock	429	(1)
The Blood Vessels	429	(15)
The Pulmonary Circulation	430	(1)
The Systemic Circulation	430	(12)
Fetal Circulation	442	(2)
Aging and the Cardiovascular System	444	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	445	(1)
Chapter Review	445	(7)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Cardiovascular System and Other Systems	450	(1)
Professional Profile Physician Assistant	451	(1)
The Lymphatic System and Immunity	452	(30)
Organization of the Lymphatic System	453	(8)
Functions of the Lymphatic System	454	(1)
Lymphatic Vessels	454	(1)
Lymphocytes	455	(1)
Lymphoid Nodules	456	(2)
Lymphoid Organs	458	(1)
Clinical Note ``Swollen Glands''	458	(1)
Clinical Note Injury to the Spleen	459	(1)
The Roles of the Lymphatic System in Body Defenses	460	(1)
Nonspecific Defenses	461	(3)
Physical Barriers	461	(1)
Phagocytes	461	(1)
Immunological Surveillance	462	(1)
Interferons	462	(1)
Complement	462	(1)
Inflammation	462	(1)
Fever	463	(1)
Specific Defenses: The Immune Response	464	(8)
Types of Immunity	464	(1)
Properties of Immunity	465	(1)
An Overview of the Immune Response	465	(1)
T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity	465	(2)
B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity	467	(3)
Clinical Note AIDS	470	(1)
Hormones of the Immune System	471	(1)
Patterns of Immune Response	472	(2)
Immune Disorders	472	(2)
Clinical Note Stress and the Immune Response	474	(1)
Aging and the Immune Response	474	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	474	(1)
Clinical Note Manipulating the Immune Response	475	(1)
Chapter Review	475	(7)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Lymphatic System and Other Systems	480	(1)
Professional Profile Nurse Practitioner	481	(1)
The Respiratory System	482	(32)
The Functions of the Respiratory System	483	(1)
The Organization of the Respiratory System	484	(10)
The Respiratory Tract	484	(1)
The Nose	484	(1)
The Pharynx	485	(1)
The Larynx	486	(1)
Clinical Note Cystic Fibrosis	486	(2)
The Trachea	488	(1)
Clinical Note Tracheal Blockage	489	(1)
The Bronchi	489	(1)
The Bronchioles	489	(1)
The Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli	489	(3)
The Respiratory Membrane	492	(1)
Clinical Note Pneumonia	492	(1)
The Lungs	492	(1)
The Pleural Cavities	493	(1)
Clinical Note Tuberculosis	494	(1)
Respiratory Physiology	494	(7)
Pulmonary Ventilation	494	(2)
Clinical Note Artificial Respiration	496	(1)
Clinical Note Pulmonary Function Tests	497	(1)
Gas Exchange	498	(1)
Clinical Note Decompression Sickness	498	(1)
Gas Transport	499	(1)
Clinical Note Emphysema	499	(1)
Clinical Note Carbon Monoxide Poisoning	500	(1)
The Control of Respiration	501	(5)
The Local Control of Respiration	502	(1)
Control by the Respiratory Centers of the Brain	502	(1)
The Reflex Control of Respiration	503	(1)
Clinical Note Lung Cancer, Smoking, and Diet	504	(1)
Clinical Note Hypercapnia	505	(1)
Control by Higher Centers	505	(1)
Clinical Note SIDS	506	(1)
Respiratory Changes at Birth	506	(1)
Aging and the Respiratory System	506	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	507	(1)
Chapter Review	507	(7)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Respiratory System and Other Systems	512	(1)
Professional Profile Respiratory Therapist	513	(1)
The Digestive System	514	(38)
An Overview of the Digestive Tract	516	(3)
Histological Organization	517	(1)
Clinical Note Ascites	518	(1)
The Movement of Digestive Materials	518	(1)
The Oral Cavity	519	(3)
The Tongue	519	(1)
Salivary Glands	520	(1)
Clinical Note Mumps	520	(1)
Teeth	520	(2)
The Pharynx	522	(1)
The Esophagus	522	(1)
Swallowing	522	(1)
Clinical Note Esophagitis and Diaphragmatic (Hiatal) Hernias	523	(1)
The Stomach	523	(4)
The Gastric Wall	525	(1)
Clinical Note Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers	525	(1)
The Regulation of Gastric Activity	525	(2)
Clinical Note Stomach Cancer	527	(1)
The Small Intestine	527	(4)
The Intestinal Wall	528	(1)
Intestinal Secretions	528	(2)
Clinical Note Vomiting	530	(1)
Digestion in the Small Intestine	531	(1)
The Pancreas	531	(2)
Histological Organization	531	(1)
The Control of Pancreatic Secretion	532	(1)
Clinical Note Pancreatitis	532	(1)
The Liver	533	(3)
Anatomy of the Liver	533	(2)
Liver Functions	535	(1)
Clinical Note Liver Disease	536	(1)
The Gallbladder	536	(1)
The Large Intestine	537	(3)
The Cecum	538	(1)
The Colon	538	(1)
The Rectum	538	(1)
Clinical Note Colon and Rectum Cancers	538	(1)
The Functions of the Large Intestine	538	(1)
Clinical Note Diverticulosis	539	(1)
Clinical Note Diarrhea and Constipation	540	(1)
Digestion and Absorption	540	(3)
The Processing and Absorption of Nutrients	540	(2)
Clinical Note Lactose Intolerance	542	(1)
Water and Electrolyte Absorption	543	(1)
The Absorption of Vitamins	543	(1)
Clinical Note Malabsorption Syndromes	543	(1)
Aging and the Digestive System	543	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	544	(1)
Chapter Review	544	(8)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Digestive System and Other Systems	550	(1)
Professional Profile Dental Assistant	551	(1)
Nutrition and Metabolism	552	(26)
Cellular Metabolism	554	(10)
Carbohydrate Metabolism	555	(4)
Clinical Note Carbohydrate Loading	559	(1)
Alternate Catabolic Pathways	559	(1)
Lipid Metabolism	560	(2)
Protein Metabolism	562	(1)
Clinical Note Ketoacidosis	562	(1)
Clinical Note Dietary Fats and Cholesterol	563	(1)
Nucleic Acid Metabolism	564	(1)
A Summary of Cellular Metabolism	564	(1)
Diet and Nutrition	564	(6)
Food Groups and the Food Pyramid	564	(3)
Minerals, Vitamins, and Water	567	(2)
Diet and Disease	569	(1)
Bioenergetics	570	(3)
The Energy Content of Food	571	(1)
Metabolic Rate	571	(1)
Thermoregulation	571	(2)
Aging and Nutritional Requirements	573	(1)
Chapter Review	573	(5)
The Urinary System	578	(34)
The Organization of the Urinary System	580	(1)
The Kidneys	580	(6)
Superficial and Sectional Anatomy	581	(1)
The Blood Supply to the Kidneys	582	(1)
The Nephron	583	(3)
Basic Principles of Urine Production	586	(8)
Filtration at the Glomerulus	587	(1)
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Renal Tubule	588	(4)
The Control of Kidney Function	592	(1)
Clinical Note The Treatment of Kidney Failure	592	(2)
Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination	594	(3)
The Ureters and Urinary Bladder	595	(1)
Clinical Note Urinary Tract Infections	595	(1)
The Urethra	595	(1)
The Micturition Reflex and Urination	595	(1)
Clinical Note Incontinence	596	(1)
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance	597	(7)
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	597	(3)
Acid-Base Balance	600	(3)
Clinical Note Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance	603	(1)
Aging and the Urinary System	604	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	604	(1)
Chapter Review	605	(7)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Urinary System and Other Systems	610	(1)
Professional Profile Health Educator	611	(1)
The Reproductive System	612	(32)
The Reproductive System of the Male	613	(9)
The Tests	614	(1)
Clinical Note Cryptorchidism	614	(3)
The Male Reproductive Tract	617	(1)
The Accessory Glands	618	(1)
Clinical Note Prostatitis	619	(1)
Semen	620	(1)
The Penis	620	(1)
Hormones and Male Reproductive Function	621	(1)
The Reproductive System of the Female	622	(11)
The Ovaries	622	(4)
The Uterine Tubes	626	(1)
The Uterus	626	(1)
Clinical Note Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)	627	(1)
The Vagina	628	(1)
Clinical Note Amenorrhea	628	(1)
The External Genitalia	629	(1)
The Mammary Glands	629	(1)
Clinical Note Breast Cancer	630	(1)
Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle	630	(3)
Clinical Note Infertility	633	(1)
The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse	633	(1)
Male Sexual Function	633	(1)
Female Sexual Function	633	(1)
Clinical Note Sexually Transmitted Diseases	634	(1)
Aging and the Reproductive System	634	(1)
Menopause	634	(1)
The Male Climacteric	634	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	635	(3)
Clinical Note Birth Control Strategies	636	(2)
Chapter Review	638	(6)
System in Perspective Functional Relationships Between the Reproductive System and Other Systems	642	(1)
Professional Profile Mammographer	643	(1)
Development and Inheritance	644
An Overview of Topics in Development	645	(1)
Fertilization	646	(2)
Activation of the Oocyte	646	(1)
An Overview of Prenatal Development	647	(1)
The First Trimester	648	(6)
Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation	648	(1)
Implantation	649	(2)
Placentation	651	(3)
Embryogenesis	654	(1)
The Second and Third Trimesters	654	(6)
The Effects of Pregnancy on Maternal Systems	658	(1)
Structural and Functional Changes in the Uterus	659	(1)
Labor and Delivery	660	(2)
The Stages of Labor	660	(1)
Premature Labor	661	(1)
Multiple Births	661	(1)
Postnatal Development	662	(2)
The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood	662	(1)
Adolescence and Maturity	663	(1)
Clinical Note Abortion	664	(1)
Genetics, Development, and Inheritance	664	(6)
Genes and Chromosomes	664	(3)
The Human Genome Project	667	(2)
Clinical Note Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Analysis	669	(1)
Chapter Review	670
Appendix I Answers to Concept Check and Chapter Review Questions	1	(19)
Appendix II A Periodic Chart of the Elements	20	(1)
Appendix III Weights and Measures	21	(3)
Appendix IV Normal Physiological Values	24	(2)
Appendix V Key Notes	26
Glossary/Index	1	(1)
Illustration Credits	1