Essentials of Criminal Justice

by SENNA/SIEGEL

Edition:

2nd

ISBN13:

9780534535148

ISBN10:

0534535143

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

10/14/1997

Publisher(s):

Wadsworth Publishing

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Summary

Intended for the Introduction to Criminal Justice course found in departments of criminal justice at two- and four-year schools.

This text presents criminal justice as a dynamic, ever-changing field -- emphasizing how the concepts and processes of criminal justice are constantly evolving. It is ideal for those introductory criminal justice courses that do not permit the detailed coverage provided in Senna/Siegel's longer casebound textbook, Introduction to Criminal Justice (see page 5). This book, however, provides all the up-to-date coverage of structural and procedural changes in the criminal justice system that instructors require, ultimately helping students to understand the critical issues in the field and the impact those issues have on the criminal justice system.

Preface

xxi

Part 1 The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice

(138)

CHAPTER 1 The Criminal Justice System: History, Organization, and Process

(38)

Crime in the United States

(1)

Is Crime a Recent Development?

(2)

Post-Civil War Developments

(1)

Crime at the Turn of the Century

(1)

The Concept of Criminal Justice

(1)

The Modern Era

(1)

The Effect of LEAA

(1)

The Study of Criminal Justice

(2)

An Interdisciplinary Field

(1)

Defining Criminal Justice Study

(1)

The Criminal Justice System

(1)

Components of Criminal Justice

(6)

The Police

(1)

The Courts

(3)

Corrections

(2)

The Juvenile Justice System

(3)

The Formal Criminal Justice Process

(7)

The 15-Step Process

(3)

The Criminal Justice Assembly Line

(3)

The Informal Justice System

(2)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: The "Wedding Cake" Model of Justice

(2)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Ransom

(1)

Criminal Justice as a Career

(6)

Law Enforcement

(1)

Correctional Service Work

(2)

Law and the Courts

(1)

Research, Administration, and Teaching

(2)

Summary

(3)

CHAPTER 2 The Nature of Crime and Victimization

(40)

The Concept of Crime

(1)

Sources of Crime Data

(2)

Survey Data

(1)

Aggregate Record Data

(1)

Other Sources of Crime Data

(1)

Official Crime Data

(4)

Expressing Crime Data

(1)

Official Crime Trends

(1)

Solving Crime

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: International Crime Trends

(6)

Patterns of Crime

(5)

Are the Uniform Crime Reports Accurate?

(1)

Revising the UCR

(1)

Self-Report Data

(3)

Self-Reported Drug Use

(1)

Are Drug Surveys Valid?

(1)

Victimization Data: The NCVS

(4)

Victimization in the United States

(1)

Victim Characteristics

(2)

The Ecology of Victimization

(1)

Victims and Their Criminal

(1)

Repeat Victimization

(1)

Critique of the NCVS

(1)

Are the Data Sources Compatible?

(1)

Explaining Crime Trends

(2)

Younger Criminals

(1)

Economic Problems

(1)

Social Problems

(1)

Firearms

(1)

Gangs

(1)

Drugs

(1)

Justice Policy

(1)

What the Future Holds

(1)

Why Do People Commit Crime?

(4)

Because They Want To: Choice Theory

(1)

Because They're Different: Biological Theories

(1)

It's in Their Heads: Psychological Theories

(1)

Because They're Poor: Social Structure Theory

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Seven

(2)

Socialized to Crime: Social Process Theories

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: The Chronic Offender

(3)

It's a "Dog Eat Dog World": Conflict Theory

(1)

Theories of Victimization

(1)

Victim Precipitation

(1)

Lifestyle

(1)

Routine Activities

(1)

Crime Theory in Review

(2)

Summary

(4)

CHAPTER 3 Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure

(30)

Historical Development of the Criminal Law

(3)

The Common Law

(2)

The Principle of Stare Decisis

(1)

Criminal Law and Civil Law

(1)

Sources of the Criminal Law

(3)

Common Law and Statutes

(1)

Case Decisions

(1)

Administrative Rule Making

(1)

Constitutional Law and Its Limits

(1)

Crimes and Classifications

(1)

Felonies and Misdemeanors

(1)

Other Statutory Classifications

(1)

The Legal Definition of a Crime

(2)

Actus Reus

(1)

Mens Rea

(1)

Relationship of Mens Rea and Actus Reus

(1)

Strict Liability

(1)

Criminal Responsibility

(3)

Legal Definition of Insanity

(2)

Intoxication

(1)

Age

(1)

Criminal Defense: Justification and Excuse

(3)

Consent

(1)

Self-Defense

(1)

Entrapment

(1)

Double Jeopardy

(1)

Mistake, Compulsion, and Necessity

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: A Time to Kill

(1)

Substantive Criminal Law Reform

(3)

The RICO Statute

(1)

Federal Crime Legislation

(1)

Constitutional Criminal Procedure

100

(2)

The U.S. Constitution

100

(1)

The Bill of Rights

101

(1)

The State Criminal Justice System Under the Constitution

102

(1)

Procedural Due Process of Law

103

(1)

Law in Review: In re Gault [1967]--Procedural Due Process

104

(1)

Future Directions in Criminal Law

105

(1)

The Role of the Supreme Court

105

(2)

Summary

107

(3)

CHAPTER 4 Confronting Crime

110

(30)

Perspectives on Justice

111

(5)

Crime Control Perspective

112

(1)

Rehabilitation Perspective

113

(2)

Due Process Perspective

115

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: What to Do About Crime

116

(6)

Nonintervention Perspective

118

(1)

Justice Perspective

119

(1)

Conflict Perspective

120

(1)

Perspectives in Perspective

121

(1)

Confronting Crime

122

(1)

Controlling the Drug Trade

122

(7)

Source Control

123

(1)

Interdiction Strategies

124

(1)

Law Enforcement Strategies

125

(1)

Punishment Strategies

125

(1)

Prevention Strategies

126

(1)

Treatment Strategies

126

(1)

Legalization

127

(1)

Are Drug Control Strategies Working?

128

(1)

Controlling Violence

129

(1)

Banning Guns

129

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Cliffhanger

130

(3)

Why Do People Own Guns?

131

(1)

Does Gun Control Work?

131

(2)

Gun Control Problems

133

(1)

The Scope of Social Control

133

(4)

Reducing Social Control

134

(1)

The Privacy Issue

135

(1)

The Danger of Overcontrol

135

(2)

Summary

137

(3)

Part 2 The Police and Law Enforcement

140

(112)

CHAPTER 5 Police in Society: History and Organization

140

(24)

The History of Police

142

(4)

Eighteenth-Century Developments

142

(1)

Law Enforcement in Colonial America

143

(1)

Early Police Agencies

143

(1)

Twentieth-Century Reform

144

(1)

The Emergence of Professionalism

145

(1)

The Modern Era of Policing: 1960 to 1990

146

(1)

Policing in the 1960s

146

(1)

Policing in the 1970s

146

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Lone Star

147

(1)

Policing in the 1980s

148

(1)

Law Enforcement Today

148

(2)

Metropolitan Police

149

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Rural Versus Metropolitan Police

150

(4)

County Law Enforcement

150

(1)

State Police

151

(1)

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

152

(2)

The Future of Law Enforcement

154

(1)

Decentralization

154

(1)

Civilian Employees

155

(1)

New Crime Categories

155

(1)

Efficiency

155

(1)

Diversity

155

(1)

An Era of Technological Change

155

(4)

Identifying Suspects

156

(1)

Fingerprint Analysis

157

(1)

DNA Profiling

158

(1)

Administration and Communication

159

(1)

Private Policing and Security

159

(3)

Public-Private Cooperation

160

(1)

The Future of Private Security

161

(1)

Summary

162

(2)

CHAPTER 6 The Police: Role and Function

164

(30)

Police Organization

164

(3)

The Police Role

167

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Die Hard

168

(1)

Patrol Function

169

(3)

Patrol Activities

170

(1)

Does Patrol Work?

170

(1)

Proactive Patrol

171

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Can Aggressive Policing Work?

172

(2)

Does Increasing Resources Help?

174

(1)

Investigation Function

174

(2)

Stings

175

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Going Undercover

176

(3)

Effectiveness of Investigation

178

(1)

Improving Investigation Effectiveness

178

(1)

Changing Concepts of Policing

179

(1)

Community Policing

180

(4)

Broken Windows

181

(1)

Community Policing in Action

181

(1)

Reducing Community Fear

182

(1)

Philosophy of Community Policing

182

(2)

Problem-Oriented Policing

184

(1)

Implementing New Models of Policing

185

(1)

Support Functions

186

(2)

Personnel

186

(1)

Internal Affairs

186

(1)

Budget and Finance

186

(1)

Records and Communication

186

(1)

Training

186

(1)

Community Relations

187

(1)

Crime Prevention

187

(1)

Laboratory

187

(1)

Planning and Research

187

(1)

Improving Police Productivity

188

(3)

Consolidation

188

(1)

Informal Arrangements

189

(1)

Sharing

189

(1)

Pooling

189

(1)

Contracting

189

(1)

Police Service Districts

190

(1)

Civilian Employees

190

(1)

Multiple Tasks

190

(1)

Special Assignments

190

(1)

Budget Supplementation

190

(1)

Differential Police Response (DPR)

190

(1)

Summary

191

(3)

CHAPTER 7 Issues in Policing

194

(34)

The Police Profession

195

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: NYPO Blue

196

(5)

Police Culture

197

(1)

The Police Personality

197

(1)

Policing Style

198

(3)

Discretion

201

(4)

Environment and Discretion

201

(1)

Departmental Influences

201

(1)

Situational Influences

202

(1)

Legal Factors

203

(1)

Extralegal Factors

203

(2)

Who Are the Police?

205

(5)

Police Education

205

(1)

The Changing Composition of Police

206

(4)

Problems of Policing

210

(4)

Stress

210

(1)

Violence and the Police

211

(3)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Suing the Police

214

(9)

Corruption

219

(4)

Summary

223

(5)

CHAPTER 8 Police and the Rule of Law

228

(24)

Identification of Criminal Behavior

230

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Lethal Weapon

231

(1)

Search and Seizure

232

(1)

Search Warrant Requirements

232

(1)

Use of Informers

233

(1)

Warrantless Searches

233

(1)

Searches Incident to a Lawful Arrest

233

(1)

Law in Review: Chimel v. California [1969]

234

(3)

Field Interrogation: Stop and Frisk

235

(1)

Automobile Searches

235

(1)

Consent Searches

236

(1)

Law in Review: United States v. Ross [1982]

237

(3)

The Bus Sweep

238

(1)

The Doctrine of Plain View

238

(1)

Electronic Surveillance

239

(1)

Arrest

240

(3)

Custodial Interrogation

242

(1)

Historical Perspective on Miranda

242

(1)

Law in Review: Miranda v. Arizona [1966]

243

(1)

The Pretrial Identification Process

244

(2)

The Exclusionary Rule

246

(1)

Current Status and Controversy

246

(1)

Law in Review: Mapp v. Ohio [1961]

247

(3)

The Future of the Exclusionary Rule

248

(2)

Summary

250

(2)

Part 3 Courts and Adjudication

252

(116)

CHAPTER 9 Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense

252

(32)

The Criminal Court Process

253

(1)

State Courts

254

(5)

Courts of Limited Jurisdiction

255

(1)

Courts of General Jurisdiction

256

(1)

Appellate Courts

256

(3)

The Federal Courts

259

(3)

District Courts

259

(1)

Federal Appeals Courts

260

(1)

The U.S. Supreme Court

260

(1)

How a Case Gets to the Supreme Court

260

(2)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: The Role of the High Court and States' Rights

262

(1)

Federal and State Court Caseloads

262

(1)

The Judiciary

263

(2)

Other Judicial Functions

264

(1)

Judicial Qualifications

264

(1)

The Prosecutor

265

(3)

Duties of the Prosecutor

266

(1)

Types of Prosecutors

267

(1)

Prosecutorial Discretion

268

(2)

The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion

269

(1)

Judicial Restraints

270

(1)

The Defense Attorney

270

(2)

The Role of the Criminal Defense Attorney

271

(1)

Ethical Issues

272

(1)

The Right to Counsel

272

(4)

The Private Bar

275

(1)

Legal Services for the Indigent

275

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: The Client

276

(6)

The Competence of Defense Lawyers

280

(2)

Summary

282

(2)

CHAPTER 10 Pretrial Procedures

284

(26)

Procedures Following Arrest

285

(2)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Law and Order

287

(1)

Pretrial Services

287

(1)

Bail

288

(4)

The Legal Right to Bail

289

(1)

Receiving Bail

290

(1)

Bail Bonding Today

291

(1)

History of Bail Reform

291

(1)

The Preventive Detention Controversy

292

(2)

Law in Review: United States v. Salerno [1987]

294

(1)

Pretrial Detention

295

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: The Pretrial Release Debate

296

(1)

Charging the Defendant

297

(3)

The Indictment Process--The Grand Jury

297

(1)

The Preliminary Hearing

297

(1)

Arraignment

298

(1)

The Plea

299

(1)

Plea Bargaining

300

(6)

Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining

300

(1)

Plea-Bargaining Decision Making

301

(1)

The Role of the Prosecutor in Plea Bargaining

302

(1)

The Role of the Defense Counsel in Plea Bargaining

303

(1)

The Judge's Role in Plea Baragaining

304

(1)

The Victim and Plea Bargaining

304

(1)

Plea-Bargaining Reform

305

(1)

Pretrial Diversion

306

(1)

Summary

307

(3)

CHAPTER 11 The Criminal Trial

310

(24)

Legal Rights During Trial

312

(1)

The Right to Confront Witnesses

312

(1)

The Right to a Jury Trial

312

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Perry Mason

313

(3)

The Right to Counsel at Trial

314

(2)

Law in Review: Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]

316

(3)

The Right to Self-Representation

316

(1)

The Right to a Speedy Trial

317

(1)

The Right to a Fair Trial

318

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: What's Wrong with the Criminal Trial?

319

(2)

The Right to a Public Trial

320

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Should TV Cameras Be Permitted in Criminal Courts?

321

(1)

The Trial Process

322

(8)

Jury Selection

322

(3)

Opening Statements

325

(1)

Presentation of the Prosecutor's Evidence

326

(1)

Motion for a Directed Verdict

327

(1)

Presentation of Evidence by the Defense Attorney

327

(1)

Closing Arguments

328

(1)

Instructions to the Jury

328

(1)

The Verdict

328

(1)

The Sentence

328

(1)

The Appeal

329

(1)

Evidentiary Standards

330

(1)

Summary

331

(3)

CHAPTER 12 Punishment and Sentencing

334

(34)

History of Punishment

336

(2)

From Exile to Fines and Forfeiture to Torture

336

(1)

Public Work and Transportation

336

(1)

The Rise of the Prison

337

(1)

The Goals of Criminal Punishment

338

(2)

General Deterrence

338

(1)

Incapacitation

339

(1)

Specific Deterrence

339

(1)

Retribution/Just Desert

339

(1)

Rehabiliation

340

(1)

Equity

340

(1)

Imposing the Sentence

340

(8)

Indeterminate Sentences

342

(1)

Determinate Sentences

343

(4)

Mandatory Sentences

347

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Three Strikes and You're Out!

348

(2)

How People Are Sentenced

350

(4)

Extralegal Factors in Sentencing

351

(3)

The Future of Sentencing

354

(1)

Capital Punishment

354

(5)

Arguments for the Death Penalty

355

(1)

Arguments Against the Death Penalty

356

(3)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Dead Man Walking

359

(4)

The Law of Capital Punishment

360

(1)

Limiting Capital Punishment

361

(1)

Death-Qualified Juries

361

(1)

Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?

362

(1)

Summary

363

(5)

Part 4 Corrections and Alternative Sanctions

368

(99)

CHAPTER 13 Probation and Intermediate Sanctions

368

(34)

Probation

370

(1)

The History of Probation

370

(1)

The Concept of Probation

370

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Sleepers

371

(12)

Awarding Probation

372

(1)

The Extent of Probation

372

(1)

Who Is on Probation?

373

(1)

Eligibility for Probation

373

(1)

Conditions of Probation

373

(1)

Administration of Probation Services

374

(5)

How Successful Is Probation?

379

(1)

Legal Rights of Probationers

380

(2)

The Future of Probation

382

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions

383

(2)

The Advantages of Intermediate Sanctions

383

(2)

Target Populations

385

(1)

Fines

385

(1)

Are Fines Fair?

386

(1)

Day Fines

386

(1)

Forfeiture

386

(1)

Restitution

387

(2)

Shock Probation and Split Sentencing

389

(1)

Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS)

389

(2)

Types of IPS Program

390

(1)

How Effective Is IPS?

390

(1)

House Arrest

391

(1)

Electronic Monitoring

392

(2)

The Benefits of EM

392

(1)

The Limits of EM

393

(1)

Residential Community Corrections (RCC)

394

(2)

Functions of RCC Programs

395

(1)

Day Reporting Centers (DRCs)

395

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Can Alternative Sanctions Work?

396

(1)

The Effectiveness of RCC

396

(1)

The Future of Intermediate Sanctions

397

(1)

Summary

398

(4)

CHAPTER 14 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations

402

(28)

History of Correctional Institutions

404

(6)

American Developments

405

(1)

The Auburn System

406

(1)

The Pennsylvania System

407

(1)

The Civil War Era

408

(1)

Reform Movements

408

(1)

The Modern Era

409

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: The Shawshank Redemption

410

(1)

Jails

411

(4)

Jail Populations

412

(1)

Who Are Jail Inmates?

412

(2)

Women in Jail

414

(1)

Jail Conditions

414

(1)

Creating Overcrowded Jails

414

(1)

Prisons

415

(1)

Types of Prisons

415

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: Ultra-Maximum-Security Prisons

416

(3)

Prison Inmates--A Profile

418

(1)

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

419

(1)

Alternative Correctional Institutions

419

(4)

Farms and Camps

420

(1)

Shock Incarceration

420

(1)

Community Facilities

421

(1)

Private Institutions

422

(1)

Correctional Populations

423

(3)

The Growth of the Prison Population

424

(1)

Prison Overcrowding

425

(1)

What the Future Holds

425

(1)

Summary

426

(4)

CHAPTER 15 Prison Life

430

(37)

Men Imprisoned

431

(5)

Living in Prison

432

(1)

Adjusting to Prison

433

(1)

Coping Behavior

434

(1)

Inmate Social Codes

434

(1)

The "New" Inmate Culture

435

(1)

Women Imprisoned

436

(3)

Female Institutions

436

(1)

The Female Inmate

437

(1)

The Culture of the Female Prisoner

438

(1)

Criminal Justice and the Media: Chained Heat

439

(1)

Institutional Treatment Programs

440

(8)

Counseling Programs

440

(1)

Treating the Special-Needs Inmate

441

(1)

Educational and Vocational Programs

442

(3)

Maintaining Conventional Lifestyles

445

(1)

Coed Prisons

446

(1)

Inmate Self-Help

446

(1)

Can Rehabilitation Work?

447

(1)

Analyzing Criminal Justice Issues: The No-Frills Movement

448

(1)

Guarding the Institution

449

(2)

Female Correctional Officers

450

(1)

Prison Rules and Discipline

450

(1)

Prison Conflict

451

(1)

The Causes of Prison Violence

451

(1)

Managing Violence

452

(1)

Prisoners' Rights

452

(4)

History of Prisoners' Rights

452

(1)

Substantive Rights of Inmates

453

(3)

Leaving Prison

456

(5)

Parole

457

(3)

Returning to Prison: The Effectiveness of Parole

460

(1)

Making It on the Outside

461

(2)

Summary

463

(4)

Glossary

467

(16)

Table of Cases

483

(2)

Name Index

485

(8)

Subject Index

493

(12)

Photo Credits

505

Essentials of Criminal Justice

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Table of Contents