Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology

by Marieb, Elaine Nicpon

• ISBN13: 9780805349405
• ISBN10: 0805349405
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-06-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Award-winning author Elaine N. Marieb brings her unique understanding of students' needs to Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition. The hallmarks of this popular text, which has introduced countless allied health students to the structure and function of the human body, are a clear and friendly writing style, just the right level of detail, and features that emphasize the relevance of A&P to students' lives and careers. The author uses numerous analogies to clarify concepts, and consistently defines key terms to assist students who may have little or no background in science. The Sixth Edition includes clearer, crisper art to help students better visualize the human body. In addition, a greater career orientation assists students in understanding and remembering information vital to making a successful transition to their professional lives.

Table of Contents

The Human Body: An Orientation	1	(20)
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology	2	(1)
Anatomy	2	(1)
Physiology	2	(1)
Levels of Structural Organization	2	(5)
From Atoms to Organisms	2	(1)
Organ System Overview	3	(4)
Maintaining Life	7	(2)
Necessary Life Functions	7	(2)
Survival Needs	9	(1)
Homeostasis	9	(2)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms	10	(1)
Homeostatic Imbalance	11	(1)
The Language of Anatomy	11	(8)
Anatomical Positions and Directional Terms	11	(1)
Regional Terms	11	(4)
Body Planes and Sections	15	(1)
Body Cavities	15	(4)
Summary	19	(1)
Review Questions	20	(1)
At the Clinic	20	(1)
Focus on Careers: Dental Hygienist	20	(1)
Basic Chemistry	21	(32)
Concepts of Matter and Energy	22	(1)
Matter	22	(1)
Energy	22	(1)
Composition of Matter	23	(5)
Elements and Atoms	23	(1)
Atomic Structure	24	(2)
Identifying Elements	26	(2)
Molecules and Compounds	28	(1)
Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions	28	(8)
Bond Formation	28	(5)
Patterns of Chemical Reactions	33	(3)
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter	36	(12)
Inorganic Compounds	36	(3)
Organic Compounds	39	(9)
Summary	48	(3)
Review Questions	51	(1)
At the Clinic	52
A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body	34	(19)
Cells and Tissues	53	(1)
PART 1: CELLS	54	(20)
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life	54	(1)
Anatomy of a Generalized Cell	54	(7)
The Nucleus	55	(1)
The Plasma Membrane	56	(1)
The Cytoplasm	57	(4)
Cell Physiology	61	(13)
Membrane Transport	61	(6)
Cell Division	67	(5)
Protein Synthesis	72	(2)
PART 2: BODY TISSUES	74	(449)
Epithelial Tissue	76	(2)
Special Characteristics of Epithelium	76	(1)
Classification of Epithelium	76	(2)
Connective Tissue	78	(4)
Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue	78	(2)
Types of Connective Tissue	80	(2)
Muscle Tissue	82	(2)
Types of Muscle Tissue	83	(1)
Nervous Tissue	84	(1)
Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)	84	(2)
Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues	86	(1)
Summary	87	(2)
Review Questions	89	(1)
At the Clinic	90
A Closer Look IV Therapy and Cellular ``Tonics''	64	(6)
A Closer Look Cancer---The Intimate Enemy	70	(3)
Focus on Careers: Medical Transcriptionist	73	(18)
Skin and Body Membranes	91	(20)
Classification of Body Membranes	92	(2)
Epithelial Membranes	92	(2)
Connective Tissues Membranes	94	(1)
Integumentary System (Skin)	94	(11)
Basic Skin Functions	94	(1)
Structure of the Skin	95	(3)
Skin Color	98	(1)
Appendages of the Skin	99	(4)
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin	103	(2)
Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes	105	(2)
Summary	107	(2)
Review Questions	109	(1)
At the Clinic	110
A Closer Look Vampires and Touch-Me-Nots	106	(2)
Systems in Sync	108	(3)
The Skeletal System	111	(42)
Bones: An Overview	112	(8)
Functions of the Bones	112	(1)
Classification of Bones	113	(1)
Structure of a Long Bone	114	(3)
Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling	117	(1)
Bone Fractures	118	(2)
Axial Skeleton	120	(12)
Skull	120	(6)
Vertebral Column (Spine)	126	(6)
Bony Thorax	132	(1)
Appendicular Skeleton	132	(11)
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle	132	(3)
Bones of the Upper Limbs	135	(1)
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle	136	(2)
Bones of the Lower Limbs	138	(5)
Joints	143	(4)
Fibrous Joints	143	(1)
Cartilaginous Joints	143	(1)
Synovial Joints	143	(1)
Inflammatory Disorders of Joints	144	(3)
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton	147	(2)
Summary	149	(2)
Review Questions	151	(1)
At the Clinic	152
A Closer Look Protect Your Back---It's the Only One You've Got!	130	(10)
A Closer Look Surface Anatomy---Exploring Yourself	140	(8)
Systems in Sync	148	(5)
The Muscular System	153	(40)
Overview of Muscle Tissues	154	(4)
Muscle Types	154	(3)
Muscle Functions	157	(1)
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle	158	(2)
Skeletal Muscle Activity	160	(8)
Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells	160	(4)
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole	164	(4)
Muscle Movements, Types, and Names	168	(5)
Types of Body Movements	168	(3)
Types of Muscles	171	(1)
Naming Skeletal Muscles	172	(1)
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles	173	(13)
Head Muscles	173	(1)
Truck and Neck Muscles	174	(3)
Muscles of the Upper Limb	177	(1)
Muscles of the Lower Limb	178	(8)
Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System	186	(3)
Summary	189	(1)
Review Questions	190	(1)
At the Clinic	191
A Closer Look Athletes Looking Good---Doing Better with Anabolic Steroids?	172	(15)
Focus on Careers: Massage Therapist	187	(1)
Systems in Sync	188	(5)
The Nervous System	193	(46)
Organization of the Nervous System	195	(1)
Structural Classification	195	(1)
Functional Classification	195	(1)
Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function	196	(9)
Supporting Cells	196	(3)
Neurons	199	(6)
Central Nervous System	205	(13)
Functional Anatomy of the Brain	206	(5)
Protection of the Central Nervous System	211	(4)
Brain Dysfunctions	215	(1)
Spinal Cord	216	(2)
Peripheral Nervous System	218	(11)
Structure of a Nerve	218	(1)
Cranial Nerves	218	(4)
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses	222	(3)
Autonomic Nervous System	225	(4)
Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System	229	(5)
Summary	234	(2)
Review Questions	236	(1)
At the Clinic	237
A Closer Look Pleasure Me! Pleasure Me!	214	(17)
A Closer Look Tracking Down CNS Problems	231	(2)
Systems in Sync	233	(6)
Special Senses	239	(26)
The Eye and Vision	240	(11)
Anatomy of the Eye	240	(7)
Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction	247	(3)
Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain	250	(1)
Eye Reflexes	250	(1)
The Ear: Hearing and Balance	251	(6)
Anatomy of the Ear	251	(2)
Mechanism of Hearing	253	(1)
Mechanisms of Equilibrium	254	(2)
Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits	256	(1)
Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	257	(4)
Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell	257	(1)
Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste	258	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses	259	(2)
Summary	261	(1)
Review Questions	262	(1)
At the Clinic	263
A Closer Look Visual Pigments---The Actual Photoreceptors	245	(3)
A Closer Look If I Can't See Things Far Away, Am I Nearsighted or Farsighted?	248	(17)
The Endocrine System	265	(28)
The Endocrine System and Hormone Function---An Overview	266	(3)
The Chemistry of Hormones	266	(1)
Mechanisms of Hormone Action	266	(1)
Control of Hormone Release	267	(2)
The Major Endocrine Organs	269	(16)
Pituitary Gland	269	(5)
Thyroid Gland	274	(2)
Parathyroid Glands	276	(1)
Adrenal Glands	277	(3)
Pancreatic Islets	280	(2)
Pineal Gland	282	(1)
Thymus	282	(2)
Gonads	284	(1)
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs	285	(1)
Placenta	288
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System	285	(3)
Summary	288	(2)
Review Questions	290	(1)
At the Clinic	291
A Closer Look Sunlight and the Clock Within	283	(4)
Systems in Sync	287	(6)
Blood	293	(20)
Composition and Functions of Blood	294	(1)
Components	294	(7)
Physical Characteristics, and Volume	294	(1)
Plasma	294	(1)
Formed Elements	295	(5)
Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)	300	(1)
Hemostasis	301	(4)
Disorders of Hemostasis	303	(2)
Blood Groups and Transfusions	305	(3)
Human Blood Groups	305	(3)
Blood Typing	308	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Blood	308	(1)
Summary	309	(1)
Review Questions	310	(1)
At the Clinic	311
A Closer Look Concocting Blood: Artificial Blood Substitutes	304	(3)
Focus on Careers: Phlebotomy Technician	307	(6)
The Cardiovascular System	313	(38)
Cardiovascular System: The Heart	314	(11)
Anatomy of the Heart	314	(6)
Physiology of the Heart	320	(5)
Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels	325	(19)
Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels	325	(2)
Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels	327	(11)
Physiology of Circulation	338	(6)
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System	344	(2)
Summary	346	(2)
Review Questions	348	(1)
At the Clinic	349
A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drano!	336
A Closer Look Electrocardiography: (Don't) Be Still My Heart	321	(14)
Focus on Careers: Certified Surgical Technologist (CST)	335	(9)
Systems in Sync	344	(7)
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses	351	(34)
Lymphatic System	352	(1)
Lymphatic Vessels	352	(1)
Lymph Nodes	353	(2)
Other Lymphoid Organs	355	(1)
Body Defenses	356	(1)
Nonspecific Body Defenses	357	(5)
Surface Membrane Barriers	357	(1)
Cells and Chemicals	357	(5)
Specific Body Defenses: The Immune System	362	(15)
Antigens	363	(1)
Cells of the Immune System: An Overview	363	(2)
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response	365	(6)
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response	371	(3)
Organ Transplants and Rejection	374	(1)
Disorders of Immunity	374	(3)
Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses	377	(4)
Summary	381	(2)
Review Questions	383	(1)
At the Clinic	384
A Closer Look AIDS: The Plague of the Twentieth Century	378	(2)
Systems in Sync	380	(5)
The Respiratory System	385	(26)
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System	386	(7)
The Nose	386	(2)
Pharynx	388	(1)
Larynx	388	(1)
Trachea	388	(1)
Primary Bronchi	389	(1)
Lungs	389	(4)
Respiratory Physiology	393	(10)
Mechanics of Breathing	393	(2)
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities	395	(1)
Respiratory Sounds	396	(1)
External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration	397	(2)
Control of Respiration	399	(4)
Respiratory Disorders	403	(2)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)	403	(2)
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System	405	(2)
Summary	407	(2)
Review Questions	409	(1)
At the Clinic	410
A Closer Look Dangerous Raptures of the Deep	400	(4)
Focus on Careers: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)	404	(2)
Systems in Sync	406	(5)
The Digestive System and Body Metabolism	411	(44)
Anatomy of the Digestive System	412	(11)
Organs of the Alimentary Canal	412	(9)
Accessory Digestive Organs	421	(2)
Functions of the Digestive System	423	(11)
Overview of the Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls	423	(2)
Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus	425	(4)
Activities of the Stomach	429	(1)
Activities of the Small Intestine	430	(3)
Activities of the Large Intestine	433	(1)
Nutrition and Metabolism	434	(11)
Nutrition	435	(1)
Metabolism	435	(1)
Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells	436	(3)
The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism	439	(2)
Body Energy Balance	441	(4)
Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism	445	(4)
Summary	449	(3)
Review Questions	452	(1)
At the Clinic	453
A Closer Look Peptic Ulcers: ``Something Is Eating at Me''	428	(18)
A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted	446	(2)
Systems in Sync	448	(7)
The Urinary System	455	(22)
Kidneys	456	(12)
Location and Structure	456	(2)
Nephrons and Urine Formation	458	(4)
Control of Blood Composition by the Kidneys	462	(5)
Characteristics of Urine	467	(1)
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra	468	(3)
Ureters	468	(2)
Urinary Bladder	470	(1)
Urethra	470	(1)
Micturition	471	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System	471	(2)
Summary	473	(2)
Review Questions	475	(1)
At the Clinic	476
A Closer Look Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney	469	(3)
Systems in Sync	472	(5)
The Reproductive System	477	(46)
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System	478	(4)
Testes	479	(1)
Duct System	479	(1)
Accessory Glands and Semen	480	(1)
External Genitalia	481	(1)
Male Reproductive Functions	482	(3)
Spermatogenesis	482	(2)
Testosterone Production	484	(1)
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System	485	(3)
Ovaries	485	(1)
Duct System	486	(2)
External Genitalia	488	(1)
Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles	488	(6)
Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle	488	(3)
Menstrual Cycle	491	(1)
Hormone Production by the Ovaries	492	(2)
Mammary Glands	494	(1)
Survey of Pregnancy and Embryonic Development	495	(9)
Accomplishing Fertilization	495	(1)
Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development	496	(3)
Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother	499	(1)
Childbirth	500	(4)
Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System	504	(3)
Summary	507	(2)
Review Questions	509	(1)
At the Clinic	510
A Closer Look Contraception: To Be or Not to Be	502
Focus on Careers: Doula	490	(16)
Systems in Sync	506	(5)
Appendixes
Appendix A: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes	511	(3)
Appendix B: Periodic Table	514	(1)
Appendix C: Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals	515	(2)
Appendix D: A.D.A.M.(R) Correlations	517	(6)
Photography and Art Credits	523	(2)
Glossary	525	(18)
Index	543