Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology with Essentials of InterActive Physiology CD-ROM

by Marieb, Elaine N.

• ISBN13: 9780805373271
• ISBN10: 0805373276
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Package
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Eighth Editioncontinues to set the standard for A&P texts with an enhanced media package and new active learning features that help readers better visualize and understand the structure and function of the human body. New information on hot topics like DNA fingerprinting, bone implants for children, stem cell research, and obesity draws readers into the material. Elaine Marieb's clear and friendly writing style emphasizes the relevance of anatomy and physiology to readers' lives and careers. It clarifies concepts, defines key terms, and offers just the right balance of anatomy, physiology, and clinical coverage to make the content complete without being overwhelming.The Human Body: An Orientation, Basic Chemistry, Cells and Tissues, Skin and Body Membranes, The Skeletal System, The Muscular System, The Nervous System, Special Senses, The Endocrine System, Blood, The Cardiovascular System, The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses, The Respiratory System, The Digestive System and Body Metabolism, The Urinary System, The Reproductive System.For all readers interested in learning the essentials of human anatomy and physiology.

Table of Contents

The Human Body: An Orientation	1	(24)
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology	2	(1)
Anatomy	2	(1)
Physiology	2	(1)
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology	2	(1)
Levels of Structural Organization	2	(5)
From Atoms to Organisms	2	(1)
Organ System Overview	3	(4)
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Maintaining Life	7	(2)
Necessary Life Functions	7	(2)
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Survival Needs	9	(1)
Homeostasis	9	(2)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms	10	(1)
Homeostatic Imbalance	11	(1)
The Language of Anatomy	11	(14)
Anatomical Position	11	(1)
Regional Terms	12	(1)
Anterior Body Landmarks
Posterior Body Landmarks
Directional Terms	13	(4)
Body Planes and Sections	17	(1)
Body Cavities	17	(5)
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Summary	22	(1)
Review Questions	23	(1)
At the Clinic	24
Focus on Careers Dental Hygienist	15	(3)
Prove It Yourself Negative Feedback Systems Operate Continuously	18	(2)
Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body	20	(5)
Basic Chemistry	25	(36)
Concepts of Matter and Energy	26	(1)
Matter	26	(1)
Energy	26	(1)
Forms of Energy
Energy Form Conversions
Composition of Matter	27	(5)
Elements and Atoms	27	(2)
Atomic Structure	29	(1)
Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom
Identifying Elements	30	(2)
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass Number
Atomic Weight and Isotopes
Molecules and Compounds	32	(1)
Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions	33	(6)
Bond Formation	33	(4)
Role of Electrons
Types of Chemical Bonds
Patterns of Chemical Reactions	37	(2)
Synthesis Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Exchange Reactions
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter	39	(22)
Inorganic Compounds	39	(3)
Water
Salts
Acids and Bases
Organic Compounds	42	(14)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Summary	56	(2)
Review Questions	58	(2)
At the Clinic	60
Prove It Yourself Demonstrate an Enzyme in Your Saliva	49	(4)
Focus on Careers Food Technologist	53	(1)
DNA Fingerprinting: Cracking Our Genetic ``Barcode''	54	(7)
Cells and Tissues	61	(1)
PART I: CELLS	62	(23)
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life	62	(1)
Anatomy of a Generalized Cell	63	(9)
The Nucleus	63	(1)
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleoli
Chromatin
The Plasma Membrane	64	(2)
Specializations of the Plasma Membrane
The Cytoplasm	66	(5)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cell Diversity	71	(1)
Cell Physiology	72	(13)
Membrane Transport	72	(7)
Passive Transport Processes: Diffusion and Filtration
Active Transport Processes
Cell Division	79	(4)
Preparations: DNA Replication
Events of Cell Division
Protein Synthesis	83	(2)
Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure
The Role of RNA
Transcription
Translation
PART II: BODY TISSUES	85	(13)
Epithelial Tissue	86	(4)
Special Characteristics of Epithelium	86	(1)
Classification of Epithelium	86	(4)
Simple Epithelia
Stratified Epithelia
Glandular Epithelium
Connective Tissue	90	(5)
Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue	90	(1)
Extracellular Matrix	90	(1)
Types of Connective Tissue	91	(4)
Bone
Cartilage
Dense Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
Blood
Muscle Tissue	95	(2)
Types of Muscle Tissue	95	(2)
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Nervous Tissue	97	(1)
Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)	97	(1)
PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES	98	(292)
Summary	102	(2)
Review Questions	104	(1)
At the Clinic	105
IV Therapy and Cellular ``Tonics''	75	(7)
Focus on Careers Medical Transcriptionist	82	(17)
Prove It Yourself Demonstrate that Oil and Water Don't Mix	99	(1)
Cancer---The Intimate Enemy	100	(7)
Skin and Body Membranes	107	(22)
Classification of Body Membranes	108	(2)
Epithelial Membranes	108	(2)
Cutaneous Membrane
Mucous Membranes
Serous Membranes
Connective Tissues Membranes	110	(1)
Integumentary System (Skin)	110	(14)
Basic Skin Functions	111	(1)
Structure of the Skin	112	(4)
Epidermis
Dermis
Skin Color	116	(1)
Appendages of the Skin	116	(4)
Cutaneous Glands
Hairs and Hair Follicles
Nails
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin	120	(4)
Infections and Allergies
Burns
Skin Cancer
Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes	124	(5)
Summary	126	(1)
Review Questions	127	(1)
At the Clinic	127
Tattoos	115	(4)
Prove It Yourself Plot the Distribution of Sweat Glands	119	(6)
Systems in Sync	125	(4)
The Skeletal System	129	(48)
Bones: An Overview	130	(9)
Functions of the Bones	130	(1)
Classification of Bones	131	(1)
Structure of a Long Bone	132	(2)
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling	134	(4)
Bone Fractures	138	(1)
Axial Skeleton	139	(14)
Skull	139	(6)
Cranium
Facial Bones
The Hyoid Bone
Fetal Skull
Vertebral Column (Spine)	145	(7)
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Bony Thorax	152	(1)
Sternum
Ribs
Appendicular Skeleton	153	(10)
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle	153	(2)
Bones of the Upper Limbs	155	(2)
Arm
Forearm
Hand
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle	157	(2)
Bones of the Lower Limbs	159	(4)
Thigh
Leg
Foot
Joints	163	(5)
Fibrous Joints	163	(1)
Cartilaginous Joints	163	(1)
Synovial Joints	163	(2)
Type of Synovial Joints Based on Shape	165	(2)
Homeostatic Imbalance of Joints	167	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton	168	(9)
Summary	172	(1)
Review Questions	173	(1)
At the Clinic	174
Protect Your Back---It's the Only One You've Got!	146	(15)
Them Bones, Them Bones Goin' to Walk Around---Clinical Advances in Bone Repair	161	(8)
Prove It Yourself Demonstrate That Joints Are Stabilized by Muscles and Ligaments	169	(2)
Systems in Sync	171	(6)
The Muscular System	177	(44)
Overview of Muscle Tissues	178	(4)
Muscle Types	178	(3)
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle Functions	181	(1)
Producing Movement
Maintaining Posture
Stabilizing Joints
Generating Heat
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle	182	(2)
Skeletal Muscle Activity	184	(8)
Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells	184	(3)
The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole	187	(5)
Graded Responses
Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
Types of Muscle Contractions---Isotonic and Isometric
Muscle Tone
Effect of Exercise on Muscles
Muscle Movements, Types, and Names	192	(8)
Types of Body Movements	192	(4)
Special Movements
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body	196	(1)
Naming Skeletal Muscles	196	(3)
Arrangement of Fasicles	199	(1)
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles	200	(14)
Head and Neck Muscles	200	(1)
Facial Muscles
Chewing Muscles
Neck Muscles
Trunk Muscles	201	(2)
Anterior Muscles
Posterior Muscles
Muscles of the Upper Limb	203	(1)
Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm
Muscles of the Lower Limb	204	(10)
Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot
Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System	214	(7)
Summary	216	(1)
Review Questions	217	(2)
At the Clinic	219
Are Athletes Looking Good and Doing Better with Anabolic Steroids?	197	(10)
Prove It Yourself Palpate Muscles As They Contract	207	(2)
Focus on Careers Massage Therapist	209	(6)
Systems in Sync	215	(6)
The Nervous System	221	(50)
Organization of the Nervous System	223	(1)
Structural Classification	223	(1)
Functional Classification	223	(1)
Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function	224	(11)
Supporting Cells	224	(2)
Neurons	226	(9)
Anatomy
Classification
Physiology
Central Nervous System	235	(14)
Functional Anatomy of the Brain	235	(6)
Cerebral Hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Protection of the Central Nervous System	241	(3)
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Brain Dysfunctions	244	(3)
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Spinal Cord	247	(2)
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System	249	(14)
Structure of a Nerve	249	(1)
Cranial Nerves	249	(4)
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses	253	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	253	(10)
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared
Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
Autonomic Functioning
Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System	263	(8)
Summary	266	(2)
Review Questions	268	(2)
At the Clinic	270
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's---The Terrible Three	245	(16)
Prove It Yourself Improve Your Memory	261	(1)
Tracking Down CNS Problems	262	(3)
Systems in Sync	265	(6)
Special Senses	271	(28)
The Eye and Vision	272	(12)
Anatomy of the Eye	272	(8)
External and Accessory Structures
Internal Structures: The Eyeball
Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction	280	(1)
Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain	281	(3)
Eye Reflexes	284	(1)
The Ear: Hearing and Balance	284	(7)
Anatomy of the Ear	284	(2)
Outer (External) Ear
Middle Ear
Inner (Internal) Ear
Mechanisms of Equilibrium	286	(2)
Static Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
Mechanism of Hearing	288	(1)
Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits	289	(2)
Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	291	(2)
Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell	291	(1)
Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste	292	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses	293	(6)
Summary	295	(2)
Review Questions	297	(1)
At the Clinic	298
Visual Pigments---The Actual Photoreceptors	279	(3)
If I Can't See Things Far Away, Am I Nearsighted or Farsighted?	282	(17)
The Endocrine System	299	(28)
The Endocrine System and Hormone Function---An Overview	300	(3)
The Chemistry of Hormones	300	(1)
Mechanisms of Hormone Action	301	(2)
Control of Hormone Release	303	(1)
The Major Endocrine Organs	303	(17)
Pituitary Gland	304	(3)
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
Thyroid Gland	307	(3)
Parathyroid Glands	310	(1)
Adrenal Glands	311	(3)
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Pancreatic Islets	314	(2)
Pineal Gland	316	(1)
Thymus Gland	316	(1)
Gonads	316	(4)
Hormones of the Ovaries
Hormones of the Testes
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs	320	(3)
Placenta	320	(3)
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System	323	(4)
Summary	323	(2)
Review Questions	325	(1)
At the Clinic	326
Potential Uses for Growth Hormone	306	(16)
Systems in Sync	322	(5)
Blood	327	(20)
Composition and Functions of Blood	328	(7)
Components	328	(1)
Physical Characteristics and Volume	328	(1)
Plasma	328	(2)
Formed Elements	330	(4)
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)	334	(1)
Hemostasis	335	(3)
Disorders of Hemostasis	337	(1)
Undesirable Clotting
Bleeding Disorders
Blood Groups and Transfusions	338	(3)
Human Blood Groups	338	(3)
Blood Typing	341	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Blood	341	(6)
Summary	344	(1)
Review Questions	345	(1)
At the Clinic	346
Focus on Careers: Phlebotomy Technician	339	(3)
Concocting Blood: Artificial Blood Substitutes	342	(5)
The Cardiovascular System	347	(42)
The Heart	348	(6)
Anatomy of the Heart	348	(6)
Location and Size
Coverings and Wall
Chambers and Associated Great Vessels
Valves
Cardiac Circulation
Physiology of the Heart	354	(6)
Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
Cardiac Output
Blood Vessels	360	(21)
Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels	360	(4)
Tunics
Structural Differences between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels	364	(8)
Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
Special Circulations
Physiology of Circulation	372	(9)
Arterial Pulse
Blood Pressure
Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients
Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System	381	(8)
Summary	383	(2)
Review Questions	385	(2)
At the Clinic	387
Electrocardiography: (Don't) Be Still My Heart	356	(7)
Prove It Yourself Venous Valves Prevent Backflow	363	(5)
Focus on Careers: Certified Surgical Technologist (CST)	368	(9)
Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drano	377	(5)
Systems in Sync	382	(7)
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses	389	(1)
PART I: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM	390	(5)
Lymphatic Vessels	390	(2)
Lymph Nodes	392	(2)
Other Lymphoid Organs	394	(1)
PART II: BODY DEFENSES	395	(22)
Nonspecific Body Defenses	396	(4)
Surface Membrane Barriers	396	(1)
Cells and Chemicals	396	(4)
Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial Chemicals
Fever
Specific Body Defenses: The Immune System	400	(17)
Antigens	402	(1)
Cells of the Immune System: An Overview	403	(1)
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response	404	(7)
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity
Antibodies
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response	411	(3)
Organ Transplants and Rejection	414	(1)
Disorders of Immunity	414	(3)
Allergies
Immunodeficiencies
Autoimmune Diseases
PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND BODY DEFENSES	417	(37)
Summary	421	(2)
Review Questions	423	(1)
At the Clinic	424
Prove It Yourself Swollen Lymph Nodes Usually Indicate Infections	417	(1)
AIDS: The Modern Day Plague	418	(2)
Systems in Sync	420	(5)
The Respiratory System	425	(28)
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System	426	(8)
The Nose	426	(2)
Pharynx	428	(1)
Larynx	429	(1)
Trachea	429	(1)
Main Bronchi	430	(1)
Lungs	430	(4)
The Respiratory Membrane
Respiratory Physiology	434	(11)
Mechanics of Breathing	434	(2)
Inspiration
Expiration
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities	436	(1)
Respiratory Sounds	437	(1)
External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration	438	(2)
External Respiration
Gas Transport in the Blood
Internal Respiration
Control of Respiration	440	(5)
Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm
Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
Respiratory Disorders	445	(1)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)	445	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System	446	(7)
Summary	449	(2)
Review Questions	451	(1)
At the Clinic	452
Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen	442	(5)
Focus on Careers: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)	447	(1)
Systems in Sync	448	(5)
The Digestive System and Body Metabolism	453	(1)
PART I: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM	454	(24)
Anatomy of the Digestive System	454	(13)
Organs of the Alimentary Canal	454	(10)
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Accessory Digestive Organs	464	(3)
Salivary Glands
Teeth
Pancreas
Liver and Gallbladder
Functions of the Digestive System	467	(11)
Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls	467	(3)
Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus	470	(1)
Food Ingestion and Breakdown
Food Propulsion---Swallowing and Peristalsis
Activities of the Stomach	470	(4)
Food Breakdown
Food Propulsion
Activities of the Small Intestine	474	(3)
Food Breakdown and Absorption
Food Propulsion
Activities of the Large Intestine	477	(1)
Food Breakdown and Absorption
Propulsion of the Residue and Defecation
PART II: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM	478	(12)
Nutrition	478	(12)
Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients	478	(2)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Metabolism	480	(1)
Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells	480	(4)
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Fat Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism	484	(2)
General Metabolic Functions
Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport
Body Energy Balance	486	(4)
Regulation of Food Intake
Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production
Body Temperature Regulation
PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND METABOLISM	490	(80)
Summary	496	(2)
Review Questions	498	(2)
At the Clinic	500
Peptic Ulcers: ``Something Is Eating at Me''	472	(19)
Prove It Yourself Calculate Your Basal Metabolic Rate	491	(1)
Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted	492	(3)
Systems in Sync	495	(6)
The Urinary System	501	(26)
Kidneys	502	(10)
Location and Structure	502	(3)
Blood Supply
Nephrons and Urine Formation	505	(7)
Nephrons
Urine Formation
Characteristics of Urine
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra	512	(2)
Ureters	512	(1)
Urinary Bladder	512	(1)
Urethra	513	(1)
Micturition	514	(1)
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance	514	(6)
Maintaining Water and Electrolyte Balance of Blood	514	(4)
Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
The Link Between Water and Salt
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood	518	(2)
Blood Buffers
Respiratory System Controls
Renal Mechanisms
Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System	520	(7)
Summary	523	(1)
Review Questions	524	(1)
At the Clinic	525
Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney	509	(9)
Prove It Yourself Demonstrate the Water-Retaining Power of Salt	518	(4)
Systems in Sync	522	(5)
The Reproductive System	527	(43)
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System	529	(4)
Testes	529	(1)
Duct System	529	(2)
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Urethra
Accessory Glands and Semen	531	(1)
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
Semen
External Genitalia	532	(1)
Male Reproductive Functions	533	(2)
Spermatogenesis	533	(2)
Testosterone Production	535	(1)
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System	535	(4)
Ovaries	535	(1)
Duct System	536	(3)
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External Genitalia	539	(1)
Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles	539	(4)
Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle	539	(2)
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle	541	(2)
Hormone Production by the Ovaries	543	(1)
Mammary Glands	543	(2)
Survey of Pregnancy and Embryonic Development	545	(12)
Accomplishing Fertilization	545	(1)
Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development	546	(2)
Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother	548	(4)
Anatomical Changes
Physiological Changes
Childbirth	552	(5)
Initiation of Labor
Stages of Labor
Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System	557	(7)
Summary	560	(2)
Review Questions	562	(1)
At the Clinic	563
Focus on Careers Doula	549	(5)
Contraception: To Be or Not To Be	554	(3)
Prove It Yourself The Stages of Mitosis and Meiosis Are Similar but Different	557	(2)
Systems in Sync	559	(5)
Appendixes
Appendix A: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes	564	(3)
Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements	567	(1)
Appendix C: Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals	568	(2)
Photography and Art Credits	570	(1)
Glossary	571	(11)
Index	582