Essentials of Logic

by Copi,Irving

• ISBN13: 9780132380348
• ISBN10: 013238034X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-17
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Rendered from the 11th Edition of Copi/Cohen,Introduction to Logic, the most respected introductory logic book on the market, this concise version presents a simplified yet rigorous introduction to the study of logic.It covers all major topics and approaches, using a three-part organization that outlines specific topics under logic and language, deduction, and induction.For individuals intrigued by the formal study of logic.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
Basic Logical Concepts	1	(45)
What Logic Is	1	(1)
Propositions and Sentences	1	(2)
Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions	3	(4)
Arguments and Explanations	7	(5)
Recognizing Arguments	12	(12)
Premise- and Conclusion-Indicators	12	(4)
Arguments in Context	16	(1)
Premises Not in Declarative Form	16	(2)
Unstated Propositions	18	(6)
Deduction and Validity	24	(1)
Validity and Truth	25	(4)
Induction and Probability	29	(2)
Analyzing Arguments	31	(5)
Paraphrasing	31	(1)
Diagramming Arguments	32	(2)
Interwoven Arguments	34	(2)
Complex Argumentative Passages	36	(10)
Essentials of Chapter 1	43	(3)
Informal Fallacies	46	(54)
What Is a Fallacy?	46	(2)
Fallacies of Relevance	48	(19)
Argument from Ignorance (argumentum ad ignoratiam)	48	(3)
Appeal to Illegitimate Authority (argumentum ad verecundiam)	51	(3)
Argument Against the Person (Personal Attack, argumentum ad hominem)	54	(3)
Appeal to Emotion (Mob Appeal, argumentum ad populum)	57	(1)
Appeal to Pity (argumentum ad misericordiam)	58	(1)
Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum)	59	(1)
Irrelevant Conclusion (ignoratio elenchi; non sequitur)	60	(7)
Fallacies of Presumption	67	(12)
Complex Question	67	(1)
False Cause (post hoe, ergo propter hoc; non causa pro causa)	68	(2)
Begging the Question (petitio principii)	70	(1)
Accident	71	(2)
Converse Accident (Hasty Generalization)	73	(1)
Suppressed Evidence	74	(1)
False Dichotomy	75	(4)
Fallacies of Ambiguity	79	(21)
Equivocation	79	(1)
Amphiboly	80	(2)
Accent	82	(1)
Composition	83	(2)
Division	85	(12)
Essentials of Chapter 2	97	(3)
Categorical Propositions	100	(36)
Categorical Logic	100	(1)
Categorical Propositions and Classes	101	(5)
Symbolism and Venn Diagrams for Categorical Propositions	106	(4)
Distribution	110	(3)
Existential Import	113	(2)
The Aristotelian Square of Opposition and Immediate Inferences	115	(7)
Contradictories	116	(1)
Contraries	116	(1)
Subcontraries	117	(1)
Subalternation	118	(4)
The Boolean Square of Opposition	122	(1)
Logical Equivalence and Immediate Inferences	123	(13)
Conversion	123	(2)
Obversion	125	(3)
Contraposition	128	(5)
Essentials of Chapter 3	133	(3)
Categorical Syllogisms	136	(28)
Standard Form Categorical Syllogisms	136	(5)
Major, Minor, and Middle Terms	136	(1)
Mood	137	(1)
Figure	138	(3)
The Nature of Syllogistic Arguments	141	(2)
Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms	143	(9)
Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies	152	(12)
Essentials of Chapter 4	161	(3)
Arguments in Ordinary Language	164	(27)
Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language	164	(1)
Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument	165	(3)
Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form	168	(14)
Singular Propositions	169	(2)
Categorical Propositions with Adjectives or Adjectival Phrases as Predicates	171	(1)
Categorical Propositions with Verbs Other Than the Standard Form Copula To Be	172	(1)
Categorical Propositions in Nonstandard Order	173	(1)
Categorical Propositions with Nonstandard Quantifiers	174	(1)
Exclusive Propositions	175	(2)
Propositions Without Quantifiers	177	(1)
Propositions Not in Standard Form that Have Logically Equivalent Standard Form Alternatives	177	(1)
Exceptive Propositions	178	(1)
More Complex Quantifiers	179	(3)
Uniform Translation	182	(2)
Enthymemes	184	(7)
Essentials of Chapter 5	190	(1)
Symbolic Logic	191	(53)
The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic	191	(1)
Symbolese 101: The Language of Propositional Logic	192	(16)
Negation	193	(1)
Conjunction	194	(1)
Disjunction	195	(1)
Material Implication (Material Conditionality)	196	(1)
Biconditionals (Material Equivalence)	197	(1)
Grouping Indicators	197	(11)
Truth Tables as Tools for Analyzing Compound Propositions	208	(7)
Tautologous, Contradictory, and Contingent Statement Forms	215	(6)
Truth Tables as a Test for the Validity of Arguments	221	(12)
Some Common Valid Argument Forms	225	(2)
Some Common Invalid Argument Forms	227	(1)
More Complex Arguments	228	(5)
Incomplete and Reverse Truth Tables	233	(8)
Incomplete Truth Tables	233	(2)
Reverse Truth Tables	235	(6)
Arguments, Conditionals, and Tautologies	241	(3)
Essentials of Chapter 6	241	(3)
The Method of Deduction	244	(51)
Natural Deduction Versus Truth Tables	244	(1)
Formal Proofs of Validity	245	(12)
The Rule of Replacement (1)	257	(8)
The Rule of Replacement (2)	265	(15)
Conditional Proof	280	(5)
Indirect Proof	285	(10)
Essentials of Chapter 7	293	(2)
Quantification Theory	295	(35)
When Propositional Logic Is Not Enough	295	(1)
Symbolese 102: The Language of Quantificational Logic	296	(10)
Singular Propositions, Subjects, and Predicates	296	(2)
Universal and Particular Propositions	298	(2)
And Sometimes the Statements Are More Complex	300	(6)
Proving Validity	306	(10)
Conditional and Indirect Proof	316	(5)
Proving Invalidity	321	(9)
Essentials of Chapter 8	329	(1)
Induction	330	(41)
Introduction to Induction	330	(4)
Arguments by Analogy	334	(5)
Appraising Arguments by Analogy	339	(8)
Explanations and Hypotheses	347	(7)
Arguments to the Best Explanation	354	(17)
Essentials of Chapter 9	367	(4)
Appendix: Truth Trees	371	(12)
Propositional Logic	371	(6)
Quantificational Logic	377	(6)
Essentials of the Appendix	382	(1)
Solutions to the Odd-Numbered Problems	383	(56)
Glossary/Index	439