Essentials of Physical Anthropology (with InfoTrac)

by Jurmain, Robert; Kilgore, Lynn; Trevathan, Wenda; Nelson, Harry

• ISBN13: 9780534614348
• ISBN10: 0534614345
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-18
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This mainstream, concise, four-color physical anthropology text is the best selling text in the brief physical anthropology market. It presents a balanced and thorough introduction to the field of physical anthropology using helpful tables, charts, photo essays, multimedia, and an engaging writing style to bring the study of physical anthropology to life for today's student.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Supplements	xxii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1	(17)
Introduction	2	(4)
What Is Anthropology	6	(1)
Cultural Anthropology	6	(2)
Archaeology	8	(1)
Linguistic Anthropology	9	(1)
Physical Anthropology	9	(5)
Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method	14	(1)
The Anthropological Perspective	15	(1)
Conclusion	16	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Questions for Review	17	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	17	(1)
Multimedia Resources	17	(1)
PHOTA ESSAY Research in Physical Anthropology	18	(5)
CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY	23	(21)
Introduction	24	(1)
A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought	24	(12)
The Scientific Revolution	25	(1)
The Path to Natural Selection	26	(8)
Natural Selection	34	(2)
Natural Selection in Action	36	(2)
Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory	38	(1)
Opposition to Evolution	39	(2)
Summary	41	(1)
Questions for Review	42	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	42	(1)
Multimedia Resources	43	(1)
CHAPTER 3 THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS GF LIFE	44	(20)
Introduction	45	(1)
The Cell	45	(2)
DNA Structure	47	(1)
DNA Replication	48	(1)
Protein Synthesis	48	(5)
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis	53	(7)
Mitosis	55	(2)
Meiosis	57	(3)
New Frontiers	60	(2)
Summary	62	(1)
Questions for Review	62	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	63	(1)
Multimedia Resources	63	(1)
CHAPTER 4 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION	64	(24)
Introduction	65	(1)
The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel	65	(4)
Segregation	66	(1)
Dominance and Recessiveness	66	(3)
Independent Assortment	69	(1)
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans	69	(3)
Misconceptions Regarding Mendelian Traits	72	(1)
Polygenic Inheritance	72	(2)
Genetic and Environmental Factors	74	(1)
Mitochondrial Inheritance	75	(1)
Modern Evolutionary Theory	75	(1)
The Modern Synthesis	76	(1)
Definition of Evolution	76	(1)
Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation	77	(4)
Mutation	77	(1)
Gene Flow	78	(1)
Genetic Drift	79	(2)
Recombination	81	(1)
Natural Selection Acts on Variation	81	(3)
Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors	84	(1)
Summary	85	(1)
Questions for Review	86	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	87	(1)
Multimedia Resources	87	(1)
CHAPTER 5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE LIVING PRIMATES	88	(32)
Introduction	89	(1)
Primates as Mammals	89	(1)
Characteristics of Primates	90	(3)
Primate Adaptations	93	(6)
Evolutionary Factors	93	(1)
Geographical Distribution and Habitats	94	(1)
Diet and Teeth	94	(1)
Locomotion	95	(4)
A Survey of the Living Primates	99	(16)
Primate Taxonomy	99	(3)
Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises)	102	(2)
Tarsiers	104	(1)
Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans)	104	(5)
Hominoids (Apes and Humans)	109	(5)
Humans	114	(1)
Endangered Primates	115	(3)
Summary	118	(1)
Questions for Review	118	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	119	(1)
Multimedia Resources	119	(1)
PHOTO ESSAY Primate Studies: Free-Ranging and Captive Research	120	(1)
CHAPTER 6 PRIMATE BEHAVIOR	121	(33)
Introduction	128	(1)
The Importance of Primate Studies	128	(1)
The Evolution of Behavior	129	(3)
Nonhuman Primate Social Behavior	132	(7)
Dominance	132	(1)
Communication	133	(2)
Aggression	135	(1)
Affiliative Behaviors	136	(3)
Reproduction and Reproductive Strategies	139	(2)
Patterns of Reproduction	139	(16)
Reproductive Strategies	140	(1)
Mothers and Infants	141	(2)
Nonhuman Primate Cultural Behavior	143	(3)
Primate Cognitive Abilities	146	(4)
The Primate Continuum	150	(1)
Summary	151	(1)
Questions for Review	152	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	153	(1)
Multimedia Resources	153	(1)
CHAPTER 7 PROCESSES OF MACROEVOLUTION: MAMMALIAN/PRIMATE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY	154	(25)
Introduction	155	(1)
The Human Place in the Organic World	155	(1)
Principles of Classification	155	(4)
Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships	158	(1)
Definition of Species	159	(4)
Interpretation of Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record	161	(2)
Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary	163	(3)
Mammalian Evolution	166	(1003)
Major Mammalian Groups 168 Early Primate Evolution	1169
Miocene Fossil Hominoids	171	(2)
Processes of Macroevolution	173	(4)
Adaptive Radiation	174	(1)
Generalized and Specialized Characteristics	175	(1)
Modes of Evolutionary Change	175	(2)
Summary	177	(1)
Questions for Review	177	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	178	(1)
Multimedia Resources	178	(1)
CHAPTER 8 HOMINID ORIGINS	179	(38)
Introduction	180	(1)
Definition of Hominid	180	(1)
The Bipedal Adaptation	181	(5)
Biocultural-Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture	186	(1)
Paleoanthropology as a Multidisciplinary Science	187	(1)
Dating Methods	188	(3)
Early Hominids from Africa	191	(3)
Earliest Traces	191	(3)
Australopithecus from East Africa	194	(7)
Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadar	196	(2)
A Contemporaneous Non-Australopithecine Find?	198	(1)
Later East African Australopithecine Finds	199	(2)
Early Homo	201	(1)
South African Hominids	202	(8)
Earliest Discoveries	202	(2)
Further Discoveries of South African Hominids	204	(2)
Review of Hominids from South Africa	206	(4)
Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?	210	(3)
Continuing Uncertainties-Taxonomic Issues	211	(1)
Putting It All Together	212	(1)
Summary	213	(2)
Questions for Review	215	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	215	(1)
Multimedia Resources	216	(1)
CHAPTER 9 HOMO ERECTUS AND CONTEMPORARIES	217	(25)
Introduction	218	(1)
Homo erectus: Terminology and Geographical Distribution	218	(4)
The Pleistocene (1.8 m.y.a.-10,000 y.a.)	222	(1)
The Morphology of Homo erectus	222	(3)
Brain Size	222	(1)
Body Size	223	(1)
Cranial Shape	223	(2)
Dentition	225	(1)
Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries	225	(11)
Java	225	(1)
Homo erectus from Java	226	(1)
Peking (Beijing)	226	(1)
Zhoukoudian Homo erectus	227	(3)
Other Chinese Sites	230	(1)
East Africa	231	(1)
Summary of East African H. erectus	232	(1)
South Africa	233	(1)
North Africa	233	(1)
Europe	234	(2)
Technological and Population Trends in the Middle Pleistocene	236	(3)
Technological Trends	236	(2)
Population Trends	238	(1)
Summary	239	(1)
Questions for Review	240	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	241	(1)
Multimedia Resources	241	(1)
CHAPTER 10 NEANDERTALS AND OTHER ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS	242	(33)
Introduction	243	(1)
Early Archaic H. sapiens	243	(6)
Africa	244	(1)
Asia	244	(1)
Europe	245	(4)
A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution (circa 400,000-125,000 y.a.)	249	(1)
Middle Pleistocene Culture	250	(3)
Neandertals: Late Archaic H. sapiens (130,000-35,000 y.a.)	253	(10)
France and Spain	256	(2)
Central Europe	258	(1)
Western Asia	259	(4)
Central Asia	263	(1)
Culture of Neandertals	263	(5)
Technology	263	(1)
Settlements	264	(1)
Subsistence	264	(1)
Symbolic Behavior	265	(2)
Burials	267	(1)
Genetic Evidence	268	(1)
Evolutionary Trends in the Genus Homo	268	(3)
Taxonomic Issues	270	(1)
Summary	271	(2)
Questions for Review	273	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	274	(1)
Multimedia Resources	274	(1)
CHAPTER 11 HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS	275	(26)
Introduction	276	(1)
The Origin and Dispersal of Homo sapiens sapiens (Anatomically Modern Human Beings)	276	(4)
The Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)	277	(2)
The Partial Replacement Model	279	(1)
The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)	279	(1)
The Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens Discoveries	280	(9)
Africa	280	(1)
The Near East	280	(3)
Central Europe	283	(1)
Western Europe	284	(2)
Asia	286	(1)
Australia	286	(3)
Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic	289	(9)
Europe	289	(8)
Africa	297	(1)
Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture	298	(1)
Summary	298	(1)
Questions for Review	299	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	300	(1)
Multimedia Resources	300	(1)
CHAPTER 12 HUMAN VARIATION AND ADAPTATION	301	(30)
Introduction	302	(1)
Historical Views of Human Variation	302	(2)
The Concept of Race	304	(3)
Racism	307	(1)
Intelligence	308	(1)
Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation	308	(4)
Human Polymorphisms	308	(3)
Polymorphisms at the DNA Level	311	(1)
Human Biocultural Evolution	312	(2)
Population Genetics	314	(1)
The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation	315	(12)
Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Color	316	(3)
The Thermal Environment	319	(3)
High Altitude	322	(2)
Infectious Disease	324	(3)
The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease	327	(1)
Summary	328	(1)
Questions for Review	329	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	330	(1)
Multimedia Resources	330	(1)
PHOTO ESSAY Paleopatholoy: Diseases and Injuries of Bone	331	(6)
CHAPTER 13 THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE HUMAN LIFE COURSE	337	(20)
Introduction	338	(1)
Fundamentals of Growth and Development	339	(1)
Nutritional Requirements for Growth	340	(2)
Other Factors Influencing Growth and Development	342	(2)
Genetics	342	(1)
Hormones	343	(1)
Environmental Factors	343	(1)
The Human Life Cycle	344	(7)
Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy	345	(2)
Childhood	347	(1)
Adolescence	348	(1)
Adulthood	348	(1)
Aging	349	(1)
Human Longevity	350	(1)
Individuals, Society, and Evolution	351	(3)
Summary	354	(1)
Questions for Review	355	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	356	(1)
Multimedia Resources	356	(1)
CHAPTER 14 LESSONS FROM THE PAST, LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE	357	(17)
Introduction	358	(1)
How Successful Are We?	358	(1)
Humans and the Impact of Culture	359	(4)
The Loss of Biodiversity	363	(3)
Could the Human Species Become Extinct?	366	(1)
The Present Crisis: Our Cultural Heritage?	367	(5)
Overpopulation	367	(3)
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming	370	(1)
Looking for Solutions	371	(1)
Summary	372	(1)
Questions for Review	372	(1)
Suggested Further Readings	373	(1)
Multimedia Resources	373	(1)
Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy	374	(8)
Appendix B: Summary of Early Hominid Fossil Finds from Africa	382	(5)
Appendix C: Population Genetics	387	(3)
Appendix D: Sexing and Aging the Skeleton	390	(6)
Glossary	396	(9)
Bibliography	405	(10)
Photo Credits	415	(2)
Index	417