Evaluating Research in Communicative Disorders,9780205193967

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Evaluating Research in Communicative Disorders

by Schiavetti, Nicholas; Metz, Dale Evan

ISBN13:

9780205193967

ISBN10:

020519396X

Format:

Hardcover

Pub. Date:

1/1/1997

Publisher(s):

Prentice Hall

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Summary

This third edition is divided into three parts. Part I includes basic information on research strategies and design in communicative disorders, measurement issues, evaluation criteria, treatment efficacy research, and organization and analysis of data. Part II reflects the four typical parts of a research article: introduction, method, results, and conclusions. Part III contains three complete research articles reprinted with evaluation checklists to guide students in evaluating the important features of research discussed in Parts I and II.

Preface

xiii

PART I Basic Considerations in Evaluating Research

(188)

Overview

(1)

References

(1)

1 Introduction: The Consumer of Research in Communicative Disorders

(21)

The Clinical Enterprise in Communicative Disorders

(3)

Scientific Method

(1)

Empirical and Rational Knowledge

(1)

Common Steps in Behavioral Science Research

(4)

Statement of the Problem

(1)

Method of Investigation

(1)

Results of Investigation

(1)

Conclusions

(2)

Theory Construction in Behavioral Science

(2)

The Nature of Research in Communicative Disorders

(2)

Consumers and Producers of Research

(1)

The Editorial Process in the Publication of a Research Article

(2)

Some Myths and a Caveat

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

References

(2)

2 Research Strategies in Communicative Disorders

(52)

Variables in Empirical Research

(6)

Independent and Dependent Variables

(3)

Active and Attribute Variables

(1)

Continuous and Categorical Variables

(2)

Experimental Research

(15)

Bivalent Experiments

(4)

Multivalent Experiments

(3)

Parametric Experiments

(7)

Descriptive Research

(20)

Comparative Research

(8)

Developmental Research

(3)

Correlational Research

(4)

Survey Research

(1)

Case Study and Retrospective Research

(2)

Combined Experimental and Descriptive Research

(7)

Study Questions

(1)

References

(3)

3 Research Design in Communicative Disorders

(23)

Meaning of Research Design

(1)

Purposes of Research Design

(1)

General Research Design Principles

(1)

Group Research Designs

(10)

Between-Subjects Designs

(6)

Within-Subjects Designs

(2)

Mixed Designs

(1)

Single-Subject Research Designs

(4)

External Validity Issues in Research Design

(4)

Study Questions

(2)

References

(1)

4 Measurement Issues in Communicative Disorders Research

(21)

Definition of Measurement

100

(1)

Levels of Measurement

101

(4)

Nominal Level of Measurement

102

(1)

Ordinal Level of Measurement

103

(1)

Interval Level of Measurement

104

(1)

Ratio Level of Measurement

104

(1)

Factors That Affect Quality of Measurement

105

(2)

Test Environment

105

(1)

Instrument Calibration

106

(1)

Instructions to Subjects

106

(1)

Observer Bias

106

(1)

Reliability of Measurements

107

(6)

Stability

110

(1)

Equivalence

110

(1)

Internal Consistency

110

(3)

Validity of Measurements

113

(4)

Content Validity

114

(1)

Criterion Validity

115

(1)

Construct Validity

115

(2)

Study Questions

117

(1)

References

118

(2)

5 Evaluating Treatment Efficacy Research

120

(29)

Internal Validity and Factors That Affect It

121

(6)

History

122

(1)

Maturation

122

(1)

Testing or Test-Practice Effects

123

(1)

Instrumentation

124

(1)

Statistical Regression

125

(1)

Differential Selection of Subjects

125

(1)

Mortality

126

(1)

Interaction of Factors

126

(1)

External Validity and Factors That Affect It

127

(3)

Subject Selection

128

(1)

Reactive or Interactive Effects of Pretesting

128

(1)

Reactive Arrangements

129

(1)

Multiple-Treatment Interference

130

(1)

Evaluation of Some Experimental Designs for Studying Treatment Efficacy

130

(15)

Weak Designs

131

(3)

Stronger Designs

134

(8)

Meta-Analysis of Treatment Efficacy Research

142

(1)

Ethics of Using Control Groups in Treatment Efficacy Research

143

(2)

Protection of Human Subjects in Research

145

(1)

Study Questions

146

(1)

References

147

(2)

6 Organization and Analysis of Data

149

(40)

Data Organization

150

(9)

Data Distributions

150

(1)

Tabular and Graphic Presentation

150

(7)

Summary Statistics

157

(2)

Data Analysis

159

(26)

Basic Concepts of Data Analysis

159

(6)

Methods for Analyzing Relationships

165

(9)

Methods for Analyzing Differences

174

(9)

Study Questions

185

(2)

References

187

(2)

PART II Evaluation of the Components of a Research Article

189

(184)

Overview

189

(1)

Reference

190

(1)

7 The Introduction Section of the Research Article

191

(22)

Title of the Article

192

(1)

The Abstract

193

(2)

General Statement of the Problem

195

(2)

The Rationale for the Study

197

(7)

Review of the Literature

204

(2)

Statement of Purpose, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

206

(4)

Miscellaneous Considerations

210

(1)

Evaluation Checklist

211

(1)

Reference

212

(1)

8 The Method Section

213

(71)

Subjects

213

(8)

Sample Size

214

(3)

Criteria for Subject Selection

217

(4)

Materials

221

(27)

Hardware Instrumentation and Calibration

221

(9)

Reliability and Validity of Behavioral Instruments

230

(6)

Other Measurement Considerations

236

(12)

Procedures

248

(33)

Within-Subjects Experimental Designs

248

(1)

Between-Subjects Experimental Designs

249

(5)

Mixed (Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects) Designs

254

(2)

Within-Subjects Time-Series Experiments

256

(6)

Between-Subjects Comparative Design

262

(3)

Developmental Research Designs

265

(6)

Correlational Research

271

(3)

Retrospective Research

274

(1)

Survey Research

275

(4)

Case Study Research

279

(2)

Evaluation Checklist

281

(2)

References

283

(1)

9 The Results Section

284

(51)

Organization of Results

284

(16)

Frequency Distributions: Tabular and Graphic Presentations

285

(6)

Summary Statistics: Central Tendency and Variability

291

(7)

Some Characteristics of Good Data Organization

298

(2)

Analysis of Data

300

(34)

Correlational Analysis

300

(15)

Analysis of Differences

315

(18)

Some Characteristics of Good Data Analysis

333

(1)

Evaluation Checklist

334

(1)

10 The Discussion and Conclusions Section

335

(38)

Relationship of Conclusions to Preceding Parts of the Article

335

(11)

The Research Problem

336

(1)

The Method of Investigation

337

(3)

The Results of the Investigation

340

(6)

Relationship of Results to Previous Research

346

(5)

Theoretical Implications of the Research

351

(7)

Practical Implications of the Research

358

(6)

Implications for Future Research

364

(7)

Evaluation Checklist

371

(2)

PART III Evaluation of the Complete Research Article: Three Examples

373

(62)

Overview

373

(1)

Evaluation Checklist

374

(5)

Example Article for Evaluation in Audiology: Masking of Speech in Young and Elderly Listeners with Hearing Loss

379

(14)

Pamela E. Souza

Christopher W. Turner

Example Article for Evaluation in Speech Disorders: Effects of Temporal Alterations on Speech Intelligibility in Parkinsonian Dysarthria

393

(18)

Vickie L. Hammen

Kathryn M. Yorkston

Fred D. Minifie

Example Article for Evaluation in Language Disorders: Plural Acquisition in Children with Specific Language Impairment

411

(24)

Janna B. Oetting

Mabel L. Rice

Author Index

435

(6)

Subject Index

441

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Evaluating Research in Communicative Disorders

9780205193967

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Summary

Table of Contents