Exceptional Children and Youth Update

by Hunt, Nancy; Marshall, Kathleen

• ISBN13: 9780618704637
• ISBN10: 0618704639
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-08-15
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This text uses a straightforward approach and a highly personalized tone to present research and teaching practices, emphasizing the effects of disabilities on the lives of individuals, their families, and their teachers. Themes of commonality and collaboration encourage respect, minimize teacher anxiety, and de-emphasize the typical clinical approach to this content. This updated version includes an 8-page insert highlighting the 2004 IDEA Reauthorization Legislation as well as a table correlating the new CL Video Cases to specific chapters in the book.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART 1 Building Blocks for Working with Exceptional Children and Youth	1	(114)
An Introduction to Special Education	2	(40)
Terms and Definitions	3	(3)
Prevalence of Exceptional Children	6	(1)
Foundations of Special Education	6	(18)
Early History: Great Teachers and Their Legacies	7	(1)
Later History: Advocates for Social Change	7	(5)
Legislation	12	(6)
Litigation	18	(2)
Disproportionate Representation of Minority Children	20	(4)
Individualized Education	24	(6)
The Individualized Family Service Plan	24	(2)
The Individualized Education Program	26	(4)
The Individualized Transition Plan	30	(1)
The Pros and Cons of Labeling	30	(1)
Educational Setting	31	(11)
The Framework of Support for Students with Disabilities	36	(6)
Risk Factors and Early Intervention	42	(36)
Terms and Definitions	43	(1)
Types of Risk	44	(17)
Biological Risk	45	(10)
Environmental Risk	55	(6)
Prevention	61	(3)
Major Strategies for Prevention	61	(3)
Early Intervention as Prevention	64	(1)
Early Intervention	64	(6)
Identification and Assessment of Infants at Risk	70	(8)
Techniques for Identification and Assessment	71	(1)
Can Disabilities Be Predicted from Risk Factors?	71	(2)
The Resilient Child	73	(1)
The Importance of Relationships	74	(4)
Families and Culture	78	(37)
Terms and Definitions	79	(5)
The Macroculture and Microcultures	82	(1)
Minority and Ethnic Groups	83	(1)
Culture and Disability	83	(1)
Working with Culturally Diverse Families	84	(2)
Knowing Yourself	84	(1)
Developing Cultural Competence	84	(2)
Approaches to Studying Families	86	(3)
The Family Systems Approach	86	(3)
Ecocultural Theory	89	(1)
Family Reactions to Disability Across Cultures	89	(13)
Factors Affecting Families' Reactions	93	(4)
Impact of Exceptionality on Family Functions	97	(1)
Exceptionality and Family Interactions	97	(3)
Coping Strategies	100	(1)
Sources of Support	101	(1)
The Role of the Family in Special Education Services	102	(13)
The Parents' Rights	103	(2)
Before Formal Schooling: The Early Years	105	(1)
During the School Years	106	(3)
Leaving School	109	(1)
Transitions to Work and Higher Education	109	(1)
Family Concerns for the Future	110	(1)
Positive Aspects of Disabilities for Families	110	(5)
PART 2 Learning About the Potential of Exceptional Children	115	(402)
Children with Learning Disabilities	116	(50)
Terms and Definitions	117	(3)
The Federal Definition	117	(2)
Prevalence and Definition Issues	119	(1)
Causes of Learning Disabilities	120	(3)
Internal Factors	121	(2)
External Factors	123	(1)
Characteristics of Individuals with Learning Disabilities	123	(21)
Learning Disabilities and Cognition: Approaches to Learning	124	(6)
Learning Disabilities and Academic Performance	130	(12)
Learning Disabilities and Social and Emotional Development	142	(2)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	144	(22)
Assessment for Teaching	145	(3)
Direct Instruction	148	(2)
Strategy Instruction	150	(1)
Special Skills Instruction	151	(4)
Considerations for Culturally Diverse Learners	155	(1)
Adapting Classroom Materials	156	(5)
Curriculum	161	(5)
Children with Mental Retardation	166	(35)
Terms and Definitions	167	(6)
Intelligence and General Cognitive Functioning	167	(1)
Adaptive Behavior	168	(1)
Manifestation During the Developmental Period	169	(1)
Classification Issues	170	(2)
Prevalence	172	(1)
Causes of Mental Retardation	173	(5)
Biomedical Factors	174	(1)
Social, Behavioral, and Educational Factors	175	(3)
Characteristics of Individuals with Mental Retardation	178	(8)
Cognitive Development	178	(2)
Language Development	180	(1)
Physical Development	181	(1)
Social and Emotional Development	182	(2)
Effects on the Family	184	(2)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	186	(15)
Early Intervention	186	(1)
Curriculum	186	(6)
Delivery of Instruction	192	(3)
Materials	195	(1)
Personal and Civil Rights	196	(5)
Children with Severe Disabilities	201	(39)
Terms and Definitions	202	(2)
Severe Disabilities	202	(1)
Severe and Profound Mental Retardation	203	(1)
Prevalence	203	(1)
Causes of Severe Disabilities	204	(2)
Characteristics of Individuals with Severe Disabilities	206	(4)
Cognitive Development	206	(1)
Physical Development and Health	207	(1)
Language Development and Communication	208	(1)
Social Behaviors and Emotional Development	209	(1)
Effects on the Family	210	(4)
Family Attitudes and Reactions	211	(1)
Family Roles in Education	211	(3)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	214	(19)
Normalization	216	(1)
Inclusion	217	(3)
Curriculum	220	(3)
Transition Programming	223	(10)
Ethical Issues	233	(7)
The Right to Life	234	(2)
The Right to Education	236	(4)
Children with Behavior Disorders	240	(38)
Terms and Definitions	241	(5)
The Federal Definition	241	(1)
Measures of Behavior	242	(1)
Classifying Behavior Disorders	243	(2)
Prevalence	245	(1)
Causes of Behavior Disorders	246	(3)
Environmental Factors	247	(1)
Physiological Factors	248	(1)
Characteristics of Students with Behavior Disorders	249	(7)
School Achievement	249	(2)
Social Adjustment	251	(1)
Language and Communication	252	(1)
Severe Disorders	253	(1)
Families	254	(2)
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	256	(3)
Assessment and Diagnosis	256	(2)
Characteristics of Students with ADHD	258	(1)
Educational Programs for Students with ADHD	258	(1)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	259	(19)
Identification and Assessment: The Classroom Teacher's Role	259	(5)
Curriculum Focus	264	(2)
Academic Programming	266	(2)
Behavior-Change Interventions	268	(4)
Discipline in the Schools	272	(6)
Children with Autism and Related Disorders	278	(34)
Terms and Definitions	279	(5)
Defining Autism	279	(1)
Autism Spectrum Disorders/Pervasive Developmental Disorders	280	(2)
Dual Diagnosis	282	(2)
Prevalence	284	(1)
Causes of Autism	284	(3)
Historical Opinions About Causes	284	(1)
Current Hypotheses About Causes	285	(2)
Characteristics of Individuals with Autism	287	(9)
Cognitive Characteristics	287	(3)
Physical Characteristics	290	(1)
Social Interaction	290	(1)
Language and Communication	291	(2)
Behavior	293	(2)
Family Interactions	295	(1)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	296	(16)
The Importance of Early Intervention	297	(1)
Applied Behavior Analysis	298	(2)
Environmental Interventions	300	(2)
Language-Based Interventions	302	(1)
Biochemical Interventions	303	(2)
Transition to Adulthood	305	(7)
Children with Communication Disorders	312	(39)
Terms and Definitions	313	(3)
Communication	313	(2)
Language	315	(1)
Speech	316	(1)
Language Development	316	(4)
Language Acquisition	317	(3)
Speech Production	320	(1)
Types and Characteristics of Communication Disorders	320	(6)
Language Disorders	320	(3)
Speech Disorders	323	(2)
Dialects and Language Differences	325	(1)
Hearing Loss	326	(1)
Causes of Communication Disorders	326	(5)
Prevalence	327	(1)
Recognizing Risk for Language Disorders	328	(3)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	331	(20)
Assessment	331	(7)
Placement and Service Options	338	(2)
Strategies for Working with Students with Communication Learning Needs	340	(1)
Members of the Collaborative Team	341	(10)
Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing	351	(40)
Terms and Definitions	352	(1)
Causes of Hearing Loss	353	(6)
Hearing and Hearing Loss	353	(1)
Conductive Hearing Loss	354	(2)
Sensorineural Hearing Loss	356	(1)
Students with Hearing Loss and Additional Disabilities	356	(2)
Prevalence	358	(1)
Measurement of Hearing Loss	358	(1)
Characteristics of Students with Hearing Loss	359	(9)
Language Development	359	(2)
Cognitive and Intellectual Development	361	(1)
School Achievement	362	(1)
Social and Emotional Development	363	(1)
Deafness and Culture	364	(4)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	368	(16)
Early Identification and Intervention	368	(1)
Developing Communication Skills	368	(10)
Curriculum	378	(2)
Assessment	380	(1)
School Placement	380	(4)
Technological Advances	384	(7)
Hearing Aids	384	(2)
Cochlear Implants	386	(1)
Assistive Listening Devices	386	(1)
Telecommunication Devices	386	(1)
Captioning	387	(4)
Children Who Are Blind or Have Low Vision	391	(35)
Terms and Definitions	392	(2)
Causes of Visual Impairment	394	(2)
How We See	394	(1)
Causes of Vision Loss	395	(1)
Prevalence	395	(1)
Characteristics of Students Who Are Blind or Have Low Vision	396	(9)
Language and Concept Development	397	(2)
Motor Development	399	(1)
Cognitive and Intellectual Development	399	(1)
Social and Emotional Development	400	(1)
School Achievement	401	(1)
Effects on the Family	402	(3)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	405	(21)
Early Intervention	405	(1)
Identification and Assessment	406	(2)
Curriculum	408	(8)
School Settings for Students Who Are Blind or Have Low Vision	416	(2)
Education for Students with Additional Disabilities	418	(1)
Assistive Technology	418	(8)
Children with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments	426	(42)
Terms and Definitions	427	(1)
Physical Disabilities	427	(1)
Health Impairment	428	(1)
Prevalence	428	(1)
Types of Physical Disabilities	428	(11)
Neurological Conditions	429	(6)
Musculoskeletal Conditions	435	(2)
Traumatic Injury	437	(2)
Types of Health Impairments	439	(5)
Asthma	439	(1)
Juvenile Diabetes	440	(1)
Cystic Fibrosis	441	(1)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	442	(1)
Childhood Cancer	443	(1)
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	443	(1)
Multiple Disabilities	444	(1)
Characteristics of Individuals with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments	444	(5)
Cognitive Development	445	(1)
Communication and Language Development	445	(1)
Social and Emotional Development	446	(1)
Effects on the Family	447	(2)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	449	(13)
Early Intervention	449	(1)
Educational Planning	450	(3)
Accessing Instruction	453	(4)
Integrating Technology	457	(5)
Adult Life	462	(6)
Children Who Are Gifted and Talented	468	(49)
Terms and Definitions	469	(12)
Early Scholars and Their Ideas on Giftedness	470	(1)
Current Definitions of Giftedness	471	(8)
Criteria for Identification	479	(2)
Factors Contributing to Giftedness	481	(1)
Hereditary and Biological Factors	481	(1)
Environmental Factors	481	(1)
Prevalence	482	(1)
Characteristics of Students Who Are Gifted and Talented	482	(11)
Cognitive Characteristics	483	(1)
Social and Emotional Characteristics	483	(1)
Physical Characteristics	483	(2)
Personal Characteristics	485	(1)
Special Populations of Gifted Students	485	(8)
Teaching Strategies and Accommodations	493	(24)
Early Intervention	493	(1)
Identification and Assessment: The Teacher's Role	494	(1)
Placement Alternatives	495	(7)
Program Models	502	(1)
Curriculum Modifications in the General Education Classroom	503	(6)
Is Special Education for Gifted Students Necessary?	509	(8)
PART 3 Current Issues in Special Education	517
The Special and General Education Relationship: New Trends and Challenges	518
Educational Reform: General Implications	519	(2)
Issues in Assessment	521	(3)
Purposes of Assessment	521	(1)
High-Stakes Testing	522	(1)
School Accountability: Perceptions of Disability	523	(1)
Access to the General Education Curriculum	524	(4)
Curriculum Standards	525	(1)
Universal Design for Learning	526	(2)
Providing Instruction	528
Teacher Preparation	529	(1)
Instructional Options	530
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index