Exploitation Conservation Preservation A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

by Cutter, Susan L.; Renwick, William H.

• ISBN13: 9780471152255
• ISBN10: 0471152250
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-02
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Integrating physical, economic, social, and political perspectives, Cutter and Renwick's Fourth Edition presents readers with a wide range of opinions and interpretations of the major natural resource issues facing the world today.

Author Biography

Susan Lynn Cutter is a geographer and disaster researcher who works at the University of South Carolina, where she is a Carolina Distinguished Professor of Geography and director of the Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute. She is the author or editor of many books on disasters and disaster recovery. William H. Renwick is the author of Exploitation Conservation Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use, 4th Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface
1 NATURAL RESOURCES: THOUGHTS, WORDS, AND DEEDS	1	(13)
What is a Natural Resource?	1	(4)
Resource Cognition and Value	1	(3)
Kinds of Resources	4	(1)
Limits to Resource Classification	5	(1)
Conserving Resources: What Does It Mean?	5	(1)
ISSUE 1.1: Two Contrasting Views of Natural Resource Management	6	(4)
Environmental Ethics	8	(1)
Environmental Justice	8	(1)
What Values Do You Bring to the Natural Resources Debate?	8	(1)
Nature, Economics, and The Politics of Natural Resource Use	9	(1)
The Systems Approach	10	(1)
General Outline of the Book	11	(1)
References and Additional Reading	12	(1)
Study Questions	13	(1)
2 ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCES	14	(22)
Introduction	14	(1)
Economics and the Use of Resources	15	(4)
Characteristics of Natural Resources	15	(2)
Pricing Systems	17	(1)
Economic systems	17	(1)
Supply and Demand	18	(1)
Market Imperfections	18	(1)
Determining Resource Value: Quantifying the Intangibles	19	(1)
Benefit-Cost Analysis	19	(1)
ISSUE 2.1: European Integration and the Environment: EEA and EIONET	20	(2)
Quantifying Value	21	(1)
ISSUE 2.2: What Is the Value of a Human Life?	22	(2)
Management and Allocation of
Resources	24	(1)
Ownership	24	(3)
Social Costs	27	(1)
Economics of the Individual Firm	28	(1)
Business and the Environment:
Recent Trends	29	(1)
Diversification and Multinational Corporations	29	(1)
ISSUE 2.3: The Value of Nature	30	(3)
The Greening of Business	32	(1)
Deregulation	33	(1)
Conclusions	33	(1)
References and Additional Reading	34	(1)
Study Questions	35	(1)
3 ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY, POLITICS, AND DECISION-MAKING 3O
Introduction	36	(1)
Natural Resource Use: A Historical Perspective	36	(1)
Development of Natural Resource Policy	37	(12)
U.S. Environmental Policy	37	(8)
International Policy	45	(4)
ISSUE: 3.1: In Fairness to All: Agenda 21 and Environmental Equity 48
Current Natural Resource Policy	49	(1)
How Decisions Are Made	50	(1)
Resource Decision-Making in the United states	50	(1)
International Environmental Decision-Making	51	(1)
ISSUE: 3.2: Politics and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)	52	(2)
The Decision-Making Process	54	(3)
Organizations	54	(1)
Strategies	55	(1)
The Role of Public Interest	56	(1)
The "New" Environmental Politics	57	(1)
References and Additional Reading	58	(2)
Study Questions	60	(1)
4 ECOLOGIC PERSPECTIVES ON NATURAL RESOURCES	61	(26)
Earth's Resource Environments	61	(6)
Bioregions	62	(4)
Human Use of the Land	66	(1)
ISSUE 4.1: What Happens When the Geography Changes?	67	(2)
Energy Transfers and Material Flows	69	(2)
Carbon Cycle	70	(1)
ISSUE 4.2: Silent spring versus Our Stolen Future	71	(6)
Nitrogen and Phosphorus	72	(1)
Hydrologic Cycle	73	(1)
Food Chains	74	(2)
Carrying Capacity	76	(1)
The Scope of Human Impact	77	(5)
The Extent of Environmental Pollution	77	(4)
Human Impact on Biogeochemical Cycles	81	(1)
Ecological Concepts in Resource Management	82	(3)
Any Given Environment Has Finite Carrying Capacity	82	(1)
Be Aware of Limiting Factors	83	(1)
Minimize Disruption by Mimicking Nature	83	(1)
Close the Loops	84	(1)
Conclusions	85	(1)
References and Additional Reading	85	(1)
Study Questions	86	(1)
5 THE HUMAN POPULATION	87	(20)
A Brief History of Population Growth	88	(1)
Basic Demographics	89	(3)
Birth, Death, and Fertility	90	(2)
ISSUE 5.1: AIDS and Population Growth in Africa	92	(8)
Age Structure	95	(3)
Migration	98	(1)
Trends in Population Growth	99	(1)
The Distribution of Population and Population Growth	100	(2)
Regional Disparities	101	(1)
Increasing Urbanization	101	(1)
ISSUE 5.2: Megacities: The New Urban Demographic Transition	102	(1)
Population Control Strategies	102	(2)
Socioeconomic Conditions and Fertility	103	(1)
Contraception and Family Planning	103	(1)
Population Growth and Affluence	104	(1)
Conclusions	105	(1)
References and Additional Reading	105	(1)
Study Questions	106	(1)
6. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION	107	(35)
Food Production Resources	108	(7)
Crops	108	(3)
Livestock	111	(1)
The U.S. Agricultural Land Resource Base	112	(3)
Modern American Agricultural Systems	115	(1)
Natural Resources for Agricultural Production	115	(3)
Soil	116	(1)
Water	116	(2)
ISSUE 6.1: Agriculture, CO2, and Climate: The Only Certainty Is Change	118	(7)
Fertilizers and Pesticides	120	(2)
Seed	122	(2)
Labor and Machines	124	(1)
ISSUE 6.2: The Digital Farmer	125	(1)
Animals in the Food Production System	125	(3)
Environmental Impacts of Food Production	128	(8)
Soil Erosion	128	(5)
Rangeland Degradation	133	(3)
Agricultural Policy and Management	136	(1)
Subsidies	136	(1)
ISSUE 6.3: Agricultural Subsidies, Trade, and Poverty in the Developing World	136	(4)
Sustainable Agriculture	138	(1)
Rangeland Management	138	(2)
Conclusions	140	(1)
References and Additional Reading	140	(1)
Study Questions	141	(1)
7 FORESTS	142	(26)
Forests as Multiple-Use Resources	142	(2)
Forests as Fiber Resources	144	(2)
Principles of Sustainable Forestry	144	(1)
Forest Management	144	(2)
ISSUE 7.1: Chipko: Grass-Roots
Environmentalism or a Struggle for Economic Development?	146	(2)
Forest Products Technology	148	(2)
Nonfiber Uses of Forest Resources	150	(2)
Habitat	150	(1)
Water Resources	151	(1)
ISSUE 7.2: The Pacific Lumber Saga	152	(5)
Recreation	154	(1)
Carbon Storage	154	(1)
The Role of Fire	155	(2)
Deforestation and Reforestation: Three Examples	157	(9)
The Amazon Forest	157	(2)
The Siberian Forest	159	(1)
The U.S. Forestland	160	(6)
Conclusion	166	(1)
References and Additional Reading	166	(1)
Study Questions	167	(1)
8 BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT	168	(25)
The Value of Biodiversity	168	(10)
Ecological Interactions	169	(1)
Potential Resources	169	(1)
The Inherent Value of Species	170	(2)
The Pace and Processes of Extinction	172	(3)
Causes of Biodiversity Loss	175	(3)
ISSUE 8.1: The Mass Extinction of Freshwater Mussels	178	(2)
Conservation of Biodiversity	180	(7)
Species Protection	180	(3)
Habitat Conservation	183	(3)
The Endangered Species Act	186	(1)
ISSUE 8.2: Ecotourism: Loving Wild Places to Death	187	(2)
The Convention on Biological Diversity	188	(1)
Conclusions	189	(1)
References and Additional Reading	190	(2)
Study Questions	192	(1)
9 MARINE RESOURCES: COMMON PROPERTY DILEMMAS	193	(25)
Introduction	193	(1)
The Marine Environment 193
Physical Properties	193	(3)
ISSUE 9.1: Salmon in the Pacific Northwest	196	(3)
Habitat and Biological Productivity	197	(2)
Fisheries	199	(1)
Fisheries Production	199	(1)
Fisheries in Distress	200	(1)
Minerals from the Seabed	200	(1)
Energy Resources	200	(1)
ISSUE 9.2: Strip Mining the Oceans	201	(2)
Deep-Seabed Minerals	202	(1)
Management of Marine Resources	203	(11)
The Problem of Ownership	203	(1)
The Law of the Sea Treaty	204	(3)
Marine Pollution Problems	207	(2)
Protecting Marine Ecosystems	209	(3)
Example: Exploitation and Protection of Marine Mammals	212	(2)
Conclusions	214	(1)
References and Additional Reading	215	(2)
Study Questions	217	(1)
10 WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY	218	(30)
Water Supply and Its Variability	218	(9)
Spatial Variation in Surface supply	219	(3)
Temporal Variability	222	(1)
Water Supplies and Storage	222	(5)
The Demand for Water 226
Off-Stream Uses	227	(1)
ISSUE 10.1: Water Politics in the Western United States	228	(4)
In-Stream Uses	230	(2)
Water Quality	232	(7)
Major Water Pollutants and Their Sources	232	(6)
Groundwater Pollution Problems	238	(1)
Water Pollution Control	239	(2)
Wastewater Treatment	239	(1)
Nonpoint Pollution Control	240	(1)
Pollution Prevention	241	(1)
Quality, Quantity, and the Water-Supply Problem	241	(1)
Relations Between Quality and Quantity	241	(1)
ISSUE 10.2: Water Pollution Legislation in the United States	242	(2)
ISSUE 10.3: Surf Your Watershed	244	(2)
Water Quality in Developing Regions	244	(2)
Conclusions	246	(1)
References and Additional Reading	246	(1)
Study Questions	247	(1)
11 THE AIR RESOURCE AND URBAN AIR QUALITY	248	(23)
Introduction	248	(1)
Air Pollution Meteorology	248	(4)
Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere	248	(2)
Role of Meteorology and Topography	250	(2)
Major Pollutants	252	(2)
Particulate Matter (PM)	252	(1)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)	252	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)	253	(1)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)	253	(1)
Ozone (O3) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)	253	(1)
Lead (Pb)	253	(1)
Urban Air Pollution: The World's Megacities	254	(5)
Monitoring Network	254	(1)
Air-Quality Patterns	254	(1)
Economic Development and Air Pollution	254	(2)
Urban Air Pollution in the United States	256	(1)
Air Pollution Monitoring in the United States	256	(3)
ISSUE 11.1: On a Clear Day You Can See the Grand Canyon	259	(4)
National Trends	259	(3)
How Healthy Is the Air You Breathe?	262	(1)
ISSUE 11.2: Green Days, Red Days	263	(1)
Air-Quality Control and Planning	264	(1)
ISSUE 11.3: Smog City, USA	264	(3)
Toxins in the Air	267	(2)
Indoor Air Pollution	268	(1)
Conclusions	269	(1)
References and Additional Reading	269	(1)
Study Questions	270	(1)
12 REGIONAL AND GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CHANGE	271	(24)
Acid Deposition	271	(8)
Formation and Emissions Sources	271	(6)
Geographic Extent and Effects on the Environment 275
Control and Management	277	(2)
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion	279	(5)
Ozone-Depleting Chemicals	280	(1)
The Ozone Hole Is Discovered	280	(1)
Reducing ODCs: The Montreal Protocol	281	(3)
ISSUE 12.1: Black Market Freon	284	(1)
Global Climate Change	284	(6)
The Greenhouse Effect	285	(1)
Greenhouse Gases	285	(2)
Impacts	287	(3)
ISSUE 12.2: The Costs of Global Warning	290	(2)
Greenhouse Politics and Emissions
Stabilization	290	(2)
Conclusions	292	(1)
References and Additional Reading	293	(1)
Study Questions	294	(1)
13 NONFUEL MINERALS	295	(19)
Introduction	295	(1)
Reserves and Resources	295	(3)
Availability of Major Minerals	298	(4)
Geology of Mineral Deposits	298	(1)
Variations in Reserves and Resources	299	(1)
World Reserves and Resources	299	(2)
U.S. Production and Consumption	301	(1)
Strategic Minerals and Stockpiling	302	(2)
Mining Impacts and Policy	304	(2)
Environmental Considerations	304	(1)
Social Impacts	305	(1)
ISSUE 13.1: The New Gold Rush: Prospecting Is Poison	306	(2)
Nonfuel Minerals Policy 308
Conserving Minerals: Reuse, Recovery, Recycling	308	(1)
ISSUE 13.2: Living with Boom and Bust	309	(2)
ISSUE 13.3: Computers as Solid Waste	311	(1)
Conclusions	311	(1)
References and Additional Reading	312	(1)
Study Questions	313	(1)
14 ENERGY RESOURCES	314	(36)
Energy Use in the Industrial Age	314	(4)
Wood, Coal and the Industrial Revolution	315	(1)
Oil and the Internal Combustion Engine	315	(1)
Energy Use in the Late Twentieth Century	316	(2)
Energy Sources	318	(14)
Oil and Natural Gas	318	(5)
Coal	323	(4)
Other Fossil Fuels	327	(1)
Nuclear Power	327	(4)
Renewable Energy	331	(1)
ISSUE 14.1: The Legacy of Chernobyl	332	(4)
ISSUE 14.2: The Three Gorges Dam	336	(7)
Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation	340	(3)
Energy Futures	343	(2)
High-Energy Options	343	(1)
Low-Energy Options	344	(1)
Energy Policies for the Future	345	(1)
ISSUE 14.3: Electric Energy Deregulation and the California Energy Crisis	346	(4)
References and Additional Reading	348	(1)
Study Questions	349	(1)
15 THE TRANSITION TO A GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY	350	(19)
Limits to Growth?	350	(2)
What Is Sustainable Development?	352	(1)
Environmental Versus Economic Sustainability	352	(1)
A Working Definition of Sustainability	353	(1)
How Does Sustainability Work?	353	(7)
Waste Recycling	355	(1)
Waste Reduction	356	(2)
Design for Reuse and Recycling	358	(1)
Changing Consumption Patterns	359	(1)
Science and Technology for Sustainability	360	(1)
Tipping the Balance	360	(6)
Individual Action	361	(1)
Corporate Action	361	(1)
Government Action	362	(4)
Looking Forward	366	(1)
References and Additional Reading	366	(1)
Study Questions	367	(2)
GLOSSARY	369	(13)
INDEX	382