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9781118872239

Financial Markets, Banking, and Monetary Policy

by
  • ISBN13:

    9781118872239

  • ISBN10:

    1118872231

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2014-08-04
  • Publisher: Wiley

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Summary

An essential resource for understanding complex modern financial markets, monetary policy, and banking systems

The international economic environment has evolved to the point that what constitutes money is not always clear-cut, and monetary aggregates are undependable as guides to overall policy. Central banks have had to turn to very different tactics in order to achieve their stated policy goals.

In this in-depth resource, Thomas D. Simpson—a former official with the Federal Reserve System—introduces a new approach to both monetary policy and the overall financial system. Financial Markets, Banking, and Monetary Policy highlights the role of each major financial market and institution and shows how they've become a part of the overall financial system. The book also describes the important features of central banks—along with their responsibility for achieving specific macroeconomic objectives—and reveals how they pursue goals for inflation, employment, and the economy. While highlighting the United States system, Simpson's comprehensive view of banking and monetary policy is equally applicable to the financial systems and economies of other developed nations.

This reliable resource is solidly grounded in economic principles and on the key term structure of interest rate relationships. Simpson explores how the term structure relationship plays a central role in the conduct of monetary policy and outlines a framework for understanding financial crises and the systemic risk faced by modern economies. The book explains in detail the evolving integration of central banks' various methods for conducting monetary and financial stability policies.

Filled with illustrative examples and charts, this resource delves into the interconnection between financial markets and institutions, monetary policy, and performance of the economy. An indispensible resource for both professionals and students of finance and economics, Financial Markets, Banking, and Monetary Policy offers a clear understanding of Simpson's term structure relationship and how it works throughout the financial system.

Author Biography

THOMAS D. SIMPSON served as a senior officer at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. In addition to his other responsibilities, he was an officer of the Federal Open Market Committee. Simpson is on the faculty at the University of North Carolina Wilmington.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 1

Overview 1

Where We are Going in This Book 2

Contributions Made by the Financial System 4

Transfers of Resources from Surplus to Deficit Units 4

Other Contributions 8

Recurring Themes in the Chapters Ahead 11

Resources 12

Chapter 2 Overview of the Financial System 17

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 17

Introduction 17

Features of an Effective Financial System 17

Direct Methods of Finance 18

Investment Banks 19

Debt versus Equity 20

Money versus Capital Markets 21

Asymmetric Information 21

Adverse Selection 21

Moral Hazard 22

Indirect Methods of Finance 22

Primary versus Secondary Markets 27

Primary-Market Transactions 27

Secondary-Market Transactions 28

Trading Platforms 29

Brokers 29

Chapter 3 The Special Role of Commercial Banks 33

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 33

Background 33

Commercial Bank Balance Sheet 34

Assets 35

Liabilities 35

Net Worth (Capital) 36

Payment System and Money 36

Commercial Banks and the Payment System 36

Payment System Infrastructure 40

Credit and Stored Value Cards 40

Payments Media in the Money Stock 41

Velocity (Turnover of Money) 42

Liquidity Provision 44

Dealing with Asymmetric Information 46

Maturity Transformation 46

The Safety Net and Regulatory Policy 47

Chapter 4 The Pricing of Financial Assets 55

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 55

Background 55

Present Value 56

Value of a Single Future Payment 57

Value of a Coupon Security 58

Other Applications 59

Solving for Yield to Maturity 59

Solving for Fixed Payments 60

The Special Case of a Consol 61

Maturity and Price Sensitivity 61

Holding Periods versus Maturities 63

Return versus Yield 63

Duration 64

Nominal versus Real Yields 66

Appendix A: Variations of the Valuation Relationship 69

Appendix B: Solutions Using a Financial Calculator 70

Future Value 70

Future Value—A Higher Interest Rate 70

Present Value of Single Cash Flow 71

Lottery Choice 71

Current Price of a Coupon Security 71

Price of an Aasset Providing Uneven

Cash Flows 71

Yield to Maturity 72

Chapter 5 Factors Affecting Yields 75

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 75

Background 75

The Term Structure of Interest Rates 76

The Expectations Hypothesis 77

The Term Premium Hypothesis 81

Market Segmentation Hypothesis 83

Implicit Forward Rates 84

The Role of the Term Structure 85

Credit Risk 85

Credit Rating Agencies 86

Investment-Grade versus Below-Investment-Grade Debt 87

Cyclical Behavior of Credit Risk and Spreads 88

Credit Default Swaps (CDSs) 89

Changing Investor Tolerance for Risk 90

Liquidity 90

Taxation 91

Embedded Options 91

Flights to Safety 92

Chapter 6 Principles of Portfolio Selection and Efficient Markets 97

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 97

Overview 97

Uncertainty, Expected Return, and Risk 98

Selecting a Portfolio 99

Expected Return 99

Risk 99

Interpreting the Expression for Risk 100

An Illustration 101

These Principles in Practice 102

Efficient Portfolios and Risk-Return Trade-Offs 103

Efficient Markets Hypothesis 104

Implications for a Random Walk 106

Other Implications 106

Asset Bubbles 106

Evidence 107

Chapter 7 The Money Market 111

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 111

Background and Basic Features of the Money Market 111

Pricing 112

Treasury Bills 114

Auction Procedures 114

The Role of Primary Dealers 114

Purpose for Issuing Bills 115

Commercial Paper 115

Credit Quality 115

Maturities 116

Asset-Backed Commercial Paper (ABCP) 116

Retreat of the ABCP Market 116

Commercial Paper Placement 117

The Role of Commercial Banks in the Money Market 117

Letters of Credit and Bankers’ Acceptances 119

Monetary Policy Effects on the Money Market 120

Chapter 8 The Bond Market 125

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 125

Background 125

Treasury Notes and Bonds 126

Maturities 126

Features of TIPS 127

Placement 127

When-Issued Trading 127

STRIPS 128

Secondary-Market Trading 128

Reopening 128

Purposes for Issuing Coupon Securities 129

Credit Quality 129

Corporate Bonds 129

Placements 130

Tension between Bond and Shareholders 130

Indentures and the Role of Covenants 131

Credit Default Swaps (CDSs) 132

Below-Investment-Grade Market 132

Private Placements 133

Secondary-Market Trading 133

Munis 133

Tax Considerations 134

Credit Risk and Liquidity Differences 134

General Obligation versus Revenue Bonds 134

Placement 135

Indentures 135

Ratings 135

Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) 135

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac 136

Federal Home Loan Banks 136

Features of GSE Bonds 136

The Impact of Monetary Policy on the Bond Market 136

Chapter 9 Securitization 143

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 143

Background 143

Obstacles to Overcome 144

Asymmetric Information and Adverse Selection 144

Corrective Measures 145

Regulatory Capital on Ordinary Loans 145

Beginnings of Securitization—MBSs 146

Ginnie Mae 146

Illustration of the Process 146

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac 147

Secondary-Market Trading 148

Other Mortgage Pools 148

Other Securitized Loans—Consumer ABSs 148

Auto ABSs 148

Credit Card ABSs 149

Other Consumer ABSs 149

Common Features 149

The Effects of the Financial Crisis 150

ABSs Involving Business Credit—CDOs and Structured Securities 150

Standard Types of Pools—CLOs, CBOs, and CMBSs 150

Structured Securities 150

CMOs 151

Senior-Subordinated Securities 152

Effects of the Financial Crisis 152

Securitization and the Integration of Credit Markets 152

Monetary Policy and Securitization 152

Chapter 10 The Mortgage Market 155

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 155

Background 155

Home Mortgages 156

Homeowner Choices 156

Standard Features of Home Mortgages 159

Commercial Mortgages 163

The Mortgage Market and Monetary Policy 163

Chapter 11 The Equity Market 167

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 167

Background 167

Equities as a Source of Corporate Finance 168

Preferred versus Common Shares 168

Types of Preferred 169

Primary and Secondary Markets 169

Valuation of Individual Shares 170

Basic Model 170

Dividend Growth 170

Price-Earnings 171

Some Implications 172

Extending These Principles to the Stock Market 173

Monetary Policy and the Stock Market 178

Indexes of Stock Prices 178

Chapter 12 Central Banking and the Federal Reserve 183

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 183

Background 183

Origins of Central Banks 184

Constitutional Foundations 184

The Century and a Quarter without a Central Bank 185

Creation of the Federal Reserve 186

Early Years of the Federal Reserve 188

Reforms of the 1930s 189

Fed Independence 190

Central Bank Accountability and Transparency 191

Central Bank Responsibilities 193

Monetary Operations 196

The Demand for Reserves 196

The Supply of Reserves 196

Market Equilibrium 198

Setting the Federal Funds Rate through Open Market Operations 198

Permanent versus Temporary Transactions 200

Payment of Interest on Excess Reserves 201

The Effect of the Financial Crisis on the Reserves Market 201

Interaction of Policy Instruments in the Reserves Market 202

Chapter 13 Monetary Policy: The Basics 211

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 211

Background 211

Effects of Monetary Policy on Output and Prices 212

The Goal of Price Stability 212

The Dual Mandate in the United States 212

The Operational Counterparts to Maximum Employment and Price Stability 213

Maximum Employment 213

Price Stability 214

Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply 215

Aggregate Supply 215

Aggregate Demand 216

Monetary Policy and Aggregate Demand 218

The Model 219

Steady Inflation 219

Rising Inflation 220

Falling Inflation 220

The Important Role of Inflation Expectations 220

Actual and Potential Output in Practice 221

Addressing Inflation 221

Addressing a Shortfall in Output 223

Okun’s Law 224

Chapter 14 Monetary Policy: Challenges Faced by Policymakers 231

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 231

Background 231

Other Forces Affecting Output and Inflation 232

Lags and Other Complications 234

Need to Be Forward Looking 234

Importance of the Expected Path of Short-Term Rates 235

Forward Guidance 236

Policy Rules 237

Money Stock Rule 237

Taylor Rule 237

Expectations and Central Bank Credibility 239

Inflation Targeting 240

The Zero-Bound Constraint and the Slow Recovery from the Great Recession 241

Chapter 15 Financial Crises 247

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 247

Background 247

Classic Banking Panics 248

The Nightmare of the Great Depression 250

Gold Standard Restraints 250

The Stock Market Crash 251

Bank Runs 251

Massive Damage 252

Broader Financial Crises 252

Big Drop in Asset Values 253

Runs on Suspected Institutions 253

Fire Sales 253

The Financial Crisis 254

Background Factors 255

Proliferation of Nonstandard Mortgages 255

Growing Exposures of Key Financial Institutions 256

The Unraveling 257

Shadow Banking Stress 257

Major Credit Crunch 258

Policy Responses 258

Dodd-Frank 259

Common Threads 259

Chapter 16 The Foreign Exchange Market and Exchange Rate Regimes 263

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 263

Background 263

Features of the Market 264

The Relation between Spot and Forward Exchange Rates 266

Long-Run Exchange Rate Relationships 267

The Real Exchange Rate 269

Exchange Rate Determination in the Shorter Run 269

Demand Schedule 270

Supply Schedule 271

Equilibrium 272

Floating Exchange Rate Regime 273

Fixed Exchange Rate Regime 275

An Undervalued Exchange Rate 275

The Dynamics of an Undervalued Currency 276

An Overvalued Currency 278

Variations on Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes 280

Chapter 17 Depository Institutions 285

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 285

Background 285

Organization of Commercial Banks and Other Depository Institutions 286

Commercial Banks 287

Savings Institutions 291

Credit Unions 292

Economic Functions of Depository Institutions 293

Payment Services 293

Liquidity Provision 293

Providing Credit When There is Asymmetric Information 293

Maturity Transformation 293

The Balance Sheet of the Commercial Banking System 294

The Balance Sheet of Savings Institutions 295

The Balance Sheet of Credit Unions 296

Deposit Insurance 296

Regulation and Supervision of Depository Institutions 297

The Regulators 297

The Focus of Regulation and Supervision 298

Capital Standards 298

Liquidity Standards 299

Depository Institutions and Monetary Policy 300

Chapter 18 Mutual Funds 305

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 305

Background 305

History 306

SEC Regulation 307

Role of Mutual Fund Complexes 307

Types of Funds 309

Open-End Funds 309

Exchange-Traded Funds 314

Closed-End Funds 314

Mutual Funds and Monetary Policy 315

Chapter 19 Hedge, Venture Capital, and Private Equity Funds 319

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 319

Background 319

Commonalities in Structure 320

Hedge Funds 321

Role of the Prime Broker 322

Leverage 322

Entry and Redemption 322

Types of Hedge Funds 322

Economic Value and Hedge Fund Risk 323

Venture Capital Funds 324

Types of Firms Selected for Financing 324

Risks Involved 324

Size and Stages of Financing 325

Exit 326

Economic Value Provided by VC Funds 326

Private Equity Funds 326

Leverage 327

Exit 328

Economic Value Provided by Private Equity Firms 328

Alternative Investment Funds and Monetary Policy 328

Chapter 20 Large Institutional Investors 333

What You Will Learn in This Chapter 333

Background 333

Pension Funds 334

Defined Benefit (DB) Plans 335

Defined Contribution (DC) Plans 336

Social Security 338

State and Local Government Pension Funds 338

Federal Government Retirement Funds 339

Life Insurance Companies 339

Life Insurance 339

Annuities 340

LICO Assets 340

Reinsurance 341

Property and Casualty Insurance Companies 341

Large Institutional Investors and Monetary Policy 342

About the Author 347

Index 349

Supplemental Materials

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

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