First Responder

by Bergeron, J. David; Bizjak, Gloria

Edition:

6th

ISBN13:

9780130307262

ISBN10:

0130307262

Format:

Paperback w/CD

Pub. Date:

1/1/2001

Publisher(s):

Prentice Hall

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What version or edition is this?

This is the 6th edition with a publication date of 1/1/2001.

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The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.

Summary

This classic text has successfully trained First Responder students for over 25 years. It is the ideal resource for fire service, law enforcement, military, civil, industrial, and emergency personnel seeking First Responder training. The 7th Edition provides solid and thorough coverage of the First Responder National Standard Curriculum and retains features that both students and instructors have relied upon for years, including flow-of-care diagrams and a clear, straightforward reading style. Book jacket.

Preface

xii

Acknowledgments

xiv

Introduction: Learning to be a First Responder

xvii

UNIT 1 PREPARATORY

Introducing the EMS System

(14)

National Standard Objectives

(1)

Learning Tasks

(1)

The EMS System

(3)

Components of the EMS System

(1)

Activating the EMS System

(2)

The In-Hospital Care System

(1)

Medical Oversight

(1)

The First Responder

(7)

Roles and Responsibilities

(2)

Traits

(2)

Skills

(1)

Equipment, Tools, and Supplies

(2)

Summary

(1)

Remember and Consider

(1)

Investigate

(1)

The Well-Being of the First Responder

(16)

National Standard Objectives

(1)

Learning Tasks

(2)

Emotional Aspects of Emergency Medical Care

(3)

Causes of Stress

(1)

Death and Dying

(1)

Signs and Symptoms of Stress

(1)

Dealing with Stress

(1)

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

(8)

First Responders at Risk

(1)

Dealing with Risk

(2)

Bloodborne and Airborne Pathogens

(2)

Protecting First Responders

(1)

Employee Responsibilities

(1)

Scene Safety

(1)

Hazardous Materials Incidents

(1)

Rescue Operations

(1)

Violent and Crime Scenes

(1)

Summary

(1)

Remember and Consider

(1)

Investigate

(1)

Legal and Ethical Issues

(14)

National Standard Objectives

(1)

Learning Tasks

(1)

Scope of Care

(1)

Legal Duties

(1)

Ethical Responsibilities

(1)

Consent

(2)

Competence

(1)

Refusal of Care

(1)

Expressed Consent

(1)

Implied Consent

(1)

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders

(1)

Negligence

(2)

Abandonment

(1)

Confidentiality

(1)

Reportable Events

(1)

Special Situations

(2)

Organ Donors

(1)

Medical Identification Devices

(1)

Crime Scenes

(1)

Documentation

(1)

Summary

(1)

Remember and Consider

(1)

Investigate

(2)

The Human Body

(14)

National Standard Objectives

(1)

Learning Tasks

(1)

Overview of the Human Body

(5)

The Head-to-Toe Approach

(1)

Directional Terms

(1)

Body Regions

(1)

Body Cavities

(2)

Abdominal Quadrants

(1)

Body Systems

(1)

Relating Structures to the Body

(5)

Summary

(1)

Remember and Consider

(1)

Investigate

(1)

Lifting and Moving Patients

(26)

National Standard Objectives

(1)

Learning Tasks

(1)

Principles of Moving Patients

(1)

Role of the First Responder

(1)

When to Move a Patient

(1)

Body Mechanics and Lifting Techniques

(1)

Moving and Positioning Patients

(11)

Emergency Moves

(4)

Nonemergency Moves

(3)

Transfer of Patient from Bed to Stretcher

(2)

Patient Positioning

(2)

Equipment Familiarity

(8)

Summary

(1)

Remember and Consider

(1)

Investigate

(1)

Unit 1 Skills

(2)

UNIT 2 AIRWAY

Airway Management

(44)

National Standard Objectives

(2)

Learning Tasks

(1)

Breathing

(5)

Why We Breathe

(1)

How We Breathe

(3)

Assessment

(1)

Pulmonary Resuscitation

(10)

Opening the Airway

(1)

Rescue Breathing

(9)

Airway Obstruction

104

(11)

Causes of Airway Obstruction

104

(2)

Correcting Upper Airway Obstruction---Foreign Body

106

(5)

Correcting Airway Obstructions---Combined Procedures

111

(4)

Aids to Resuscitation

115

(7)

Introduction

115

(1)

Oropharyngeal Airways

115

(2)

Nasopharyngeal Airways

117

(3)

Suction Systems

120

(1)

Suctioning Techniques

121

(1)

Summary

122

(2)

Remember and Consider

124

(1)

Investigate

125

(1)

Unit 2 Skills

126

(3)

UNIT 3 PATIENT ASSESSMENT

Assessment of the Patient

129

(54)

National Standard Objectives

130

(2)

Learning Tasks

132

(1)

Patient Assessment Components

132

(8)

Medical Patients (No Injuries)

133

(1)

Trauma Patients

133

(5)

First Responder Assessment-Based Care

138

(2)

Scene Size-Up

140

(4)

Body Substance Isolation Precautions

140

(1)

Scene Safety

141

(1)

Mechanism of Injury and Nature of Illness

141

(2)

Number of Patients and the Need for Additional Resources

143

(1)

Arrival at the Scene

143

(1)

The Initial Assessment

144

(8)

Form a General Impression

145

(1)

Assess Mental Status

145

(5)

Assess Airway and Breathing

150

(1)

Assess Circulation

150

(1)

Determine Priority, or Urgency, of Patient Transport

151

(1)

Special Considerations for Infants and Children

151

(1)

Alerting Dispatch

152

(1)

Focused History and Physical Exam

152

(1)

Focused History and Physical Exam---Trauma Patient

153

(1)

Focused History and Physical Exam---Medical Patient

154

(22)

Patient Information and History

156

(4)

Physical Examination

160

(1)

Vital Signs

160

(1)

Pulse

160

(6)

Types of Physical Exams

166

(6)

Detailed Physical Exam

172

(1)

Ongoing Assessment

173

(3)

Hand-Off to EMTs

176

(1)

Summary

176

(2)

Remember and Consider

178

(1)

Investigate

178

(1)

Unit 3 Skills

179

(4)

UNIT 4 CIRCULATION

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

183

(44)

National Standard Objectives

184

(1)

Learning Tasks

184

(2)

The Chain of Survival

186

(1)

Circulation and CPR

187

(9)

Cardiac Arrest

188

(1)

CPR---What It Is

188

(1)

CPR---How It Works

189

(1)

The Techniques of CPR

190

(6)

One-Rescuer CPR

196

(14)

Basic Procedures

196

(3)

CPR Techniques for Infants and Children

199

(5)

Neonatal Resuscitation

204

(3)

Assuring Effective CPR

207

(1)

Special CPR Situations

208

(2)

CPR---Responsibilities of the First Responder

210

(6)

Automated External Defibrillation

211

(1)

The Heart's Conduction System

212

(1)

External Defibrillation

213

(2)

The Role of the EMS System

215

(1)

Using Automated Defibrillators

216

(7)

Basic Warnings

216

(1)

First Responder Care

217

(1)

Attaching the Defibrillator

217

(1)

Operating the Fully Automatic Defibrillator

218

(3)

Operating the Semiautomatic Defibrillator

221

(1)

Problems Operating a Defibrillator

222

(1)

Assessment and Quality Assurance

223

(1)

Summary

224

(2)

Remember and Consider

226

(1)

Investigate

226

(1)

Two-Rescuer CPR

227

(14)

National Standard Objectives

228

(1)

Learning Tasks

228

(1)

Introduction

229

(1)

Changing to Two-Rescuer CPR

230

(1)

Compressions and Ventilations

230

(4)

CPR Procedure

231

(1)

Changing Positions

231

(3)

Problems

234

(1)

Summary

234

(2)

Remember and Consider

236

(1)

Investigate

236

(1)

Unit 4 Skills

237

(4)

UNIT 5 ILLNESS AND INJURY

Medical Emergencies

241

(54)

National Standard Objectives

242

(2)

Learning Tasks

244

(1)

Medical Emergencies

244

(2)

Signs and Symptoms

244

(1)

Assessment

245

(1)

Specific Medical Emergencies

246

(19)

Chest Pain and Possible Heart Attacks

246

(4)

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

250

(1)

Respiratory Emergencies

251

(5)

Altered Mental Status

256

(6)

Abdominal Pain

262

(3)

Poisonings, Bites, and Stings

265

(11)

Routes of Poisons

265

(1)

Poison Control Centers

266

(2)

Types of Poisons

268

(5)

Anaphylactic Shock

273

(3)

Heat Emergencies

276

(1)

Heat Exhaustion

276

(4)

Heat Cramps

278

(1)

Heat Stroke

279

(1)

Cold Emergencies

280

(3)

Hypothermia (Generalized Cold Emergency)

280

(1)

Localized Cold Injury

281

(2)

Behavioral Emergencies

283

(3)

Causes

283

(1)

Assessment

284

(1)

Emergency Care

284

(1)

Potential Violence

285

(1)

Alcohol and Other Drugs

286

(5)

Alcohol Abuse

287

(1)

Drug Abuse

288

(3)

Summary

291

(3)

Remember and Consider

294

(1)

Investigate

294

(1)

Bleeding and Soft-Tissue Injuries

295

(74)

National Standard Objectives

296

(2)

Learning Tasks

298

(1)

Bleeding

299

(3)

The Heart

299

(1)

The Blood

300

(1)

Blood Vessels

300

(1)

General Considerations

301

(1)

Types of Bleeding

302

(19)

External Bleeding

302

(14)

Internal Bleeding

316

(5)

Shock

321

(9)

Development of Shock

321

(2)

Types of Shock

323

(1)

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

324

(2)

Preventing and Caring for Shock

326

(4)

Recognizing Injuries

330

(3)

Types of Injuries

330

(3)

Basic Emergency Care

333

(21)

Ongoing Care

333

(1)

Care During Assessment

334

(1)

Care of Closed Wounds

335

(1)

Care of Open Wounds

335

(1)

Care of Specific Injuries

336

(18)

Burns

354

(10)

Classification of Burns

354

(2)

Severity

356

(1)

Rules for First Responders

357

(1)

Care of Burns

357

(2)

Special Considerations

359

(5)

Summary

364

(2)

Remember and Consider

366

(1)

Investigate

367

(2)

Muscle and Bone Injuries

369

(80)

National Standard Objectives

370

(1)

Learning Tasks

370

(3)

Introduction

373

(1)

The Musculoskeletal System

374

(3)

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

374

(1)

Main Parts of the Skeletal System

375

(2)

Injuries to the Extremities

377

(8)

Causes of Injuries

377

(2)

Types of Injuries

379

(2)

Signs and Symptoms of Injury to Bones and Joints

381

(2)

Total Patient Care

383

(2)

Splinting

385

(10)

Soft Splints

385

(2)

Rigid Splints

387

(1)

Why Splint?

388

(1)

First Responder Responsibilities

389

(1)

Rules for Splinting

389

(4)

Types of Splints

393

(2)

Management of Upper Extremity Injuries

395

(7)

Injuries to the Shoulder Girdle

397

(1)

Injuries to the Upper Arm Bone

398

(1)

Injuries to the Elbow

399

(1)

Injuries to the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand

400

(1)

Injuries to the Fingers

400

(2)

Management of Lower Extremity Injuries

402

(8)

Injuries to the Pelvic Girdle

402

(6)

Injuries to the Upper Leg or Thigh

408

(1)

Injuries to the Knee

408

(1)

Injuries to the Lower Leg

409

(1)

Injuries to the Ankle or Foot

410

(1)

Resplinting

410

(1)

The Axial Skeleton

410

(5)

The Head

411

(1)

The Spinal Column

412

(1)

The Chest

412

(1)

The Central Nervous System

412

(2)

Mechanisms of Injury

414

(1)

Injuries to the Head

415

(5)

Types of Injuries

415

(3)

Care for Head Injuries

418

(2)

Injuries to the Spine

420

(5)

Types of Injuries

420

(1)

Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Injury

420

(1)

The Focused Assessment

421

(3)

Care for Injuries to the Spine

424

(1)

Helmet Removal

425

(6)

Injuries to the Chest

431

(6)

Fractured Ribs

431

(2)

Flail Chest

433

(4)

Summary

437

(3)

Remember and Consider

440

(1)

Investigate

440

(1)

Unit 5 Skills

441

(8)

UNIT 6 CHILDBIRTH AND CHILDREN

Childbirth

449

(30)

National Standard Objectives

450

(1)

Learning Tasks

450

(2)

Understanding Childbirth

452

(3)

Anatomy of Pregnancy

452

(1)

Stages of Labor

453

(1)

Supplies and Materials

454

(1)

Delivery

455

(12)

Preparing for Delivery

455

(3)

Normal Delivery

458

(3)

Caring for the Newborn

461

(5)

Caring for the Mother

466

(1)

Complications and Emergencies

467

(9)

Predelivery Emergencies

469

(1)

Abnormal Delivery

470

(3)

Other Emergencies

473

(3)

Summary

476

(2)

Remember and Consider

478

(1)

Investigate

478

(1)

Infants and Children

479

(42)

National Standard Objectives

480

(1)

Learning Tasks

480

(2)

Introduction

482

(1)

Characteristics of Infants and Children

483

(9)

Age, Size, and Response

487

(1)

Special Considerations

488

(4)

Providing Emergency Care

492

(22)

Managing the Airway

492

(2)

Patient Assessment

494

(2)

Managing Specific Medical Emergencies

496

(10)

Managing Trauma Emergencies

506

(8)

Suspected Neglect and Abuse

514

(2)

Physical Abuse

515

(1)

Summary

516

(1)

Remember and Consider

517

(1)

Investigate

518

(1)

Unit 6 Skills

519

(2)

UNIT 7 EMS OPERATIONS

Gaining Access and Triage

521

(74)

National Standard Objectives

522

(1)

Learning Tasks

522

(2)

Safety

524

(1)

Motor Vehicle Accidents

524

(11)

Preparing for the Call

524

(2)

The Scene

526

(1)

The Closed Upright Vehicle

527

(5)

The Overturned Closed Vehicle

532

(1)

The Vehicle on Its Side

532

(1)

Patients Pinned Beneath Vehicles

533

(1)

Patients Caught in Wreckage

534

(1)

Buildings

535

(1)

First Responder Responsibilities

535

(1)

Entering Buildings

535

(1)

Hazards

536

(5)

Fire

536

(1)

Gas

537

(1)

Electrical Wires

538

(1)

Hazardous Materials

538

(2)

Radiation Accidents

540

(1)

Triage

541

(9)

Priorities

541

(3)

The START Plan

544

(1)

Patient Assessment

545

(3)

Helicopter Operations/Air Medical Transport

548

(2)

Summary

550

(1)

Remember and Consider

551

(1)

Investigate

552

(1)

APPENDICES

Appendix 1, Determining Blood Pressure

553

(5)

Appendix 2, Breathing Aids and Oxygen Therapy

558

(13)

Appendix 3, Pharmacology

571

(8)

Appendix 4, Swimming and Diving Accidents

579

(8)

Appendix 5, Stress Management

587

(5)

Appendix 6, First Responder Roles and Responsibilities

592

(3)

Glossary

595

(13)

Index

608

First Responder

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