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Jerry Vanclay, Professor for Sustainable Forestry and Head, School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Australia
Aaron Weiskittel, Assistant Professor of Forest Biometrics and Modelling, School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, USA
John A. Kershaw, Jr., Professor of Forest Mensuration/Biometrics, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
Acknowledgements.
1 Introduction.
1.1 Model development and validation.
1.2 Important uses.
1.3 Overview of the book.
2 Indices of competition.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Two-sided competition.
2.2.1 Distance-independent.
2.2.2 Distance-dependent.
2.3 One-sided competition.
2.3.1 Distance-independent.
2.3.2 Distance-dependent.
2.4 Limitations.
2.4.1 Low predictive power.
2.4.2 Distance-independent vs. distance-dependent.
2.4.3 Influence of sampling design.
2.5 Summary.
3 Forest site evaluation.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Phytocentric measures of site quality.
3.2.1 Site index.
3.2.2 Plant indicators.
3.2.3 Other phytocentric measures.
3.3 Geocentric measures of site productivity.
3.3.1 Physiographic measures.
3.3.2 Climatic measures.
3.3.3 Soil measures.
3.4 Summary.
4 Whole-stand and size-class models.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Whole-stand models.
4.2.1 Yield tables and equations.
4.2.2 Compatible growth and yield equations.
4.2.3 Systems of equations.
4.2.4 State-space models.
4.2.5 Transition matrix models.
4.3 Size-class models.
4.3.1 Stand table projection.
4.3.2 Matrix models.
4.3.3 Diameter-class models.
4.3.4 Cohort models.
4.4 Summary.
5 Tree-level models.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Single-tree distance-dependent models.
5.2.1 Example models.
5.3 Tree-list distance-independent models.
5.3.1 Example models.
5.4 Summary.
6 Components of tree-list models.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Diameter increment.
6.2.1 Potential diameter increment equations with multiplicative modifiers.
6.2.2 Realized diameter increment equations.
6.3 Height increment.
6.3.1 Potential height increment equations with multiplicative modifiers.
6.3.2 Realized height increment equations.
6.4 Crown recession.
6.4.1 Individual-tree crown recession models.
6.4.2 Branch-level crown recession models.
6.5 Summary.
7 Individual-tree static equations.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Total height.
7.3 Crown length.
7.4 Crown width and profile.
7.5 Stem volume and taper.
7.6 Biomass.
7.7 Use of static equations to predict missing values.
7.8 Summary.
8 Mortality.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Stand-level mortality.
8.3 Individual-tree-level mortality.
8.4 Mechanistic models of mortality.
8.5 Development and application of mortality equations.
8.6 Summary.
9 Seeding, regeneration, and recruitment.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Seeding.
9.2.1 Flowering and pollination.
9.2.2 Seed production.
9.2.3 Seed dispersal.
9.2.4 Seed germination.
9.3 Regeneration.
9.4 Recruitment.
9.4.1 Static.
9.4.2 Dynamic.
9.5 Summary.
10 Linking growth models of different resolutions.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Linked stand- and size-class models.
10.2.1 Parameter recovery.
10.2.2 Modified stand table projection.
10.3 Linked stand- and tree-models.
10.3.1 Disaggregation.
10.3.2 Constrained.
10.3.3 Combined.
10.4 Summary.
11 Modeling silvicultural treatments.
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Genetic improvements.
11.2.1 Stand-level.
11.2.2 Tree-level.
11.3 Early stand treatments.
11.3.1 Stand-level.
11.3.2 Tree-level.
11.4 Thinning.
11.4.1 Stand-level.
11.4.2 Tree-level.
11.5 Fertilization.
11.5.1 Stand-level.
11.5.2 Tree-level.
11.6 Combined thinning and fertilization.
11.6.1 Stand-level.
11.6.2 Tree-level.
11.7 Harvesting.
11.7.1 Stand-level.
11.7.2 Tree-level.
11.8 Summary.
12 Process-based models.
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Key physiological processes.
12.2.1 Light interception.
12.2.2 Photosynthesis.
12.2.3 Stomatal conductance.
12.2.4 Respiration.
12.2.5 Carbon allocation.
12.2.6 Soil water and nutrients.
12.3 Example models.
12.3.1 Forest-BGC.
12.3.2 CenW.
12.3.3 BALANCE.
12.4 Limitations.
12.4.1 Initialization.
12.4.2 Parameterization.
12.4.3 Scale.
12.4.4 Sensitivity.
12.5 Summary.
13 Hybrid models of forest growth and yield.
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Types of hybrid models.
13.2.1 Statistical growth equations with physiologically derived covariate.
13.2.2 Statistical growth equations with physiologically derived external modifier.
13.2.3 Allometric models.
13.3 Comparison to statistical models.
13.4 Summary.
14 Model construction.
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Data requirements.
14.2.1 Stem analysis.
14.2.2 Temporary plots.
14.2.3 Permanent plots.
14.3 Model form.
14.4 Parameter estimation.
14.4.1 Regression.
14.4.2 Quantile regression.
14.4.3 Generalized linear regression models.
14.4.4 Mixed models.
14.4.5 Generalized algebraic difference approach.
14.4.6 System of equations.
14.4.7 Bayesian.
14.4.8 Nonparametric.
14.4.9 Annualization.
14.5 Summary.
15 Model evaluation and calibration.
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Model criticism.
15.2.1 Model form and parameterization.
15.2.2 Variable selection and model simplicity.
15.2.3 Biological realism.
15.2.4 Compatibility.
15.2.5 Reliability.
15.2.6 Adaptability.
15.3 Model benchmarking.
15.3.1 Statistical tests.
15.3.2 Model error characterization.
15.4 Model calibration.
15.5 Summary.
16 Implementation and use.
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Collection of appropriate data.
16.3 Generation of appropriate data.
16.4 Temporal scale.
16.5 Spatial scale.
16.6 Computer interface.
16.7 Visualization.
16.8 Output.
16.9 Summary.
17 Future directions.
17.1 Improving predictions.
17.2 Improving input data.
17.3 Improving software.
17.4 Summary.
Bibliography.
Appendix 1: List of species used in the text.
Appendix 2: Expanded outline for ORGANON growth and yield model.
Index.
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