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Foundations of Clinical Research : Applications to Practice
by Leslie G. Portney; Mary P. WatkinsISBN13:
9780838510650
ISBN10:
0838510655
Format:
Hardcover
Pub. Date:
1/1/1993
Publisher(s):
Appleton & Lange
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Foundations of Clinical Research : Applications to Practice
Foundations of Clinical Research : Applications to Practice
Summary
This book serves as a comprehensive reference for a variety of research situations. This edition reflects the popular approaches to analysis and design, and addresses the focus of health-care related research through the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Expanded or added topics include outcomes research and the disablement model, validity and diagnostic screening, meta-analysis, scales used in survey and outcomes research, logistic regression, measures of reliability, and data management to prepare for computer analysis.
Table of Contents
| Foundations of Clinical Research | p. 1 |
| A Concept of Research | p. 3 |
| A Definition of Clinical Research | p. 3 |
| Contemporary Perspectives | p. 4 |
| Sources of Knowledge | p. 7 |
| Types of Research | p. 12 |
| The Research Process | p. 15 |
| Understanding Method, Content, and Philosophy | p. 17 |
| Commentary: Research and Clinical Problem Solving | p. 18 |
| The Role of Theory in Clinical Research | p. 21 |
| Purposes of Theories | p. 22 |
| Components of Theories | p. 23 |
| Types of Theories | p. 25 |
| Characteristics of Theories | p. 26 |
| Theory and Research | p. 27 |
| Theory and Law | p. 29 |
| Commentary: Applying Theory | p. 29 |
| Ethical Issues in Clinical Research | p. 33 |
| Integrity of the Researcher | p. 33 |
| Protection of Human Rights in Clinical Research | p. 34 |
| Institutional Review Board | p. 39 |
| Elements of Informed Consent | p. 40 |
| Commentary: A Patient Care Perspective | p. 45 |
| Concepts of Measurement | p. 47 |
| Principles of Measurement | p. 49 |
| Quantification and Measurement | p. 50 |
| The Indirect Nature of Measurement | p. 50 |
| Rules of Measurement | p. 52 |
| Commentary: When Is an Ordinal Measure Not an Ordinal Measure? | p. 57 |
| Reliability | p. 61 |
| Measurement Error | p. 61 |
| Reliability Coefficients | p. 64 |
| Types of Reliability | p. 66 |
| Generalizability | p. 73 |
| Pilot Testing | p. 75 |
| Commentary: What Is the True Score? | p. 75 |
| Validity of Measurements | p. 79 |
| Validity and Reliability | p. 79 |
| Validity of Inferences | p. 80 |
| Face Validity | p. 82 |
| Content Validity | p. 83 |
| Criterion-Related Validity | p. 84 |
| Construct Validity | p. 87 |
| Evaluating Diagnostic Procedures | p. 92 |
| Measuring Change | p. 101 |
| Criterion Referencing and Norm Referencing | p. 105 |
| Cross-Validation | p. 107 |
| Commentary: The Ongoing Pursuit of Validity | p. 107 |
| Design | p. 111 |
| The Research Question | p. 113 |
| Selecting a Topic | p. 114 |
| The Research Problem | p. 115 |
| Importance and Feasibility of the Research Question | p. 117 |
| Target Population | p. 119 |
| The Research Rationale | p. 119 |
| Variables | p. 120 |
| Research Objectives | p. 123 |
| Reviewing the Literature | p. 127 |
| Pilot Testing | p. 133 |
| Commentary: Putting the Horse before the Cart | p. 133 |
| Sampling | p. 137 |
| Populations and Samples | p. 137 |
| Sampling Techniques | p. 140 |
| Probability Sampling | p. 141 |
| Nonprobability Sampling | p. 146 |
| Recruitment | p. 149 |
| Commentary: Sampling, Like Life, is a Compromise | p. 150 |
| Experimental Control | p. 153 |
| Characteristics of Experiments | p. 154 |
| The Research Protocol | p. 157 |
| Blinding | p. 159 |
| Design Strategies for Controlling Intersubject Differences | p. 159 |
| Threats to Validity | p. 163 |
| Commentary: The Realities of Clinical Research | p. 173 |
| Experimental Design | p. 177 |
| Selecting a Design | p. 178 |
| Design Notation | p. 179 |
| True Experimental Designs | p. 179 |
| Repeated Measures Designs | p. 187 |
| Quasi-Experimental Designs | p. 193 |
| Commentary: The Design Should Fit the Question | p. 199 |
| Sequential Clinical Trials | p. 203 |
| The Design of a Sequential Trial | p. 204 |
| Measuring Preferences | p. 205 |
| Sequential Plans for Evaluating Preferences | p. 206 |
| Limitations of Sequential Designs | p. 215 |
| Commentary: Try It, You'll Like It | p. 217 |
| Single-Subject Designs | p. 223 |
| Structure of Single-Subject Designs | p. 224 |
| Target Behavior | p. 227 |
| Reliability | p. 231 |
| Experimental Control: Limitations of the A-B Design | p. 234 |
| Withdrawal Designs | p. 235 |
| Multiple-Treatment Designs | p. 238 |
| Multiple-Baseline Designs | p. 243 |
| Changing Criterion Design | p. 246 |
| Data Analysis in Single-Subject Research | p. 249 |
| Generalization of Findings | p. 258 |
| Commentary: It's a Start | p. 261 |
| Descriptive and Exploratory Research | p. 265 |
| Retrospective and Prospective Research | p. 266 |
| Descriptive Research | p. 267 |
| Exploratory Research | p. 277 |
| Commentary: First Things First | p. 281 |
| Surveys | p. 285 |
| Interviews and Questionnaires | p. 286 |
| Design of Surveys | p. 287 |
| Constructing Survey Questions | p. 293 |
| Scales | p. 299 |
| Q-Sort | p. 308 |
| Delphi Survey | p. 310 |
| Analysis of Survey Data | p. 311 |
| Informed Consent | p. 312 |
| Commentary: They Have a Thousand and One Uses | p. 312 |
| Epidemiology | p. 317 |
| Descriptive Epidemiology | p. 319 |
| Analytic Designs: Observational Studies | p. 324 |
| Analytic Designs: Clinical Trials | p. 330 |
| Measures of Association | p. 332 |
| Evaluating Causality in Observational Studies | p. 341 |
| Commentary: A New View of Outcomes | p. 341 |
| Other Research Approaches | p. 345 |
| Evaluation Research | p. 346 |
| Methodological Research | p. 351 |
| Secondary Analysis | p. 353 |
| Meta-Analysis | p. 355 |
| Historical Research | p. 358 |
| Commentary: Moving Forward | p. 360 |
| Analysis | p. 365 |
| Descriptive Statistics and Measures of Variability | p. 367 |
| Frequency Distributions | p. 367 |
| Measures of Central Tendency | p. 372 |
| Measures of Variability | p. 374 |
| The Normal Distribution | p. 381 |
| Commentary: Description Only Goes So Far | p. 385 |
| Statistical Inference | p. 387 |
| Probability | p. 387 |
| Sampling Error | p. 389 |
| Confidence Intervals | p. 392 |
| Hypothesis Testing | p. 397 |
| Errors in Hypothesis Testing | p. 399 |
| Type I Error: Level of Significance | p. 400 |
| Type II Error: Statistical Power | p. 402 |
| Concepts of Statistical Testing | p. 404 |
| Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics | p. 409 |
| Commentary: Statistical versus Clinical Significance | p. 410 |
| The t-Test | p. 413 |
| The Conceptual Basis for Comparing Group Means | p. 413 |
| The t-Test for Independent Samples | p. 416 |
| The t-Test for Paired Samples | p. 422 |
| Inappropriate Use of Multiple t-Tests | p. 423 |
| Use of Confidence Intervals to Test Differences between Means | p. 425 |
| Commentary: The Significance of Significance | p. 426 |
| Analysis of Variance | p. 427 |
| Analysis of Variance for Independent Samples: One-Way Classification | p. 427 |
| Analysis of Variance: Two-Way Classification | p. 432 |
| Analysis of Variance: Three-Way Classification | p. 441 |
| Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance | p. 442 |
| Commentary: Beyond Analysis of Variance | p. 450 |
| Multiple Comparison Tests | p. 453 |
| Type I Error Rate: Per Comparison versus Family | p. 454 |
| Statistical Ratios for Multiple Comparison Tests | p. 455 |
| Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference | p. 456 |
| Newman-Keuls Method | p. 457 |
| Scheffe's Comparison | p. 460 |
| Bonferroni t-Test | p. 461 |
| Simple and Complex Contrasts | p. 462 |
| Presentation of Results of Multiple Comparisons | p. 463 |
| Multiple Comparison Procedures for Factorial Designs | p. 463 |
| Multiple Comparison Procedures for Repeated Measures | p. 466 |
| Trend Analysis | p. 467 |
| Commentary: Choices, Choices, Choices | p. 471 |
| Nonparametric Tests for Group Comparisons | p. 473 |
| Criteria for Choosing Nonparametric Tests | p. 473 |
| Procedure for Ranking Scores | p. 475 |
| Test for Two Independent Samples: Mann-Whitney U-Test | p. 475 |
| Test for More than Two Independent Samples: Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | p. 478 |
| Tests for Two Correlated Samples: Sign Test and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test | p. 482 |
| Test for More than Two Correlated Samples: Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | p. 486 |
| Commentary: Decisions, Decisions, Decisions | p. 489 |
| Correlation | p. 491 |
| Scatter Plots | p. 492 |
| Correlation Coefficients | p. 493 |
| Linear versus Curvilinear Relationships | p. 493 |
| Criteria for Evaluating Correlation Coefficients | p. 494 |
| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | p. 496 |
| Correlation of Ranks: Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient | p. 497 |
| Correlation of Dichotomies | p. 500 |
| Interpreting Correlation Coefficients | p. 505 |
| Commentary: The Stork Was Busy | p. 507 |
| Regression | p. 509 |
| Linear Regression | p. 509 |
| Assumptions for Regression Analysis | p. 515 |
| Outliers | p. 517 |
| Accuracy of Prediction | p. 519 |
| Analysis of Variance of Regression | p. 521 |
| Restrictions on the Interpretation of Linear Regression Analysis | p. 523 |
| Nonlinear Regression | p. 523 |
| Analysis of Covariance | p. 527 |
| Commentary: It's Not That Simple | p. 534 |
| Analysis of Frequencies: Chi-square | p. 537 |
| The Chi-square Statistic | p. 538 |
| Goodness of Fit | p. 539 |
| Interpreting Significant Effects: Standardized Residuals | p. 543 |
| Tests of Independence | p. 544 |
| McNemar Test for Correlated Samples | p. 551 |
| Coefficients of Association | p. 552 |
| Commentary: Uses of Chi-square | p. 554 |
| Statistical Measures of Reliability | p. 557 |
| Reliability Theory and Measurement Error | p. 557 |
| Intraclass Correlation Coefficient | p. 560 |
| Agreement | p. 568 |
| Internal Consistency: Cronbach's Alpha | p. 575 |
| Response Stability | p. 577 |
| Alternate Forms: Limits of Agreement | p. 581 |
| Commentary: Know Your Reliability Coefficient | p. 584 |
| Multivariate Analysis | p. 587 |
| Partial Correlation | p. 587 |
| Multiple Regression | p. 589 |
| Logistic Regression | p. 597 |
| Discriminant Analysis | p. 603 |
| Factor Analysis | p. 607 |
| Multivariate Analysis of Variance | p. 615 |
| Commentary: Can We Keep It Simple? | p. 618 |
| Data Management | p. 621 |
| Recording Data | p. 621 |
| Data Coding | p. 622 |
| Data Entry | p. 623 |
| Data Modification | p. 626 |
| Data Management | p. 628 |
| Commentary: "Anyone can analyze data, but to really mess things up takes a computer." | p. 629 |
| Communication | p. 631 |
| Writing a Research Proposal | p. 633 |
| Components of the Research Plan | p. 635 |
| Plan for Administrative Support | p. 639 |
| Presentation of the Proposal | p. 642 |
| Commentary: Review, Revise, Edit, Revise, Review | p. 642 |
| Reporting the Results of Clinical Research | p. 645 |
| The Journal Article | p. 645 |
| The Poster Presentation | p. 656 |
| The Oral Presentation | p. 658 |
| Commentary: Taking the Final Step | p. 661 |
| Evaluating Research Reports | p. 663 |
| Analyzing Content of an Article | p. 663 |
| Commentary: The Reader's View | p. 671 |
| Appendices | |
| Statistical Tables | p. 673 |
| Summary of Statistical Procedures | p. 699 |
| Power and Sample Size | p. 705 |
| The Effect Size Index | p. 705 |
| Power Analysis for the t-Test | p. 707 |
| Power Analysis for the Analysis of Variance | p. 710 |
| Power Analysis for Correlation | p. 714 |
| Power Analysis for Regression | p. 715 |
| Power Analysis for Chi-square | p. 717 |
| Transformation of Data | p. 731 |
| Sample Informed Consent Form | p. 735 |
| Glossary of Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations | p. 739 |
| Index | p. 743 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
