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Four in One : Thinking, Reading, Writing, Researching,9780205152803

Four in One : Thinking, Reading, Writing, Researching

by Dornan, Edward A.; Dees, Robert

Edition:

1st

ISBN13:

9780205152803

ISBN10:

0205152805

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

12/1/1998

Publisher(s):

Allyn & Bacon, Inc.

Upgraded Edition: Click here!

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Table of Contents

Preface

xiii

PART I Thinking Clearly

1

(38)

Effective Thinking

3

(6)

Use Random Thinking to Release Thoughts

4

(1)

Use Reflective Thinking to Generate Information

5

(1)

Use Critical Thinking to Analyze and Evaluate Information

5

(4)

Activities

7

(2)

Critical Thinking

9

(16)

Thinking Critically Is Not Fault Finding

9

(1)

Surviving the Information Onslaught

10

(1)

Profile of a Critical Thinker

10

(4)

Becoming a Critical Thinker

14

(11)

Interpret Experience

14

(1)

Distinguish Fact from Opinion

15

(1)

Identify Assumptions Buried in Information

16

(1)

Evaluate Information by Five Criteria

16

(1)

Identify Logical Fallacies Embedded in Information

17

(3)

Activities

20

(5)

Critical Thinking and Working with Others

25

(14)

Working in Groups

26

(3)

Establish a Clear Organization

26

(2)

Use the Rogerian Approach to Resolve Conflicts

28

(1)

Thinking Critically during Group Work

29

(2)

Avoid Groupthink

29

(1)

Examine Emotional Appeals Critically

30

(1)

Be Aware of Persuasive Techniques

30

(1)

Evaluate a Group's Logical Thinking

31

(8)

Inductive Reasoning

31

(2)

Deductive Reasoning

33

(3)

Activities

36

(3)

PART II Writing College Essays

39

(120)

Preparing to Write an Essay

41

(13)

Writing and Thinking

41

(2)

Writing Sharpens Critical Thinking

41

(1)

Writing Provides a Record of Thinking

42

(1)

Levels of Thinking

42

(1)

Assess the Writing Situation

43

(5)

Determine an Assignment's Length and Time Limit

43

(1)

Clarify the Purpose of the Assignment

43

(3)

Use Common Information Sources

46

(1)

Picture a Reader

46

(2)

Employ Common Essay Conventions

48

(6)

Have a Dominant Purpose

48

(1)

Use a Consistent Essay Strategy

49

(1)

Use Consistent Paragraph Strategies

50

(1)

Activities

50

(4)

The Composing Process: Prewriting and Informal Planning

54

(21)

A Student's Composing Process

55

(5)

Assessment of the Writing Situation

58

(2)

Use Prewriting Techniques to Explore an Assignment

60

(4)

Listing

60

(1)

Freewriting

61

(1)

Clustering

61

(2)

Asking Questions

63

(1)

Consulting

63

(1)

Identify and Limit a Subject

64

(1)

Compose a Purpose Statement

65

(1)

A Student's Prewriting Activities

66

(9)

Prewriting Activities at Work

66

(4)

Formulating a Purpose Statement

70

(1)

Developing an Informal Plan

70

(2)

Activities

72

(3)

Writing a Thesis Statement and a Formal Plan

75

(11)

Write an Effective Thesis Statement

75

(5)

Make a Promise

76

(1)

Use Precise Language

77

(1)

Imply a Method of Development

78

(1)

Forecast a Development Pattern

79

(1)

Develop a Formal Plan

80

(6)

Plan with a Reader in Mind

80

(1)

Formal Outlines

80

(2)

A Student's Outlining Process

82

(1)

Activities

83

(3)

Writing Paragraphs for the Rough Draft

86

(24)

Write the Introduction

87

(3)

A Student Roughs Out an Introduction

89

(1)

Write the Discussion

90

(13)

Organize Discussion Paragraphs

90

(10)

A Student Roughs Out Discussion Paragraphs

100

(3)

Write the Conclusion

103

(2)

A Student Roughs Out a Conclusion

104

(1)

Create the Title

105

(1)

A Student Creates a Title

106

(1)

Combine the Sections of the Rough Draft

106

(4)

A Student Completes a Rough Draft

107

(2)

Activities

109

(1)

Responses to a Rough Draft: Instructor and Peer Comments

110

(5)

Instructor Comments

110

(1)

Peer Comments

111

(4)

Peer-Review Responsibilities

111

(3)

Activities

114

(1)

Revising a Rough Draft: Structure, Paragraphs, and Sentences

115

(32)

Approach Revision Systematically

116

(9)

Revise the Whole Essay

116

(1)

Revise from the Reader's Perspective

116

(1)

Revise to Add or Delete Content

117

(1)

Revise the Organization for Unity

118

(2)

Revise for Point of View

120

(2)

Revise the Paragraphs

122

(1)

Revise the Sentences

123

(2)

Guidelines for Revision

125

(22)

Cut Unnecessary Words

125

(2)

Cut Intensifiers

127

(2)

Select Specific and Concrete Words

129

(3)

Replace Weak Verbs with Strong Verbs

132

(2)

Make Passive Sentences Active

134

(1)

Eliminate Sexist Language

135

(1)

Consider the Denotations and Connotations of Words

136

(1)

Use Figurative Language with Care

136

(2)

Revise Sentences for Proper Coordination

138

(2)

Revise Sentences for Proper Subordination

140

(1)

Place Modifiers with Care

141

(1)

Correct Faulty Pronoun References

142

(1)

Eliminate Inconsistencies

143

(2)

Complete Incomplete Sentences

145

(1)

Maintain Parallelism

145

(1)

Activities

146

(1)

Preparing to Submit an Essay

147

(12)

Proofread Your Revised Draft

147

(6)

Proofread for Consistent Diction

147

(1)

Proofread for Sentence Flow and Variety

148

(1)

A Student Proofreads Her Revised Draft

149

(4)

Prepare the Final Draft Using Standard Manuscript Form

153

(6)

Materials

153

(1)

Margins

153

(1)

Indentation

154

(1)

Pagination

154

(1)

Identification

154

(1)

Title

154

(1)

A Student's Final Draft

154

(4)

Activities

158

(1)

PART III Development Patterns

159

(146)

Description: Rendering Experience

161

(17)

The Method

161

(1)

A Student Essay Developed by Description

162

(3)

Writing an Essay Developed by Description

165

(8)

Provide Descriptive Detail

166

(2)

Distinguish Objective from Subjective Description

168

(2)

Create a Dominant Impression

170

(1)

Consider Arrangement of Details

171

(1)

Use Transitions

172

(1)

Revising Descriptive Paragraphs

173

(5)

Guidelines for Writing Descriptive Essays

174

(1)

Suggestions for Descriptive Essays

174

(4)

Narration: Connecting Events

178

(18)

The Method

178

(2)

A Student Essay Developed by Narration

180

(4)

Writing an Essay Developed by Narration

184

(8)

Create a Narrative Effect

184

(2)

Follow a Narrative Structure

186

(1)

Use Scene and Summary

187

(2)

Establish Point of View

189

(1)

Follow Chronological or Psychological Time

190

(2)

Use Transitions

192

(1)

Revising Narrative Paragraphs

192

(4)

Guidelines for Writing Narrative Essays

193

(1)

Suggestions for Narrative Essays

193

(3)

Examples: Illustrating Experience

196

(16)

The Method

196

(1)

A Student Essay Developed by Examples

197

(4)

Writing an Essay Developed by Examples

201

(6)

Use a Variety of Examples

201

(1)

Select Examples with Care

202

(1)

Use Examples with Purpose

202

(5)

Use Transitions

207

(1)

Revising Examples Paragraphs

207

(5)

Guidelines for Writing Examples Essays

209

(1)

Suggestions for Examples Essays

209

(3)

Comparison: Showing Similarities and Differences

212

(13)

The Method

212

(1)

A Student Essay Developed by Comparison

212

(3)

Writing an Essay Developed by Comparison

215

(6)

Select Appropriate Subjects for Comparison

216

(1)

Establish the Comparison Early

217

(1)

Decide on the Appropriate Arrangement

218

(2)

Use Transitions

220

(1)

Revising Comparison Paragraphs

221

(4)

Guidelines for Writing Comparison Essays

222

(1)

Suggestions for Comparison Essays

222

(3)

Cause and Effect: Exploring Reasons and Results

225

(19)

The Method

225

(1)

A Student Essay Developed by Cause and Effect

226

(3)

Writing an Essay Developed by Cause and Effect

229

(9)

Avoid Reasoning Errors

231

(1)

Distinguish Causes and Effects

232

(5)

Use Transitions

237

(1)

Revising Cause and Effect Paragraphs

238

(6)

Guidelines for Writing Cause and Effect Essays

239

(1)

Suggestions for Cause and Effect Essays

239

(5)

Process Analysis: Explaining Step by Step

244

(13)

The Method

244

(1)

A Student Essay Developed by Process Analysis

245

(2)

Writing an Essay Developed by Process Analysis

247

(5)

Determine the Appropriate Type of Analysis

248

(3)

Consider the Reader's Level of Knowledge

251

(1)

Use Transitions

251

(1)

Revising Process Analysis Paragraphs

252

(5)

Guidelines for Writing Process Analysis Essays

253

(1)

Suggestions for Process Analysis Essays

253

(4)

Classification and Division: Analyzing and Arranging Experience

257

(13)

The Method

257

(2)

A Student Essay Developed by Classification and Division

259

(3)

Writing an Essay Developed by Classification and Division

262

(3)

Create Categories

262

(1)

Arrange and Label Categories

263

(2)

Use Transitions

265

(1)

Revising Classification and Division Paragraphs

265

(5)

Guidelines for Writing Classification and Division Essays

267

(1)

Suggestions for Classification and Division Essays

267

(3)

Definition: Creating Impressions

270

(16)

The Method

270

(2)

A Student Essay Developed by Definition

272

(3)

Writing an Essay Developed by Definition

275

(6)

Determine the Appropriate Type of Definition

275

(4)

Use Extended Definition with Other Development Patterns

279

(2)

Use Transitions

281

(1)

Revising Definition Paragraphs

281

(5)

Guidelines for Writing Definition Essays

282

(1)

Suggestions for Extended Definition Essays

283

(3)

Argument: Convincing a Reader

286

(19)

The Method

286

(1)

A Student Essay Developed by Argument

287

(4)

Writing an Essay Developed by Argument

291

(7)

Establish an Assertion and Provide Evidence

292

(1)

Arrange the Argument Logically

293

(1)

Recognize the Reader

293

(1)

Examine the Argument

294

(2)

Structure Argument Paragraphs

296

(2)

Revising Argument Paragraphs

298

(7)

Guidelines for Writing Argument Essays

300

(1)

Suggestions for Argument Essays

300

(5)

PART IV The Research Essay

305

(128)

Finding and Researching a Topic

307

(27)

What Is a Research Essay?

307

(3)

Length

308

(1)

Organization

308

(1)

Including Your Own Ideas

309

(1)

Getting Started: Find and Narrow a Suitable Topic

310

(8)

Frame a Research Question

310

(1)

Start with a Topic That Interests You

311

(1)

Select a Topic That Allows for Discussion

312

(1)

Use Library Resources to Find and Narrow a Topic

312

(4)

Look for a Topic Online

316

(2)

Gather Information on the Research Topic

318

(5)

Consult Bibliographies

319

(1)

Use Book, Magazine, and Journal Indexes

320

(1)

Use Newspaper Indexes

321

(2)

Prepare a Working Bibliography

323

(1)

Take Notes on Your Research

324

(10)

Take Notes Strategically

324

(1)

Take Notes with a Purpose in Mind

324

(2)

Use Effective Notetaking Methods

326

(4)

Avoid Plagiarism

330

(1)

Work with a Preliminary Thesis

330

(2)

Research Exercises

332

(2)

Researching on the Internet

334

(21)

Accessing the Internet: Online Is Onboard

334

(2)

Using Internet Addresses

334

(2)

Researching with URLs

336

(1)

Overview of Internet Systems

336

(15)

The World Wide Web: Worlds within a World

337

(1)

Search Engines: Workhorses of the Web

338

(4)

Telnet: Borrowing a Remote Computer

342

(2)

FTP: Borrowing Remote Files

344

(1)

Gopher: Searching a Menu

345

(2)

WAIS: Ranking Searching Results

347

(1)

E-Mail: Electronic Letters

348

(1)

Listservs and Mailing Lists: Group E-Mail

348

(1)

Usenet/Newsgroups: Posting Information

349

(2)

Evaluating Internet Resources: Whom Can You Trust?

351

(4)

The Range of Internet Content

351

(1)

A Reliability Checklist for Internet Sources

352

(1)

Research Activities

353

(2)

Writing Your Research Essay: From Planning to Typing the Final Draft

355

(29)

Planning Your Essay

355

(3)

Use Your Research Notes

355

(1)

Review Your Research Question

356

(1)

Review Your Preliminary Thesis Statement

356

(1)

Devise a Final (Working) Thesis Statement

357

(1)

Develop an Outline

357

(1)

Use Other Planning Strategies, as Needed

358

(1)

Writing Your Essay

358

(4)

Write an Effective Introduction

358

(1)

Develop a Discussion of the Topic

359

(2)

Write a Concluding Paragraph

361

(1)

Revise, Edit, and Proofread

362

(2)

Revise to Improve Global Qualities

362

(1)

Edit for Clarity and Correctness

362

(1)

Proofread to Make Minor Corrections

363

(1)

Guidelines for Typing Your Research Essay

364

(2)

A Student's Research Essay

366

(18)

Research Exercises

383

(1)

Documenting Sources in Your Research Essay

384

(49)

MLA-Style Documentation

385

(29)

Parenthetical Citation

385

(6)

Content Notes

391

(1)

Preparing the Works Cited Page

392

(22)

Sample Works Cited Page

414

(1)

APA-Style Documentation

414

(19)

Abstracts and Headings

414

(1)

Parenthetical Citation

414

(7)

Preparing the References Page

421

(9)

Sample References Page

430

(1)

Research Exercises

431

(2)

PART V Writing for Other Purposes

433

(38)

Writing about Literature

435

(14)

Read to Respond to the Work

435

(1)

Take Notes As You Read

435

(1)

List Your Ideas As You Read

436

(1)

Formulate a Thesis Statement about the Work

436

(1)

Write an Effective Introduction to Your Essay

437

(1)

Develop Your Discussion of the Literary Work

438

(1)

Write an Effective Conclusion to Your Essay

439

(1)

Identify Your Sources

439

(2)

Use Parenthetical Citation

440

(1)

Follow Other Standard Practices for Writing about Literature

441

(2)

Mention Authors' Names

441

(1)

Write in the Present Tense

442

(1)

Avoid Using Excessive Summary

442

(1)

Create an Accurate Title

442

(1)

A Sample Essay on a Literary Work

443

(4)

Glossary of Literary Terms and Concepts

447

(2)

Activities

448

(1)

Writing for an Essay Exam

449

(9)

Preparing for an Essay Exam

449

(3)

Review Major Course Concepts

449

(1)

Use Direction Words to Write Practice Questions

450

(1)

Prepare a List or Outline

451

(1)

Write a Practice Response

451

(1)

Make a Spelling List

452

(1)

Prepare Yourself for the Exam

452

(1)

Writing the Essay Exam

452

(3)

Read and Understand the Question

452

(1)

Plan Your Time

453

(1)

Plan Your Answer

453

(1)

Write Your Response

453

(2)

Revise and Proofread

455

(1)

A Sample Essay Exam Response

455

(3)

Activities

457

(1)

Writing for Business: Letters, Resumes, Memos, FAXes, and E-Mail

458

(13)

Writing a Business Letter

458

(5)

Formats of Business Letters

458

(2)

Elements of Business Letters

460

(3)

Writing a Resume and Cover Letter

463

(2)

Creating a Resume

463

(2)

Writing a Cover Letter

465

(1)

Writing a Memo

465

(2)

Memo Form

467

(1)

Writing a FAX and an E-Mail

467

(4)

Sending a FAX

467

(2)

Sending an E-Mail

469

(1)

Activities

470

(1)

PART VI Readings for Writers

471

(7)

Three Tips for a First Reading

473

(3)

Examine the Title

473

(1)

Take Quick Notes

474

(1)

Record First Impressions

474

(1)

What You See Is the Real You

475

(1)

Willard Gaylin

Five Tips for Rereading

476

(2)

Review the Beginning and End

477

(1)

Reread with the Purpose in Mind

477

(1)

Examine the Style

477

(1)

Linger on Interesting Passages

478

(1)

Record Your Closing Impressions

478

(1)

Selected Readings

478

(163)

Finishing School

479

(4)

Maya Angelou

I Want a Wife

483

(3)

Judy Brady

Why Don't We Complain?

486

(5)

William F. Buckley, Jr.

Entropy

491

(4)

K. C. Cole

Toxins in the Mother Tongue

495

(11)

David James Duncan

Marginal Men

506

(4)

Barbara Ehrenreich

About Men

510

(3)

Gretel Ehrlich

Shameless Talk Shows

513

(6)

C. Eugene Emery, Jr.

The Ways We Lie

519

(7)

Stephanie Ericsson

How Urban Myths Reveal Society's Fears

526

(4)

Neal Gabler

The Revolt of the Black Bourgeoisie

530

(4)

Leonce Gaiter

Why Men Marry

534

(3)

George Gilder

Becoming Desensitized to Hate Words

537

(3)

Ellen Goodman

Crack and the Box

540

(5)

Pete Hamill

Why One Peaceful Woman Carries a Pistol

545

(6)

Linda M. Hasselstrom

Why We Crave Horror Movies

551

(3)

Stephen King

The Shrieking of the Lambs

554

(13)

Andrew Klavan

The Case for Torture

567

(4)

Michael Levin

Denial Behavior

571

(7)

Michael Medved

Sexism in English: A 1990s Update

578

(11)

Alleen Pace Nilsen

A Hanging

589

(4)

George Orwell

Future Shlock

593

(7)

Neil Postman

The War Room at Bellevue

600

(6)

George Simpson

Black Men and Public Space

606

(3)

Brent Staples

A Modest Proposal

609

(7)

Jonathan Swift

Mother Tongue

616

(5)

Amy Tan

Being a Man

621

(4)

Paul Theroux

On Natural Death

625

(3)

Lewis Thomas

The Damned Human Race

628

(7)

Mark Twain

Once More to the Lake

635

(6)

E. B. White

PART VII Handbook

641

(76)

Sentence Errors

643

(36)

Sentence Fragments

643

(3)

Run-on Sentences

646

(2)

Subject/Verb Agreement

648

(5)

Verb Tense

653

(1)

Pronoun Case

654

(5)

Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement

659

(2)

Pronoun Reference

661

(2)

Gender-Neutral Language

663

(2)

Reminders for ESL Writers

665

(14)

Punctuation

679

(23)

Commas

679

(8)

Semicolons

687

(1)

Colons

688

(2)

Dashes

690

(1)

Apostrophes

691

(2)

Quotation Marks

693

(4)

Ellipses

697

(1)

Parentheses

698

(1)

Brackets

699

(1)

Slashes

699

(1)

End Punctuation Marks

700

(2)

Mechanics

702

(15)

Capitalization

702

(2)

Underlining

704

(2)

Numbers

706

(1)

Abbreviations

706

(2)

Hyphens

708

(1)

Spelling

709

(8)

Author Biographies

717

(2)

Indexes

Rhetorical Index

719

(2)

Thematic Index

721

(2)

General Index

723

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