Fuels, Energy, and the Environment

by Karim; Ghazi A.

• ISBN13: 9781466510173
• ISBN10: 146651017X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-11-07
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Developed specifically for mechanical chemical, and petroleum engineering students, this book provides an up-to-date, informed, well-integrated, and balanced overview of the field of fuels science and technology with particular reference to energy supplies, efficiency, and the environment. It is an integrated yet simplified and concise presentation of the factors and processes that control the suitability of various types of fuels in combustion systems and their impact on the environment. This approach also links supportively with related conventional engineering courses such as thermodynamics, combustion, environmental engineering, chemistry, and materials.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Author	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
Preamble	p. 1
Different Forms of Energy	p. 2
Primary Sources of Energy	p. 2
Non-Fossil Fuel Based Energy	p. 4
Hydropower	p. 4
Ocean/Wave Energy	p. 4
Wind Energy	p. 4
Solar Energy	p. 5
Geothermal Energy	p. 9
Nuclear Energy	p. 9
Considering the Losses of Energy from Its Production Source to Its Point of Consumption	p. 10
Energy Resources Exploitation	p. 11
Synopsis	p. 12
Bibliography	p. 13
Fuels in General	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Some of the Main Desirable Properties of Fuels	p. 16
Some Relevant Units of Measurement	p. 17
Some Patterns of Fuel and Energy Resources and Usage	p. 20
Definitions of Reserves	p. 21
Some General Observations about Fuel and Energy Statistics	p. 23
Changes in the Consumption of Different Sources of Energy	p. 24
Problems	p. 26
Synopsis	p. 30
Bibliography	p. 30
Fuels Classification	p. 33
Fossil Fuels	p. 33
Hydrocarbon Fuels	p. 33
Paraffinic Series, CnH2n+2 (Saturated, All with Single "C" Bonds)	p. 34
Olefin Series, CnH2n (Unsaturated with One Double Bond between Two C Atoms	p. 34
Acetylene Series, CnH2n-2 (Unsaturated with One Triple Bond between Two C Atoms)	p. 36
Naphthenes or Cycloparaffins, CnH2n (Closed Chain with Single and Saturated Bonds)	p. 36
Aromatics, CnH2n-6 (Unsaturated Ring Compounds)	p. 37
Some Oxygenated Compounds	p. 38
Problems	p. 40
Synopsis	p. 41
Bibliography	p. 41
Fuel-Consuming Energy Systems	p. 43
Fuel-Consuming Work-Producing Devices	p. 43
Work and Heat	p. 44
Efficiency	p. 45
Fuel Energy Systems	p. 47
Internal Combustion Engines	p. 47
Various Types of Reciprocating Engines	p. 48
Cogeneration	p. 52
Fuel Consumption	p. 54
Hybrid Engines	p. 56
Choice of Energy Systems	p. 57
Problems	p. 58
Synopsis	p. 58
Bibliography	p. 59
Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics	p. 61
Heating Value of Fuels	p. 61
Adiabatic Flame Temperature	p. 63
Procedure for Calculating the Temperature and Composition of the Products of Combustion, When Equilibrium Conditions Are Assumed	p. 74
Calorimeters	p. 78
Some Solved Examples	p. 78
Problems	p. 86
Synopsis	p. 90
Bibliography	p. 90
Chemical Kinetics of Fuel Combustion	p. 93
Chemical Reactions	p. 93
Combustion Chemical Kinetics	p. 96
Solved Examples	p. 103
Modeling Fuel Combustion Reactions	p. 103
Types of Chemical Reactions Relevant to Fuels and Energy	p. 106
Problems	p. 107
Synopsis	p. 108
Bibliography	p. 108
Exhaust Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels	p. 111
Products of Combustion of Fuels	p. 111
Air Pollution Control	p. 113
Catalytic Converters	p. 119
Greenhouse Effect	p. 121
Sulfur in Fuels	p. 125
Fuel-Induced Corrosion of Metals	p. 126
Solved Example	p. 126
Problems	p. 127
Synopsis	p. 128
Bibliography	p. 129
Combustion and Flames	p. 131
Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes	p. 131
Diffusion Flames versus Premixed Flames	p. 135
Combustion Stability Characteristics	p. 142
Fuel Combustion via Burners and Orifices	p. 145
Combustion of Solid Fuels	p. 146
Solid Fuels Combustion Using Fluidized Beds	p. 148
Problems	p. 150
Synopsis	p. 151
Bibliography	p. 152
Fire and Safety in Relation to Fuel Installations and Handling	p. 155
Fuel Fires	p. 155
Flammability Limits of Fuels	p. 156
Some Protective Measures	p. 162
Flash Point	p. 164
Some Terms Related to Fuel Fires and Safety	p. 167
Solved Example	p. 168
Problems	p. 170
Synopsis	p. 172
Bibliography	p. 173
Petroleum	p. 175
Petroleum Reservoirs	p. 175
Oil Recovery	p. 177
Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods	p. 178
Oil Sands	p. 182
Oil Shale	p. 186
Problems	p. 188
Synopsis	p. 188
Bibliography	p. 189
Refining of Petroleum	p. 191
Need for Refining	p. 191
Refining Chemical Processes	p. 196
Catalysts and Their Action	p. 197
Controls through Codes and Standards	p. 198
Problems	p. 199
Synopsis	p. 199
Bibliography	p. 199
Gasoline	p. 201
Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines	p. 201
Volatility	p. 203
Additives to Gasoline	p. 206
Catalysts	p. 207
Spark Ignition Engine Knock	p. 207
Some Features of Engine Knock	p. 209
Some Negative Effects of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines	p. 210
Operational Knock Limits	p. 211
Octane Number	p. 213
Effects of Engine Variables for Increased Incidence of Knock	p. 213
Knock Control	p. 215
Three-Way Catalyst	p. 215
Problems	p. 216
Synopsis	p. 217
Bibliography	p. 218
Diesel Fuels and Some Other Liquid Fuels	p. 221
Diesel Engine Combustion Processes	p. 221
Ignition Delay in Diesel Engines	p. 222
Diesel Engine Fuels	p. 223
Diesel Engine Emissions	p. 228
Biodiesel Fuels	p. 229
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel	p. 230
Dual-Fuel Engine	p. 230
Liquid Fuels for Aviation Applications	p. 231
Heavy Fuels for Boiler and Furnace Applications	p. 234
Liquid and Solid Propellants	p. 234
Solved Example	p. 235
Problems	p. 236
Some Definitions Associated with Liquid Fuels	p. 237
Synopsis	p. 239
Bibliography	p. 239
Solid Fuels	p. 241
Combustion of Solid Fuels	p. 241
Coal	p. 241
Case for Coal	p. 244
Some Properties of Coal	p. 246
Classification of Coals	p. 248
Solved Examples	p. 249
Coal Combustion in Fluidized Beds	p. 251
Gasification of Coal	p. 252
Underground Gasification of Coal	p. 254
Other Solid Fuels	p. 254
Coal Bed Methane	p. 257
Solid Fuels as Propellants	p. 257
Solved Example	p. 258
Problems	p. 259
Synopsis	p. 260
Bibliography	p. 260
Natural Gas and Other Gaseous Fuels	p. 263
Merits of Operation on Gaseous Fuels	p. 263
Natural Gas	p. 265
Natural Gas Transmission	p. 271
Flaring of Fuel Gases	p. 275
Liquefied Natural Gas	p. 276
LNG Safety	p. 277
Hydrates of Methane	p. 278
Comparison of Features of Natural-Gas-Fueled Gas Turbines with Those of Spark Ignition Engines	p. 279
Propane and Liquefied Petroleum Gas	p. 280
Solved Example	p. 281
LPG Safety	p. 284
Some Common Non-Natural Gas Mixtures	p. 285
Landfill Gases	p. 288
Biogas Fuels	p. 289
Hydrogen Sulfide	p. 290
Solved Examples	p. 291
Problems	p. 295
Some Gaseous Fuel Mixture Terms	p. 296
Synopsis	p. 296
Bibliography	p. 297
Alternative Fuels	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Applications	p. 303
Alcohols as Fuels	p. 304
Hydrogen as a Fuel	p. 306
Liquid Hydrogen	p. 310
Compressed Natural Gas	p. 311
Problems	p. 313
Synopsis	p. 313
Bibliography	p. 314
Glossary	p. 317
References	p. 325
Index	p. 333
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