Gendered Lives Communication, Gender, and Culture (with InfoTrac)

by Wood, Julia T.

• ISBN13: 9780534581633
• ISBN10: 0534581633
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-06-17
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Author Biography

Julia T. Wood is the Lineberger Distinguished Professor of Humanities and Professor of Communication Studies at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Julia T. Wood joined the Department of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at the age of 24. She is now a professor in that department, where she teaches courses and conducts research on gender, communication, and culture, and on communication in personal relationships. During her career, she has authored 15 books and edited 8 others. In addition, she has published more than 70 articles and book chapters and has presented numerous papers at professional conferences. She has won 8 awards for undergraduate teaching and 8 awards for her scholarship

Table of Contents

Introduction
Opening the Conversation	1	(12)
The Social Construction of Inequality	2	(2)
Feminism---Feminisms	4	(2)
Becoming Aware	6	(2)
Why I Wrote This Book	8	(2)
Communication as the Fulcrum of Change	10	(1)
The Challenge of Studying Communication, Gender, and Culture	11	(1)
Discussion Questions	11	(2)
PART I CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
The Study of Communication, Gender, and Culture	13	(24)
Communication, Gender, and Culture as an Area of Study	13	(2)
Knowledge of Gender, Communication, and Culture	14	(1)
Student Interest	14	(1)
The Value of Studying Communication, Gender, and Culture	14	(1)
The Meaning of Gender in a Transitional Era	15	(3)
Confusing Attitudes	15	(2)
Differences Between Women and Men	17	(1)
Relationships Among Gender, Culture, and Communication	18	(17)
Gender and Sex	19	(1)
Sex	19	(2)
Gender	21	(7)
Culture	28	(2)
Communication	30	(1)
Communication is a dynamic process	31	(1)
Communication is systemic	31	(1)
Communication has two levels of meaning	32	(1)
Meanings are created through human interaction with symbols	33	(2)
Summary	35	(1)
Discussion Questions	35	(2)
Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development	37	(23)
Theoretical Approaches to Gender	38	(19)
Biological Influences on Gender	39	(4)
Interpersonal Influences on Gender	43	(1)
Psychodynamic theory of gender development	44	(2)
Psychological theories of gender development	46	(4)
Cultural Influences on Gender	50	(1)
Anthropology	50	(2)
Symbolic interactionism	52	(2)
Standpoint theory	54	(3)
Summary	57	(1)
Discussion Questions	58	(2)
The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Women's, Men's, and Gender Movements in America	60	(42)
Women's Movements	61	(19)
The First Wave of Women's Movements in the United States	61	(1)
The women's rights movement	61	(2)
The cult of domesticity	63	(2)
The Second Wave of Women's Movements in the United States	65	(1)
Radical feminism	65	(3)
Liberal feminism	68	(3)
Separatism	71	(1)
Cultural feminists	72	(2)
Lesbian feminists	74	(1)
Revalorists	74	(1)
Womanists	75	(2)
Multiracial feminism	77	(1)
Power feminism	78	(2)
The Third Wave of Women's Movements in the United States	80	(3)
Men's Movements	83	(12)
Profeminist Men's Movements	84	(3)
Promasculinist Men's Movements	87	(1)
Free Men	87	(2)
Mythopoetic men	89	(3)
Promise Keepers	92	(2)
Million Man March	94	(1)
Other Movements Focused on Gender	95	(5)
The Backlash	96	(2)
Ecofeminism	98	(2)
Summary	100	(1)
Discussion Questions	100	(2)
Gendered Verbal Communication	102	(28)
The Nature of Human Communication	103	(1)
Verbal Communication Expresses Cultural Views of Gender	103	(12)
Language Defines Gender	104	(1)
Male generic language excludes women	104	(1)
Language defines men and women differently	105	(3)
Language names what exists	108	(1)
Language Organizes Perceptions of Gender	109	(1)
Stereotyping gender	110	(1)
Encouraging polarized thinking	111	(1)
Language Evaluates Gender	111	(1)
Language Enables Hypothetical Thought	112	(2)
Language Allows Self Reflection	114	(1)
Language Is a Process	115	(1)
Gendered Interaction: Masculine and Feminine Styles of Verbal Communication	115	(13)
Gendered Speech Communities	116	(1)
The Lessons of Childplay	117	(1)
Boys' games	117	(1)
Girls' games	118	(1)
Gendered Communication Practices	119	(1)
Feminine speech	119	(3)
Masculine speech	122	(2)
Gender-Based Misinterpretations in Communication	124	(1)
Showing support	125	(1)
``Troubles talk''	125	(1)
The point of the story	126	(1)
Relationship talk	127	(1)
Public speaking	127	(1)
Summary	128	(1)
Discussion Questions	129	(1)
Gendered Nonverbal Communication	130	(23)
Functions of Nonverbal Communication	131	(4)
Nonverbal Communication Can Supplement Verbal Communication	131	(1)
Nonverbal Communication Can Regulate Interaction	131	(1)
Nonverbal Communication Can Establish the Relationship Level of Meaning	132	(1)
Responsiveness	132	(2)
Liking	134	(1)
Power or control	134	(1)
Forms of Nonverbal Communication	135	(13)
Artifacts	136	(2)
Proximity and Personal Space	138	(2)
Haptics (Touch)	140	(1)
Kinesics (Facial and Body Motion)	141	(1)
Paralanguage	142	(1)
Physical Characteristics	143	(5)
Implications of Gendered Nonverbal Communication	148	(3)
The Cultural Context of Nonverbal Communication	149	(1)
Respecting Differences in Nonverbal Communication	150	(1)
Summary	151	(1)
Discussion Questions	152	(1)
PART II GENDERED COMMUNICATION IN PRACTICE
Gendered Family Dynamics	153	(28)
Entering a Gendered Society	154	(1)
Self as-Object	154	(1)
Monitoring	154	(1)
Gendering Communication in the Family	155	(12)
Unconscious Processes: Identification and Internalization	155	(4)
Ego Boundaries	159	(1)
Parental Attitudes About Gender	160	(1)
Parental Communication About Gender	161	(3)
Parental Modeling	164	(1)
Different Contributions of Mothers and Fathers	165	(2)
The Personal Side of the Gender Drama	167	(11)
Growing Up Masculine	167	(5)
Growing Up Feminine	172	(6)
Summary	178	(1)
Discussion Questions	179	(2)
Gendered Close Relationships	181	(25)
The Meaning of Personal Relationships	182	(3)
Defining Personal Relationships	182	(1)
Gender and Closeness	182	(1)
The male deficit model	182	(1)
The alternate paths model	183	(2)
Gendered Friendships	185	(7)
Commonalities in Women's and Men's Friendships	185	(1)
Differences Between Women's and Men's Friendships	185	(1)
Women's Friendships: Closeness in Dialogue	186	(2)
Men's Friendships: Closeness in the Doing	188	(2)
Friendships Between Women and Men	190	(2)
Gendered Romantic Relationships	192	(11)
Developing Romantic Intimacy	192	(2)
Engaging in Committed Relationships	194	(1)
Gendered modes of expressing care	195	(2)
Gendered preferences for autonomy and connection	197	(1)
Gendered responsibility for relational health	198	(1)
Gendered power dynamics	199	(4)
Summary	203	(1)
Discussion Questions	204	(2)
Gendered Education: Communication in Schools	206	(20)
The Organization of Schools	208	(5)
Schools Perpetuate Gender Inequities	208	(1)
Schools Limit Career Aspirations	209	(1)
Schools Have Too Few Female and Minority Role Models	209	(4)
Curricular Content	213	(3)
Misrepresentation of White Men as Standard	213	(1)
The Invisibility of Women	214	(1)
Misrepresentation of Human Experiences	215	(1)
Educational Processes	216	(7)
Unequal Attention to Male and Female Students	216	(1)
Not Taking Women Students Seriously	216	(2)
Classroom Communication	218	(1)
Gender biases in teachers' communication	218	(2)
Communication among peers	220	(1)
Instructional style	221	(2)
Summary	223	(1)
Discussion Questions	224	(2)
Gendered Organizational Communication	226	(35)
Institutional Stereotypes of Women and Men	227	(9)
Stereotypes of Women	227	(1)
Sex object	227	(1)
Mother	228	(1)
Child	229	(1)
Iron maiden	230	(3)
Stereotypes of Men	233	(1)
Sturdy oak	233	(1)
Fighter	233	(1)
Breadwinner	234	(1)
Evaluation of Stereotypes	235	(1)
Misunderstandings of Professional Communication	236	(6)
Male Standards in Institutions	236	(1)
Masculine Norms for Professional Communication	237	(2)
Static (or Unchanging) Views of Communication	239	(2)
Misperceptions of Men's and Women's Ability to Work Together	241	(1)
Gendered Communication Systems in Organizations	242	(8)
Leave Policies and Work Schedules	242	(1)
Leave policies	242	(2)
Work schedules	244	(2)
Communication Climates in Organizations	246	(1)
Unwelcoming environments for women	246	(1)
The informal network	247	(1)
Mentor relationships	248	(1)
Glass Ceilings---and Walls	248	(2)
Efforts to Redress Gendered Inequity in Institutions	250	(7)
Equal Opportunity Laws	250	(1)
Affirmative Action Policies	251	(3)
Quotas and Goals	254	(1)
Quotas	254	(1)
Goals	254	(2)
Increasing Sensitivity to Gender Issues	256	(1)
Summary	257	(1)
Discussion Questions	258	(3)
Gendered Media	261	(32)
The Prevalence of Media in Cultural Life	262	(1)
Themes in Media	263	(16)
Underrepresentation of Women and Minorities	264	(1)
Portrayals of Men and Women	265	(1)
Portrayals of men	265	(2)
Portrayals of women	267	(5)
Images of Relationships Between Men and Women	272	(1)
Women's dependence/men's independence	272	(2)
Women's incompetence/men's authority	274	(2)
Women as primary caregivers/men as breadwinners	276	(1)
Women as victims and sex objects/men as aggressors	277	(2)
Bias in News Coverage	279	(4)
Implications of Media Representations of Gender	283	(7)
Fostering Unrealistic and Limited Gender Ideals	284	(2)
Pathologizing the Human Body	286	(3)
Normalizing Violence Against Women	289	(1)
Summary	290	(1)
Discussion Questions	291	(2)
Gendered Power and Violence	293	(32)
The Social Construction of Gendered Violence	294	(1)
The Many Faces of Gendered Violence	295	(18)
Gender Intimidation	295	(2)
Sexual Assault	297	(2)
Abuse Between Intimates	299	(6)
Sexual Harassment	305	(1)
Quid pro quo	306	(1)
Hostile environment	307	(1)
Whose perspective counts?	307	(1)
Genital Mutilation	308	(1)
Male circumcision	308	(1)
Sunna	309	(1)
Excision or clitoridectomy	309	(1)
Infibulation	309	(3)
Gender-Based Murder	312	(1)
Social Foundations of Gendered Violence	313	(6)
Normalization of Violence in Media	314	(1)
Normalization of Violence by Institutions	315	(1)
Family	316	(1)
Law enforcement	317	(1)
Counseling	317	(1)
Language	318	(1)
Resisting Gendered Violence: Where Do We Go From Here?	319	(3)
Personal Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence	320	(1)
Social Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence	321	(1)
Summary	322	(1)
Discussion Questions	323	(2)
EPILOGUE Looking Backward, Looking Forward	325	(16)
The Cultural Construction and Reconstruction of Gender	325	(1)
Looking Backward, Looking Forward	326	(9)
Communication	327	(1)
Women's communication	327	(1)
Men's communication	327	(1)
Gender and communication in the future	328	(1)
Women's and Men's Movements	328	(1)
Feminism	328	(1)
The future of feminism	328	(1)
Men's movements	329	(1)
Gender in Education	330	(1)
Reducing gender discrimination	330	(1)
Future gender issues in education	330	(1)
Gender in Media	331	(1)
Changes in media's portrayals of men and women	331	(1)
Mediated gender in the future	331	(1)
Gender in Personal Relationships	332	(1)
Changes in gender relations	333	(1)
Addressing gender divisions	333	(1)
Gender and Violence	334	(1)
Gender in Institutional Settings	334	(1)
Women's positions in institutions	335	(1)
Social support for families	335	(1)
Creating the Future	335	(4)
Defining Masculinity and Femininity	336	(1)
Responding to Differences	337	(1)
Redefining Culture	337	(1)
Taking a Voice	338	(1)
Discussion Questions	339	(2)
Glossary	341	(4)
References	345	(32)
Index	377