Gis And Crime Mapping

by Chainey, Spencer; Ratcliffe, Jerry

• ISBN13: 9780470860991
• ISBN10: 0470860995
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 7/22/2005
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

The growing potential of GIS for supporting policing and crime reduction is now being recognised by a broader community. GIS can be employed at different levels to support operational policing, tactical crime mapping, detection, and wider-ranging strategic analyses. With the use of GIS for crime mapping increasing, this book provides a definitive reference. GIS and Crime Mapping provides essential information and reference material to support readers in developing and implementing crime mapping. Relevant case studies help demonstrate the key principles, concepts and applications of crime mapping. This book combines the topics of theoretical principles, GIS, analytical techniques, data processing solutions, information sharing, problem-solving approaches, map design, and organisational structures for using crime mapping for policing and crime reduction. Delivered in an accessible style, topics are covered in a manner that underpins crime mapping use in the three broad areas of operations, tactics and strategy. Provides a complete start-to-finish coverage of crime mapping, including theory, scientific methodologies, analysis techniques and design principles. Includes a comprehensive presentation of crime mapping applications for operational, tactical and strategic purposes. Includes global case studies and examples to demonstrate good practice. Co-authored by Spencer Chainey, a leading researcher and consultant on GIS and crime mapping, and Jerry Ratcliffe, a renowned professor and former police officer. This book is essential reading for crime analysts and other professionals working in intelligence roles in law enforcement or crime reduction, at the local, regional and national government levels. It is also an excellent reference for undergraduate and Masters students taking courses in GIS, Geomatics, Crime Mapping, Crime Science, Criminal Justice and Criminology.

Author Biography

Spencer Chainey is the author of GIS and Crime Mapping, published by Wiley.

Jerry Ratcliffe is the author of GIS and Crime Mapping, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xiii
1 Introduction	1	(12)
1.1 The geography of crime	1	(1)
1.2 A brief history of GIS and crime mapping	2	(1)
1.3 Using GIS in policing and to prevent crime	3	(1)
1.4 The audience for this book	4	(1)
1.5 The content and structure of the book	5	(2)
1.6 Putting it all in perspective	7	(3)
Case study: Crime mapping in Lincoln, Nebraska	7	(3)
Further reading	10	(1)
References	11	(2)
2 Mapping and the Criminal Justice Environment	13	(24)
Learning Objectives	13	(1)
2.1 Introduction	13	(1)
2.2 The terminology of services in the criminal justice environment	14	(5)
2.3 The spatial hierarchy of the criminal justice system and crime reduction services	19	(3)
Case study: Policing across the spatial hierarchy in the UK - The National Intelligence Model	21	(1)
2.4 The geographical jurisdiction of law enforcement and crime reduction services	22	(2)
2.5 The use of crime mapping in law enforcement and crime reduction	24	(7)
Case study: Using GIS to monitor the effect of alley-gating schemes	28	(3)
2.6 Summary	31	(2)
Further reading	33	(1)
References	33	(4)
3 The Basics of Crime Mapping	37	(42)
Learning Objectives	37	(1)
3.1 What is a GIS?	38	(2)
3.2 How does a GIS work?	40	(1)
3.3 GIS files	41	(2)
3.4 Coordinate systems and projections	43	(3)
3.5 Getting crime data into a GIS	46	(6)
Case study: Using GPS technology to capture environmental crime incidents in North London, England	50	(2)
3.6 Geocoding in the real world	52	(4)
3.7 Address data cleaning	56	(1)
3.8 Address reference files	56	(3)
Case study: Geocoding crime data at the point of record entry in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland	58	(1)
3.9 Geocoding functions	59	(1)
3.10 Geocoding and fitness for purpose	60	(1)
3.11 Measuring geocoding accuracy	61	(4)
Case study: Handling uncertainty and incompleteness in crime records	64	(1)
3.12 Mapping and unreported crime data	65	(3)
3.13 Editing data in a GIS	68	(1)
3.14 Performing queries on data in a GIS	69	(1)
3.15 Performing spatial functions and integrating data in a GIS	69	(1)
3.16 Asking spatial questions before mapping or analysing data	70	(5)
3.17 Summary	75	(1)
Further reading	75	(1)
References	76	(3)
4 Spatial Theories of Crime	79	(36)
Learning Objectives	79	(1)
4.1 Introduction	79	(2)
4.2 Early environmental criminology	81	(5)
4.3 The space and time of offences	86	(10)
4.4 Offender-offence interaction	96	(11)
4.5 Spatial crime theory in practice	107	(2)
4.6 Summary	109	(1)
Further reading	109	(1)
References	110	(5)
5 Spatial Statistics for Crime Analysis	115	(30)
Learning Objectives	115	(1)
5.1 Introduction	116	(1)
5.2 Spatial processes	116	(3)
5.3 Centrographic statistics	119	(7)
5.4 Estimates of spatial dependence	126	(8)
Case study: The application of Moran's I on burglary at the state level in the United States of America	132	(2)
5.5 Spatial regression models	134	(6)
Case study: A spatial lag model of anonymous narcotics tips in Philadelphia, USA	137	(1)
Case study: Local spatial processes with Geographically Weighted Regression	138	(2)
5.6 Summary	140	(1)
Further reading	141	(1)
References	142	(3)
6 Identifying Crime Hotspots	145	(38)
Learning Objectives	145	(1)
6.1 Introduction	145	(2)
6.2 When is a hotspot 'hot'?	147	(1)
6.3 Point maps	148	(2)
6.4 Geographic boundary thematic mapping	150	(3)
6.5 Grid thematic mapping	153	(2)
6.6 Continuous surface smoothing methods	155	(8)
Case study: Mapping hotspots of thefts of vehicles in Camden, London	162	(1)
6.7 Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) statistics	163	(9)
6.8 Considering the underlying population	172	(5)
Case study: Identifying street crime risk hotspots in the West End of London using pedestrian counts	174	(3)
6.9 Predictive crime mapping	177	(2)
6.10 Summary	179	(1)
Further reading	180	(1)
References	180	(3)
7 Mapping Crime with Local Community Data	183	(40)
Learning Objectives	183	(1)
7.1 Introduction	184	(1)
7.2 What are crime reduction partnerships?	184	(2)
7.3 Mapping and the benefits of partnership working	186	(3)
Case study: Comparing the perception of where crime happens with where crime actually happens	187	(2)
7.4 Partnership data	189	(10)
Case study: Crime And Disorder Information Exchange (CADDIE), Sussex, England	195	(4)
7.5 Information sharing	199	(14)
Case study: The Amethyst Crime and Disorder Information Hub, Cornwall, England	211	(2)
7.6 Combining data from different geographic units	213	(6)
7.7 Summary	219	(1)
Further reading	220	(1)
References	221	(2)
8 Mapping and Analysing Change Over Time	223	(34)
Learning Objectives	223	(1)
8.1 Introduction	223	(2)
8.2 The timeline	225	(3)
8.3 Temporal resolution and querying a temporal database	228	(3)
8.4 Comparing two distributions	231	(4)
8.5 Mapping temporal change with graphs	235	(5)
8.6 Using animation	240	(5)
8.7 Quantifying change over time	245	(6)
8.8 Aoristic analysis	251	(3)
Case study: Aoristic analysis of vehicle crime in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs	253	(1)
8.9 Summary	254	(1)
Further reading	255	(1)
References	255	(2)
9 Mapping for Operational Police Activities	257	(30)
Learning Objectives	257	(1)
9.1 Introduction	258	(1)
9.2 CompStat	259	(12)
Case study: CompStat mapping in the Philadelphia Police Department	264	(4)
Case study: CompStat from a management perspective	268	(3)
9.3 Intelligence products in the UK	271	(3)
9.4 Repeat victimisation	274	(3)
9.5 The hotspot matrix	277	(6)
Case study: A street crime hotspot matrix	281	(2)
9.6 Summary	283	(1)
Further reading	283	(1)
References	284	(3)
10 Tactical and Investigative Crime Mapping Applications	287	(36)
Learning Objectives	287	(1)
10.1 Introduction	288	(2)
10.2 Understanding offenders	290	(6)
10.3 The journey to crime	296	(6)
Case study: The journey to crime and the 'self-containment index'	302	(1)
10.4 Geographic profiling	302	(7)
Case study: Geographic profile for Operation Lynx	305	(4)
10.5 Using maps as evidence	309	(3)
Case study: Using maps as evidence in a murder trial in Florida	310	(2)
10.6 Detecting offenders through their self-selection	312	(5)
Case study: Self-selection of offenders through illegal parking in disabled parking bays	315	(2)
10.7 Summary	317	(1)
Further reading	318	(1)
References	318	(5)
11 Policing the Causes of Crime	323	(30)
Learning Objectives	323	(1)
11.1 Introduction - the level of strategic crime control	324	(1)
11.2 Policing for crime reduction	325	(8)
Case study: Supporting strategic crime analysis in London, England	332	(1)
11.3 Analysing the underlying drivers of crime	333	(7)
11.4 The geography of neighbourhood studies	340	(8)
Case study: Street corner geography for street corner problems?	345	(3)
11.5 Summary	348	(1)
Further reading	348	(1)
References	349	(4)
12 Crime Map Cartography	353	(36)
Learning Objectives	353	(1)
12.1 Introduction - the purpose of the map	353	(2)
12.2 Design considerations	355	(11)
12.3 Visual variables and colour	366	(7)
12.4 Thematic maps of areal data	373	(7)
12.5 Thematic maps of point data	380	(1)
12.6 Getting away from paper: The digital age	381	(4)
12.7 Summary	385	(1)
Further reading	386	(1)
References	386	(3)
13 The Management and Organisation of Crime Mapping Services	389	(34)
Learning Objectives	389	(1)
13.1 Introduction	390	(1)
13.2 Implementing crime mapping	391	(8)
13.3 Understanding the role of crime analysis	399	(10)
Case study: Crime mapping and analysis in the Glendale Police Department, Arizona	406	(3)
13.4 Organising the production of crime mapping products	409	(9)
Case study: Project Spectrom - a new operational policing model for West Midlands Police, England	412	(3)
Case study: The importance of management to support crime analysis	415	(3)
13.5 Summary	418	(1)
Further reading	418	(1)
References	419	(4)
Index	423