Alternate Contents: Types of Arguments | p. xiv |
Preface | p. xx |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Persuading with Good Reasons | p. 1 |
What Do We Mean by Argument? | p. 2 |
What Does Argument Mean for College Writers? | p. 2 |
How Can You Argue Responsibly? | p. 3 |
How Can You Argue Respectfully? | p. 4 |
Reading and Discovering Arguments | |
Why Argue? | p. 9 |
Why Do People Write Arguments? | p. 9 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 10 |
Why Do Some Arguments Succeed? | p. 12 |
What Are the Goals of Arguments? | p. 16 |
What Are Rhetorical Appeals? | p. 17 |
Rachel Carson, The Obligation to Endure | p. 19 |
Reading Arguments | p. 22 |
Read Critically | p. 22 |
Read Actively | p. 22 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 24 |
Recognize Fallacies | p. 26 |
Respond as a Writer | p. 28 |
Finding Arguments | p. 30 |
Find Arguments in Everyday Conversations | p. 30 |
Find a Topic that Interests You | p. 33 |
Find a Claim by Exploring | p. 37 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 39 |
Find a Claim by Reading | p. 40 |
Find Good Reasons | p. 44 |
Find Evidence to Support Good Reasons | p. 50 |
Drafting and Revising Arguments | p. 52 |
State and Evaluate Your Thesis | p. 52 |
Think about Your Readers | p. 54 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 55 |
Organize Your Argument | p. 57 |
Write an Engaging Title and Introduction | p. 58 |
Write a Strong Conclusion | p. 59 |
Evaluate Your Draft | p. 60 |
Respond to the Writing of Others | p. 62 |
Edit and Proofread Carefully | p. 64 |
Analyzing Arguments | |
Analyzing Written Arguments | p. 69 |
What Is Rhetorical Analysis? | p. 69 |
Build a Rhetorical Analysis | p. 69 |
Analyze the Rhetorical Features | p. 70 |
Analyze the Rhetorical Context | p. 75 |
Write a Rhetorical Analysis | p. 79 |
Barbara Jordan, Statement on the Articles of Impeachment | p. 80 |
T. Jonathan Jackson (student), An Argument of Reason and Passion: Barbara Jordan's "Statement on the Articles of Impeachment" | p. 84 |
Steps to Writing a Rhetorical Analysis | p. 87 |
Analyzing Visual Arguments | p. 90 |
What Is a Visual Argument? | p. 90 |
Analyze Visual Persuasion | p. 92 |
Analyze Visual Evidence | p. 93 |
Build a Visual Analysis | p. 100 |
Write a Visual Analysis | p. 100 |
Angela Yamashita (student), Got Roddick? | p. 101 |
Steps to Writing a Visual Analysis | p. 104 |
Writing Arguments | |
Putting Good Reasons into Action | p. 109 |
Use Different Approaches to Construct an Argument | p. 110 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 111 |
Definition Arguments | p. 113 |
Understand How Definition Arguments Work | p. 113 |
Recognize Kinds of Definitions | p. 114 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 117 |
Build a Definition Argument | p. 118 |
Scott McCloud, Setting the Record Straight | p. 121 |
Chris Nguyen (student), Speech Doesn't Have to Be Pretty to Be Protected | p. 129 |
Steps to Writing a Definition Argument | p. 134 |
Causal Arguments | p. 137 |
Understand How Causal Arguments Work | p. 137 |
Find Causes | p. 138 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 140 |
Build a Causal Argument | p. 142 |
Annie Murphy Paul, The Real Marriage Penalty | p. 144 |
Emily Raine, Why Should I Be Nice to You? Coffee Shops and the Politics of Good Service | p. 147 |
Steps to Writing a Causal Argument | p. 153 |
Evaluation Arguments | p. 156 |
Understand How Evaluation Arguments Work | p. 156 |
Recognize Kinds of Evaluations | p. 157 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 159 |
Build an Evaluation Argument | p. 160 |
Michael Eric Dyson, Gangsta Rap and American Culture | p. 162 |
Rashaun Giddens (student), Stop Loss or "Loss of Trust" | p. 163 |
Steps to Writing an Evaluation Argument | p. 174 |
Narrative Arguments | p. 177 |
Understand How Narrative Arguments Work | p. 178 |
Recognize Kinds of Narrative Arguments | p. 179 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 180 |
Build a Narrative Argument | p. 181 |
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Border Patrol State | p. 182 |
Dagoberto Gilb, My Landlady's Yard | p. 187 |
Steps to Writing a Narrative Argument | p. 190 |
Rebuttal Arguments | p. 192 |
Understand How Rebuttal Arguments Work | p. 193 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 195 |
Recognize Kinds of Rebuttal Arguments | p. 196 |
Build a Rebuttal Argument | p. 199 |
Dan Stein, Crossing the Line | p. 200 |
Gregory Rodriguez, Illegal Immigrants-They're Money | p. 202 |
Steps to Writing a Rebuttal Argument | p. 205 |
Proposal Arguments | p. 210 |
Understand How Proposal Arguments Work | p. 211 |
Recognize Components of Proposal Arguments | p. 212 |
Finding Good Reasons | p. 213 |
Build a Proposal Argument | p. 214 |
Thomas Homer-Dixon and S. Julio Friedmann, Coal in a Nice Shade of Green | p. 216 |
Kim Lee (student), Let's Make It a Real Melting Pot with Presidential Hopes for All | p. 219 |
Steps to Writing a Proposal Argument | p. 223 |
Designing and Presenting Arguments | |
Designing Arguments | p. 229 |
Think About Your Readers | p. 229 |
Know When to Use Images and Graphics | p. 230 |
Compose and Edit Images | p. 231 |
Create Tables, Charts, and Graphs | p. 234 |
Design Pages for Print | p. 236 |
Design Pages for the Web | p. 238 |
Presenting Arguments | p. 238 |
Plan in Advance | p. 238 |
Design Effective Visuals | p. 240 |
Focus on Your Delivery | p. 242 |
Researching Arguments | |
Planning Research | p. 247 |
Analyze the Research Task | p. 247 |
Find a Subject | p. 247 |
Ask a Research Question | p. 249 |
Gather Information About the Subject | p. 249 |
Draft a Working Thesis | p. 252 |
Finding Sources | p. 254 |
Search with Keywords | p. 255 |
Find Books | p. 256 |
Find Journal Articles | p. 256 |
Find Web Sources | p. 259 |
Evaluating and Recording Sources | p. 263 |
Evaluate Print Sources | p. 263 |
Find Information to Cite Print Sources | p. 264 |
Evaluate Database Sources | p. 266 |
Find Information to Cite a Database Source | p. 266 |
Evaluate Web Sources | p. 267 |
Find Information to Cite a Web Source | p. 269 |
Writing the Research Paper | p. 270 |
Review Your Goals and Thesis | p. 270 |
Determine Your Contribution | p. 270 |
Determine Your Main Points | p. 271 |
Avoid Plagiarism | p. 271 |
Quote Sources Without Plagiarizing | p. 273 |
Summarize and Paraphrase Sources Without Plagiarizing | p. 274 |
Incorporate Quotations | p. 276 |
Incorporate Visuals | p. 278 |
Documenting Sources in MLA Style | p. 280 |
Elements of MLA Documentation | p. 280 |
MLA In-Text Citations | p. 284 |
MLA Works-Cited List: Books | p. 287 |
MLA Works-Cited List: Periodicals | p. 291 |
MLA Works-Cited List: Library Database Sources | p. 293 |
MLA Works-Cited List: Online Sources | p. 293 |
MLA Works-Cited List: Other Sources | p. 295 |
Sample MLA Paper: Brian Witkowski (student), Need a Cure for Tribe Fever? How About a Dip in the Lake? | p. 297 |
Documenting Sources in APA Style | p. 304 |
Elements of APA Documentation | p. 304 |
APA In-Text Citations | p. 307 |
APA References List: Books | p. 309 |
APA References List: Periodicals | p. 310 |
APA References List: Library Database Sources | p. 311 |
APA References List: Online Sources | p. 311 |
APA References List: Other Sources | p. 312 |
Contemporary Arguments | p. 313 |
Negotiating the Environment | p. 315 |
American Environmentalism | p. 315 |
Contemporary Arguments | p. 316 |
Edward O. Wilson, The Conservation Ethic | p. 318 |
Sidebar: Aldo Leopold, From The Land Ethic | p. 320 |
N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain | p. 323 |
Robert Bullard, How Race Affected the Federal Government's Response to Katrina | p. 328 |
Wendell Berry, Manifesto: Mad Farmer Liberation Front | p. 331 |
Issue in Focus: Climate Change | p. 333 |
Al Gore, What Is Global Warming? | p. 335 |
Al Gore, Ten Things to Do to Help Stop Global Warming | p. 338 |
Christopher C. Horner, Top Ten "Global-Warming" Myths | p. 339 |
Glenn McCoy, And Looking at Our Extended Forecast ... (cartoon) | p. 340 |
Philip Jenkins, Burning at the Stake | p. 343 |
Alex Williams, Buying into the Green Movement | p. 345 |
Chicago Tribune, Fast Clothes vs. Green Clothes (editorial) | p. 349 |
Elisabeth Rosenthal, Environmentally Unfriendly Trend: Fast Fashion | p. 350 |
Sidebar: How "Green" Is Your T-Shirt? | p. 351 |
From Reading to Writing | p. 352 |
Confronting Sexual Difference | p. 353 |
Sexual Difference in American Culture | p. 353 |
Contemporary Arguments | p. 354 |
Carmen Vazquez, Appearances | p. 356 |
Peter J. Gomes, Homophobic? Read Your Bible | p. 362 |
Ryan T. Anderson, Struggling Alone | p. 365 |
Issue in Focus: Same-sex Marriage | p. 368 |
Proposed Amendment to the U.S. Constitution | p. 370 |
Matt Davies, We're Here to Defend ... (cartoon) | p. 370 |
House of Representatives, The Defense of Marriage Act | p. 371 |
Anna Quindlen, Evan's Two Moms | p. 373 |
Sonya Geis, A New Tactic in Fighting Marriage Initiatives | p. 374 |
From Reading to Writing | p. 376 |
William F. Jasper, Subversion Through Perversion | p. 377 |
Marc Haeringer, Coming Out in the Line of Fire | p. 380 |
Emily Martin and Katie Schwartzmann, Bad for Both Boys and Girls | p. 383 |
Andrew Sullivan, The End of Gay Culture | p. 384 |
Alexa Hackbarth, Vanity, Thy Name Is Metrosexual | p. 396 |
Globalization: Importing and Exporting America | p. 400 |
America's Place in the World | p. 400 |
Contemporary Arguments | p. 401 |
Henry Payne, The Bad News Is ... (cartoon) | p. 401 |
Mae M. Ngai, No Human Being Is Illegal | p. 406 |
Michelle Malkin, Beware of Illegal Aliens Seeking Hazmat Licenses | p. 411 |
Sidebar: Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus | p. 408 |
Sidebar: Thomas Bailey Aldrich, The Unguarded Gates | p. 410 |
Helen Epstein, Immigration Maze | p. 413 |
Wiley Miller, What's the Worst That Can Happen ...? (cartoon) | p. 414 |
Todd Gitlin, Under the Sign of Mickey Mouse & Co. | p. 415 |
Urvashi Butalia, Living the Dream | p. 419 |
Sidebar: National Readership Survey 2006: Women's Attitudes in India | p. 421 |
Laura Carlsen, Wal-Mart vs. Pyramids | p. 422 |
Darla K. Deardorff, In Search of Intercultural Competence | p. 421 |
Science and Ethics | p. 427 |
The Ethics of Science and Technology | p. 427 |
Contemporary Arguments | p. 428 |
Bill Joy, Why the Future Doesn't Need Us | p. 429 |
Francis Fukuyama, A Tale of Two Dystopias | p. 438 |
Ralph C. Merkle, Nanotechnology: Designs for the Future | p. 446 |
Ursula Franklin, Beautiful, Functional, and Frugal | p. 452 |
Bill Gates, A Robot in Every Home | p. 453 |
Christine Soares, Attitude Screen | p. 460 |
Issue in Focus: Stem Cell Research | p. 462 |
Ron Reagan, Speech at the Democratic National Convention, July 21, 2004 | p. 464 |
Pat Oliphant, The Ronald Reagan Eulogy Will Be Delivered ... (cartoon) | p. 466 |
Steven Milloy, Ron Reagan Wrong on Stem Cells | p. 466 |
Richard M. Doerflinger, Don't Clone Ron Reagan's Agenda | p. 468 |
From Reading to Writing | p. 470 |
Privacy | p. 472 |
New Challenges to Personal Privacy | p. 472 |
Contemporary Arguments | p. 474 |
David Brin, Three Cheers for the Surveillance Society! | p. 475 |
Ted Koppel, Take My Privacy, Please! | p. 484 |
John McPherson, It's Part of the Government's New Emphasis ... (cartoon) | p. 488 |
Randall Larsen, Traveler's Card Might Just Pave the Way for a National ID Card | p. 488 |
Jennifer Burk, Counselors Walk a Fine Line Weighing the Rights of Student and College | p. 490 |
Jeffrey Zaslow, The End of Youthful Indiscretions: Internet Makes Them Permanent Blots | p. 492 |
Issue in Focus: Biometrics: Measuring the Body for Identity | p. 494 |
Steven C. Bennett, Privacy Implications of Biometrics | p. 496 |
Paul Saffo, A Trail of DNA and Data | p. 502 |
FBI, Using Technology to Catch Criminals | p. 506 |
Russ Ryan, Emerging Biometric Technologies | p. 507 |
Sidebar: Voice Verification for Transactions | p. 510 |
J. G. Domke, Will Cash and Credit Cards Become Extinct in the Not-So-Distant Future? | p. 511 |
From Reading to Writing | p. 513 |
Regulating Substances, Regulating Bodies | p. 515 |
Private Bodies, Public Controls | p. 515 |
Contemporary Arguments | p. 517 |
Joseph A. Califano Jr., The Right Drug to Target: Cutting Marijuana Use | p. 518 |
Eric Schlosser, Make Peace with Pot | p. 520 |
Issue in Focus: Regulating Tobacco | p. 523 |
Philip Morris, Camel Lights Ad | p. 523 |
American Legacy Foundation, Antismoking Ad | p. 524 |
Gary Trudeau, Doonesbury: The Sin Lobby Gins Up ... (cartoon) | p. 525 |
Douglas Bettcher and Chitra Subramaniam, The Necessity of Global Tobacco Regulations | p. 526 |
Walter E. Williams, Nazi Tactics | p. 528 |
From Reading to Writing | p. 530 |
Malcolm Gladwell, Drugstore Athlete | p. 531 |
Bill Amend, What's This? (cartoon) | p. 532 |
Michael Berube, Citizenship and Disability | p. 540 |
Barry Blitt, New Yorker Cover | p. 547 |
Terrence Rafferty, Kate Winslet, Please Save Us! | p. 548 |
Susan Llewelyn Leach, Those Extra Pounds-Are They Government's Business? | p. 554 |
Mim Udovitch, A Secret Society of the Starving | p. 556 |
Consumer Freedom, Obesity Ads | p. 565 |
Pippa Wysong, Modified | p. 566 |
Eric Lewis, The Subtext of All Tattoos (cartoon) | p. 568 |
Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Like Father, Like Son Ad | p. 570 |
Susan Kinzie, A Rare Kind of Rush: A Sorority Based on Islamic Principles | p. 571 |
New Media | p. 574 |
Personal Space in Cyberspace | p. 574 |
Contemporary Arguments | p. 575 |
Andrew Keen, Is Google's Data Grinder Dangerous? | p. 576 |
Sidebar: John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace | p. 578 |
John Seigenthaler, A False Wikipedia "Biography" | p. 579 |
Walt Handelsman, Information Superhighway (cartoon) | p. 583 |
Michael Gerson, Where the Avatars Roam | p. 583 |
Jessica Bennett and Malcolm Beith, Alternate Universe | p. 585 |
Marcelle S. Fischler, Putting on Lip Gloss, and a Show, for YouTube Viewers | p. 591 |
Sidebar: Joe Duffy and Andrew Keen, Can Anyone Be a Designer? | p. 592 |
danah boyd, Facebook's "Privacy Trainwreck": Exposure, Invasion, and Social Convergence | p. 595 |
Stephen Williams, Getting Off the Couch | p. 604 |
A Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism | p. 607 |
Glossary | p. 615 |
Credits | p. 619 |
Index | p. 622 |
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