Green Chemistry

by Lancaster, Mike

• ISBN13: 9781847558732
• ISBN10: 1847558739
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-06-10
• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Summary

Sustainable development and environmental issues are at the forefront of public and Government concern. Chemistry and Chemical Engineering may offer the solution to many of these challenges, but chemicals can also be part of the problem. Green chemistry aims to provide environmentally benign products from sustainable resources, using processes that do not harm people or the environment. Aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students, this introduction to green chemistry encourages new ways of thinking about how products and processes are developed. These include methods of waste minimization, use of renewable feed stocks and the role of catalysis in reducing raw material use. The text is easy to understand and particularly relevant to courses on Clean Technology and Green Chemistry. It includes case studies and real examples from industry to demonstrate how the techniques work in practice.

Table of Contents

Principles and Concepts of Green Chemistry	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Sustainable Development and Green Chemistry	p. 3
Green Engineering	p. 4
Atom Economy	p. 7
Atom Economic Reactions	p. 9
Rearrangement Reactions	p. 9
Addition Reactions	p. 11
Atom Un-economic Reactions	p. 13
Substitution Reactions	p. 13
Elimination Reactions	p. 15
Wittig Reactions	p. 16
Reducing Toxicity	p. 17
Measuring Toxicity	p. 19
Review Questions	p. 21
Further Reading	p. 22
Waste: Production, Problems, and Prevention	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Some Problems Caused by Waste	p. 25
Sources of Waste from the Chemical Industry	p. 26
Cost of Waste	p. 29
Waste Minimization Techniques	p. 33
The Team Approach to Waste Minimization	p. 34
Process Design for Waste Minimization	p. 36
Minimizing Waste from Existing Processes	p. 38
On-site Waste Treatment	p. 39
Physical Treatment	p. 41
Chemical Treatment	p. 42
Biotreatment Plants	p. 46
Design for Degradation	p. 47
Degradation and Surfactants	p. 48
DDT	p. 49
Polymers	p. 50
Some Rules for Degradation	p. 51
Polymer Recycling	p. 52
Separation and Sorting	p. 53
Incineration	p. 55
Mechanical Recycling	p. 56
Chemical Recycling to Monomers	p. 57
Review Questions	p. 60
Further Reading	p. 60
Measuring and Controlling Environmental Performance	p. 61
The Importance of Measurement	p. 61
Lactic Acid Production	p. 62
Safer Gasoline	p. 65
Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment	p. 66
Four Stages of LCA	p. 68
Carbon Footprinting	p. 72
Green Process Metrics	p. 74
Environmental Management Systems (EMS)	p. 77
ISO 14001	p. 77
The European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)	p. 81
Eco-Labels	p. 82
Legislation	p. 83
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)	p. 84
Reach	p. 87
Review Questions	p. 88
Further Reading	p. 89
Catalysis and Green Chemistry	p. 90
Introduction to Catalysis	p. 90
Comparison of Catalyst Types	p. 92
Heterogeneous Catalysts	p. 94
Basics of Heterogeneous Catalysis	p. 94
Zeolites and the Bulk Chemical Industry	p. 97
Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries	p. 105
Catalytic Converters	p. 114
Homogeneous Catalysts	p. 117
Transition Metal Catalysts with Phosphine or Carbonyl Ligands	p. 117
Greener Lewis Acids	p. 121
Asymmetric Catalysis	p. 122
Phase Transfer Catalysis	p. 128
Hazard Reduction	p. 129
C-C Bond Formation	p. 130
Oxidation using Hydrogen Peroxide	p. 131
Biocatalysis	p. 132
Photocatalysis	p. 135
Conclusions	p. 137
Review Questions	p. 137
Further Reading	p. 138
Organic Solvents: Environmentally Benign Solutions	p. 139
Organic Solvents and Volatile Organic Compounds	p. 139
Solvent-free Systems	p. 141
Supercritical Fluids	p. 144
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (scCO2)	p. 146
Supercritical Water	p. 156
Water as a Reaction Solvent	p. 157
Water Based Coatings	p. 162
Ionic Liquids	p. 163
Ionic Liquids as Catalysts	p. 165
Ionic Liquids as Solvents	p. 166
Fluorous Biphase Solvents	p. 170
Comparing Greenness of Solvents	p. 172
Conclusions	p. 173
Review Questions	p. 174
Further Reading	p. 174
Renewable Resources	p. 175
Biomass as a Renewable Resource	p. 175
Energy	p. 175
Fossil Fuels	p. 175
Energy from Biomass	p. 179
Solar Power	p. 186
Other Forms of Renewable Energy	p. 188
Fuel Cells	p. 189
Chemicals from Renewable Feedstocks	p. 194
Chemicals from Fatly Acids	p. 196
Polymers from Renewable Resources	p. 204
Some Other Chemicals from Natural Resources	p. 210
Alternative Economies	p. 215
Syngas Economy	p. 216
Hydrogen Economy	p. 217
Biorefinery	p. 218
Conclusions	p. 219
Review Questions	p. 220
Further Reading	p. 220
Emerging Greener Technologies and Alternative Energy Sources	p. 221
Design for Energy Efficiency	p. 221
Photochemical Reactions	p. 224
Advantages of and Challenges Faced by Photochemical Processes	p. 225
Examples of Photochemical Reactions	p. 227
Chemistry using Microwaves	p. 231
Microwave Heating	p. 231
Microwave-assisted Reactions	p. 232
Sonochemistry	p. 236
Sonochemistry and Green Chemistry	p. 237
Electrochemical Synthesis	p. 239
Examples of Electrochemical Synthesis	p. 241
Conclusions	p. 244
Review Questions	p. 244
Further Reading	p. 245
Designing Greener Processes	p. 246
Introduction	p. 246
Conventional Reactors	p. 247
Batch Reactors	p. 247
Continuous Reactors	p. 250
Inherently Safer Design	p. 252
Minimization	p. 254
Simplification	p. 255
Substitution	p. 255
Moderation	p. 256
Limitation	p. 257
Process Intensification	p. 258
Some PI Equipment	p. 260
Some Example of Intensified Processes	p. 263
In-process Monitoring	p. 266
Near-infrared Spectroscopy	p. 268
Process Safety	p. 269
Review Questions	p. 270
Further Reading	p. 270
Industrial Case Studies	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Methyl Methacrylate	p. 271
Greening of Acetic Acid Manufacture	p. 273
EPDM Rubbers	p. 277
Vitamin C	p. 280
Leather Manufacture	p. 282
Tanning	p. 284
Fatliquoring	p. 288
Dyeing to be Green	p. 288
Some Manufacturing Improvements	p. 289
Dye Application	p. 292
Polyethylene	p. 293
Radical Process	p. 293
Ziegler-Natta Catalysis	p. 294
Metallocene Catalysis	p. 295
Post Metallocene Catalysts	p. 297
Eco-friendly Pesticides	p. 298
Insecticides	p. 298
Epichlorohydrin	p. 301
Review Questions	p. 302
The Future's Green: An Integrated Approach to a Greener Chemical Industry	p. 304
Society and Sustainability	p. 304
Barriers & Drivers	p. 305
Role of Legislation	p. 307
Green Chemical Supply Strategies	p. 309
Greener Energy	p. 311
Conclusions	p. 312
Review Questions	p. 312
Further Reading	p. 313
Subject Index	p. 314
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