Harbrace College Handbook

by Hodges, John C.; Horner, Winifred Bryan; Webb, Suzanne Strobeck; Miller, Robert Keith

• ISBN13: 9780155072824
• ISBN10: 015507282X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-08-01
• Publisher: Heinle & Heinle

Summary

Offers practical, well-organized, & easily accessible advice for writers in a compact yet comprehensive guide. Demonstrates principles of writing that are applicable to both course work & professional tasks.

Table of Contents

Preface	vi
GRAMMAR	2	(104)
Chapter 1 Sentence Sense ss	2	(29)
The parts of a sentence	2	(1)
1a Recognizing verbs and predicates	3	(1)
1b Recognizing subjects, objects, and complements	4	(6)
(1) Subjects of verbs	4	(2)
(2) Objects of verbs	6	(1)
(3) Subject and object complements	7	(1)
(4) Word order	8	(2)
1c Recognizing parts of speech	10	(9)
(1) Verbs	13	(1)
(2) Nouns	13	(2)
(3) Pronouns	15	(1)
(4) Adjectives	15	(1)
(5) Adverbs	16	(1)
(6) Prepositions	16	(2)
(7) Conjunctions	18	(1)
(8) Interjections	18	(1)
1d Recognizing phrases	19	(5)
(1) Kinds of phrases	19	(2)
(2) Phrases used as nouns	21	(1)
(3) Phrases used as modifiers	22	(2)
1e Recognizing clauses	24	(4)
(1) Independent clauses	24	(1)
(2) Subordinate clauses	24	(4)
If Sentences form and function	28	(3)
(1) Examining sentence forms	28	(1)
(2) Examining the purpose or function of sentences	29	(2)
Chapter 2 Sentence Fragments frag	31	(5)
Testing for fragments	31	(1)
2a Phrases	32	(1)
2b Subordinate clauses	33	(3)
Chapter 3 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences cs/fs	36	(9)
How to separate clauses	36	(1)
How to link and relate clause	37	(1)
3a With coordinating conjunctions	38	(3)
3b With conjunctive adverbs or transitional phrases	41	(1)
3c Divided quotations	42	(3)
Chapter 4 Adjectives and Adverbs ad	45	(9)
4a Adverbs	46	(1)
4b Adjectives used as subject or object complements	47	(1)
4c Comparative and superlative forms	48	(3)
(1) The comparative	49	(1)
(2) The superlative	50	(1)
(3) Incorrect double comparatives or superlatives	50	(1)
4d Awkward or ambiguous use of a noun as an adjective	51	(1)
4e The double negative	52	(2)
Chapter 5 Coherence: Misplaced Parts and Dangling Modifiers mp/dm	54	(5)
5a Placing modifiers near the words they modify	54	(2)
(1) Single-word modifiers	54	(1)
(2) Prepositional phrases	55	(1)
(3) Adjective clauses	55	(1)
(4) "Squinting" constructions	55	(1)
(5) Awkward constructions that split an infinitive	55	(1)
5b Dangling modifiers	56	(3)
(1) Participal Phrases	56	(1)
(2) Phrases containing gerunds or infinitives	57	(1)
(3) Elliptical adverb clauses	57	(2)
Chapter 6 Pronouns pro	59	(16)
Personal pronouns	59	(2)
Relative pronouns	61	(1)
6a Pronoun agreement	62	(1)
6b Pronoun reference	63	(4)
(1) Clear antecedents	63	(1)
(2) Clear references	64	(1)
(3) Broad or implied references	65	(1)
(4) Awkward use of it or you	65	(2)
6c Pronoun form in compound constructions	67	(2)
6d Clause as determiner of pronoun form	69	(3)
(1) Who or whoever as the subject of a clause	69	(1)
(2) Whom for all pronouns used as objects	69	(1)
(3) Confusing constructions with who or whom	70	(1)
(4) Pronouns after than or as	70	(2)
6e Possessive before gerund	72	(1)
6f Objective with infinitive	72	(1)
6g Subjective with subject complement	73	(2)
Chapter 7 Verbs v	75	(31)
Tense	75	(1)
Regular and irregular verbs	76	(1)
Auxiliary verbs	76	(3)
Forms of be	79	(1)
Voice	80	(1)
Transitive and intransitive verbs	80	(1)
Mood	81	(1)
Conjugation of a verb	81	(2)
7a Subject-verb agreement	83	(7)
(1) Other words between the subject and the verb	84	(1)
(2) Endings of subjects and verbs not clearly sounded	85	(1)
(3) Subjects joined by and	85	(1)
(4) Subjects joined by either...or	85	(1)
(5) Inverted word order or there + verb constructions	86	(1)
(6) Relative pronouns (who, which, that) used as subjects	86	(1)
(7) Indefinite pronouns	87	(1)
(8) Collective nouns and phrases	87	(2)
(9) Linking verbs	89	(1)
(10) Titles, words as words, nouns plural in form but singular in meaning	89	(1)
7b Principal parts of verbs	90	(5)
7c Tense forms	95	(1)
(1) The meaning of tense forms	95	(2)
(2) Logical sequence of tense forms	97	(2)
7d Subjunctive mood	99	(3)
7e Unnecessary shifts in tense or mood	102	(4)
EFFECTIVE SENTENCES	106	(38)
Chapter 8 Sentence Unity: Consistency su	106	(8)
8a Clearly related ideas	106	(1)
8b Arranging details	106	(2)
8c Mixed metaphors and mixed constructions	108	(1)
(1) Mixed metaphors	108	(1)
(2) Mixed constructions	109	(1)
8d Faulty predication	109	(1)
8e Unnecessary shifts	110	(4)
(1) Faulty is...when, is...where, or is...because constructions	110	(1)
(2) Consistent tense, mood, and person	110	(1)
(3) Consistent person and number	111	(1)
(4) Shifts between direct and indirect discourse	111	(1)
(5) Consistent tone and style	111	(1)
(6) Consistent perspective and viewpoint	112	(2)
Chapter 9 Subordination and Coordination sub/coor	114	(6)
9a Subordinating related short sentences	115	(2)
(1) Adjectives and adjective phrases	115	(1)
(2) Adverbs and adverb phrases	116	(1)
(3) Appositives and contrasting elements	116	(1)
(4) Subordinate clauses	116	(1)
9b Subordinating and coordinating main clauses	117	(1)
(1) Subordinating structures for less important ideas	117	(1)
(2) Coordinating structures for ideas of equal importance	117	(1)
(3) Logical connection of ideas by subordinate and coordinate structures	117	(1)
9c Faculty or excessive subordination	118	(2)
Chapter 10 Parallelism	120	(4)
10a Balancing similar grammatical elements	121	(1)
(1) Parallel words and phrases	121	(1)
(2) Parallel clauses	121	(1)
(3) Parallel sentences	122	(1)
10b Parallel construction	122	(1)
10c Correlatives	123	(1)
Chapter 11 Emphasis emp	124	(9)
11a Placement of important words	124	(1)
11b Periodic and cumulative sentences	125	(1)
11c Ascending order of importance	126	(1)
11d Forceful verbs	127	(3)
(1) Active and passive voice	127	(2)
(2) Action verbs and forceful linking verbs	129	(1)
11e Repeating important words	130	(1)
11f Inverting standard word order	130	(1)
11g Balanced sentence construction	131	(1)
11h Varying sentence length for emphasis	131	(2)
Chapter 12 Variety var	133	(11)
12a Varying sentence length	134	(1)
12b Varying sentence beginnings	135	(2)
(1) Adverb or adverbial clause	135	(1)
(2) Prepositional phrase or a verbal phrase	136	(1)
(3) Connectives	136	(1)
(4) Appositive, absolute phrase, or introductory series	137	(1)
12c Varying sentence structure	137	(3)
(1) Complex sentence	138	(1)
(2) Compound predicate in a simple sentence	138	(1)
(3) Appositive in a simple sentence	138	(1)
(4) Prepositional or verbal phrase added to a simple sentence	138	(1)
(5) Additional conjunctions to increase the compounds in a sentence	139	(1)
12d Varying subject-verb sequence	140	(1)
12e Question, exclamation, or command	141	(3)
DICTION	144	(40)
Chapter 13 Good Usage usg	144	(13)
Dictionaries	144	(1)
Unabridged dictionaries	145	(1)
Special dictionaries	145	(2)
13a Using a dictionary	147	(3)
13b Dictionary labels	150	(2)
(1) Colloquial or informal	150	(1)
(2) Slang	151	(1)
(3) Regionalisms	151	(1)
(4) Nonstandard and substandard	151	(1)
(5) Archaic and obsolete	152	(1)
13c Appropriate usage	152	(5)
(1) Technical words	152	(1)
(2) Inclusive language	152	(2)
(3) Confusion of sit/set and lie/lay and rise/raise	154	(3)
Chapter 14 Exactness e	157	(15)
14a Accurate and precise word choice	157	(8)
(1) Accuracy	157	(1)
(2) Precision	158	(2)
(3) Connotations	160	(1)
(4) Specific, concrete words	161	(3)
(5) Figurative language	164	(1)
14b Idiomatic expressions	165	(2)
14c Fresh expressions	167	(3)
Chapter 15 Conciseness: Avoiding Wordiness and Needless Repetition w/rep	170	(7)
15a Making every word count	170	(3)
(1) Redundancy	170	(1)
(2) Unnecessary words	171	(1)
(3) Expletives	172	(1)
15b Revising to eliminate wordiness	173	(1)
15c Necessary repetition	174	(1)
15d Revising to eliminate needless repetition	174	(1)
15e Style, overwriting	175	(2)
Chapter 16 Clarity and Completeness XXX	177	(7)
16a Articles, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions	177	(3)
(1) Use of articles	177	(2)
(2) Omitted conjunctions or prepositions	179	(1)
16b Verbs and auxiliaries	180	(1)
16c Complete comparisons	180	(1)
16d Intensifiers	181	(3)
PUNCTUATION	184	(52)
Chapter 17 The Comma	184	(18)
17a Before a coordinating conjunction linking independent clauses	185	(2)
17b After introductory words, phrases, and clauses	187	(3)
(1) Adverb clauses before independent clauses	187	(1)
(2) Introductory phrases before independent clauses	188	(2)
17c Between separate items in a series	190	(2)
(1) Words, phrases, and clauses in a series	190	(1)
(2) Coordinate adjectives	191	(1)
17d With nonrestrictive, parenthetical, and miscellaneous elements	192	(4)
(1) Adjective clauses or phrases	193	(1)
(2) Appositives	193	(1)
(3) Contrasted elements	194	(1)
(4) Geographical names, items in dates, and addresses	195	(1)
(5) Parenthetical expressions	195	(1)
(6) Mild interjections and words used in direct address	196	(1)
(7) Absolute phrases	196	(1)
17e For the prevention of misreading	196	(2)
17f Unnecessary (or misplaced) commas	198	(4)
(1) Not between the subject and the verb of the verb and the object	198	(1)
(2) Not after coordinating conjunctions	198	(1)
(3) Only to set off parenthetical words and short phrases	199	(1)
(4) Not to set off restrective clauses, phrases, or appositives	199	(1)
(5) Not before the first or after the last item of a series	199	(3)
Chapter 18 The Semicolon	202	(4)
18a Connecting independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction	202	(2)
18b Separating elements that contain commas	204	(1)
18c Misuse with parts of unequal grammatical rank	205	(1)
Chapter 19 The Apostrophe	206	(5)
19a Showing possession for nouns and indefinite pronouns	206	(2)
(1) Singular nouns, indefinite pronouns, and acronyms	207	(1)
(2) Plural nouns ending in -s	207	(1)
(3) Compounds and expressions that show joint ownership	207	(1)
(4) Individual ownership	207	(1)
(5) In time relationships, in academic titles, or before gerunds	207	(1)
19b Contractions and numbers	208	(1)
19c Plurals formed with an apostrophe	209	(1)
19d Misuse with personal pronouns and plural nouns	210	(1)
Chapter 20 Quotation Marks	211	(9)
20a Direct quotations and dialogue	211	(2)
(1) Direct quotations	211	(1)
(2) Indirect quotations	211	(1)
(3) Quotations within quotations	212	(1)
(4) Dialogue	212	(1)
(5) Thoughts	213	(1)
20b Long quotations	213	(2)
(1) Prose	213	(1)
(2) Poetry	214	(1)
20c Titles of short works and subdivisions of books	215	(1)
20d Words intended in a special or ironic sense	216	(1)
20e Overusing quotation marks	216	(1)
(1) To call attention to a cliche	216	(1)
(2) To enclose yes or no in indirect discourse	216	(1)
(3) To indicate questionable diction	217	(1)
20f Placement with other punctuation marks	217	(3)
(1) Comma and period	217	(1)
(2) Semicolon and colon	218	(1)
(3) Question mark, exclamation point, and dash	218	(2)
Chapter 21 The Period and Other Marks	220	(16)
21a The period	220	(1)
(1) Declarative sentence, mildly imperative sentence	220	(1)
(2) Some abbreviations	221	(1)
21b The question mark	221	(1)
21c The exclamation point	222	(1)
21d The colon	223	(3)
(1) Preceding and explanation, a series, or a quotation	223	(1)
(2) Between figures in time references and between titles and subtitles	224	(1)
(3) After the salutation of a business letter	225	(1)
21e The dash	226	(1)
(1) Marking a sudden break in thought or abrupt change in tone	226	(1)
(2) Emphasizing a parenthetical element	226	(1)
(3) After an introductory list or series	227	(1)
21f Parentheses	227	(1)
21g Brackets	228	(1)
21h The slash	229	(1)
21i Ellipsis points	230	(6)
(1) Indicating an omission within a quoted passage	230	(2)
(2) Marking a reflective pause or hesitation	232	(4)
MECHANICS	236	(52)
Chapter 22 Spelling, the Spell Checker, and Hyphenation sp	236	(15)
22a Spelling and pronunciation	237	(1)
22b Spelling words of similar sound	238	(4)
(1) Contractions and possessive pronouns	239	(1)
(2) Single words and two-words phrases	239	(1)
(3) Singular nouns ending in -nce and plural nouns ending in -nts	239	(3)
22c Prefixes	242	(1)
22d Suffixes	242	(4)
(1) Dropping or retaining a final unpronounced e	243	(1)
(2) Doubling a final consonant before a suffix	243	(1)
(3) Changing or retaining a final y before a suffix	243	(1)
(4) Retaining a final / before-ly	244	(1)
(5) Adding -s or -es to form the plural of nouns	244	(2)
22e Confusion of ei and ie	246	(1)
22f Hyphenation	246	(5)
(1) Linking two or more words to form a compound	246	(2)
(2) Breaking a word at the end of a line	248	(3)
Chapter 23 Capitals cap	251	(8)
23a Proper names, their abbreviations and acronyms	251	(3)
(1) Names and nicknames	252	(1)
(2) Peoples and their languages	252	(1)
(3) Geographical names	252	(1)
(4) Organizations, government agencies, institutions, and companies	252	(1)
(5) Days of the week, months, and holidays	252	(1)
(6) Historical documents, periods, events, and movements	253	(1)
(7) Religions, holy books, holy days, and words denoting the Supreme Being	253	(1)
(8) Personifications	253	(1)
(9) Words derived from proper nouns	253	(1)
(10) Abbreviations and acronyms or shortened forms of capitalized words	254	(1)
23b Titles of persons before their names	254	(1)
23c Titles and subtitles of books, plays, essays, and other titled works	255	(1)
23d The pronoun I and the interjection O	256	(1)
23e First word of sentences and of directly quoted speech	256	(1)
23g For emphasis	256	(1)
23h Unnecessary capitals	257	(2)
Chapter 24 Italics ital	259	(5)
24a Titles of publications	259	(2)
24b Foreign words and phrases	261	(1)
24c Names of legal cases	261	(1)
24d Names of specific ships, satellites, and spacecraft	262	(1)
24e Words, letters, or figures spoken of as such	262	(1)
24f Emphasized words	262	(2)
Chapter 25 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers ab/ac/n	264	(11)
25a Ms., Mr., Dr., and St.	264	(1)
25b Names of states, countries, continents, months, etc.	265	(1)
25c Street, Avenue, Road, Park, and Company	266	(1)
25d Volume, chapter, and page	267	(3)
(1) Clipped froms of words	269	(1)
(2) Abbreviations with dates and figures	269	(1)
(3) Abbreviations of DC and U.S.	269	(1)
(4) Abbreviations of organizations, agencies, countries, etc.	270	(1)
(5) Abbreviations for some common Latin expression	270	(1)
25e Acronyms	270	(1)
25f Numbers	271	(4)
Chapter 26 Document Design des	275	(13)
26a Proper materials	276	(2)
(1) Paper and binding	276	(1)
(2) Electronic documents	276	(1)
(3) Type, fonts, and justification	277	(1)
26b Clear and orderly arrangement	278	(2)
(1) Layout	278	(1)
(2) Indention	278	(1)
(3) Paging	279	(1)
(4) Headings	279	(1)
26c Electronic documents	280	(4)
(1) Electronic mail	280	(2)
(2) The World Wide Web	282	(2)
26d Proofreading	284	(4)
LARGER ELEMENTS	288
Chapter 27 Working with Paragraphs	288	(34)
27a Unity	290	(5)
(1) Main idea and topic sentences	290	(3)
(2) Main idea and paragraph unity	293	(2)
27b Coherence, transitions	295	(12)
(1) Patterns of coherence	295	(2)
(2) Order of ideas	297	(4)
(3) Transitional devices	301	(4)
(4) Transitional between paragraphs	305	(2)
27c Details and examples	307	(3)
(1) Developing with specific details	308	(1)
(2) Developing with examples	308	(2)
27d Strategies of development	310	(9)
(1) Narrating a series of events	310	(1)
(2) Describing to make a point	311	(1)
(3) Explaining a process	312	(1)
(4) Showing cause and effect	313	(1)
(5) Comparing and contrasting to develop an idea	314	(2)
(6) Classifying and Dividing to develop an idea	316	(2)
(7) Formulating a definition	318	(1)
27e Editing	319	(3)
Chapter 28 Planning and Drafting Essays pln/dft	322	(44)
28a Purpose, audience, and occasion	323	(10)
(1) Purpose	323	(4)
(2) Audience	327	(5)
(3) Occasion	332	(1)
28b Finding an appropriate subject	333	(2)
28c Focusing for a topic	335	(10)
(1) Searching for a subject	335	(7)
(2) Focusing on specific material	342	(3)
28d Establishing a thesis	345	(5)
(1) The thesis statement	345	(4)
(2) Main idea	349	(1)
28e Arranging ideas	350	(5)
(1) Informal working plans	351	(1)
(2) Outlines	352	(3)
28f The first draft	355	(6)
(1) Introductions	355	(3)
(2) Conclusions	358	(2)
(3) Titles	360	(1)
28g Sample first draft	361	(5)
Chapter 29 Revising and Editing Essays rev/ed	366	(17)
29a Tone	367	(1)
29b Revising	368	(3)
(1) What is on the page	369	(1)
(2) What is not on the page	370	(1)
29c Editing	371	(2)
29d Proofreading	373	(2)
29e Essay undergoing revision	375	(4)
29f The final draft	379	(4)
Chapter 30 Writing under Pressure pres	383	(9)
30a Preparing ahead	383	(1)
30b Overcoming writer's block	384	(2)
30c Essay tests	386	(6)
(1) Reading instructions and questions	386	(1)
(2) Organizing your response	387	(2)
(3) Stating main points	389	(1)
(4) Sticking to the question	390	(1)
(5) Revising and proofreading	390	(2)
Chapter 31 Reading and Thinking Critically cr	392	(23)
31a Previewing	393	(2)
31b Distinguishing between fact and opinion	395	(2)
31c Searching for evidence	397	(2)
31d Evaluating a writer's credibility	399	(2)
31e Understanding inductive reasoning	401	(2)
31f Understanding deductive reasoning	403	(3)
31g The Toulming method	406	(3)
31h Recognizing logical fallacies	409	(6)
(1) Ad hominem	409	(1)
(2) Appeal to tradition	409	(1)
(3) Bandwagon	410	(1)
(4) Begging the question	410	(1)
(5) Equivocation	410	(1)
(6) False analogy	410	(1)
(7) False authority	410	(1)
(8) False cause	411	(1)
(9) False dilemma	411	(1)
(10) Guilt by association	411	(1)
(11) Hasty generalization	411	(1)
(12) Non sequitur	412	(1)
(13) Oversimplification	412	(1)
(14) Red herring	412	(1)
(15) Slippery slope	412	(3)
Chapter 32 Writing Arguments arg	415	(17)
32a Establishing a purpose	415	(2)
32b Differing viewpoints	417	(2)
32c Developing an argument	419	(3)
(1) Supporting and argument	419	(1)
(2) Responding to diverse views	420	(2)
32d Using different kinds of appeal	422	(1)
(1) Three classical appeals	422	(1)
(2) Rogerian appeals	423	(1)
32e Organizing an argument	423	(3)
(1) Introductions	424	(1)
(2) Reasons	424	(1)
(3) Beginning a paragraph	425	(1)
(4) Refutation and concessions	425	(1)
(5) Conclusions	425	(1)
32f Sample argument	426	(6)
Chapter 33 Research: Finding and Evaluating Sources res	432	(53)
33a Using information from sources	432	(6)
(1) Analyzing the rhetorical situation	433	(2)
(2) Developing a research problem and analyzing your own knowledge	435	(1)
(3) Establishing a research routine	436	(2)
33b Preparing a working bibliography	438	(1)
33c Using library sources	439	(11)
(1) Books and periodicals	440	(8)
(2) References books	448	(2)
33d Conducting field research	450	(2)
33e Using electronic resources	452	(13)
(1) Developing a research strategy	452	(2)
(2) Using the college library	454	(3)
(3) Using the Internet	457	(8)
33f Evaluating sources and taking notes	465	(7)
(1) Testing reliability, bias, and integrity	465	(3)
(2) Taking notes	468	(4)
33g Avoiding plagiarism	472	(4)
33h Integrating sources	476	(1)
(1) Mastering information	476	(1)
(2) Integrating sources	477	(1)
(3) Using direct quotations	478	(1)
(4) Paraphrasing	479	(3)
(5) Summarizing	482	(3)
Chapter 34 Research: Using and Citing Sources cit	485	(90)
34a MLA style documentation	487	(27)
(1) Using parenthetical citations	487	(8)
(2) Listing the works cited	495	(19)
(3) Final revisiting, editing, and proofreading	514	(1)
34b Sample MLA research paper	514	(24)
34c The note style of documentation	538	(3)
34d APA style documentation	541	(10)
(1) Parenthetical citations	541	(2)
(2) Listing the references	543	(8)
34c Sample APA research paper	551	(24)
Chapter 35 Writing for Special Purposes its/bus	575
35a Writing about literature	575	(40)
(1) Reading, reflecting, and planning	576	(6)
(2) Writing about fiction	582	(10)
(3) Writing about drama	592	(7)
(4) Writing about poetry	599	(14)
(5) Using the proper form	613	(2)
35b Writing for business	615
(1) E-mail	615	(2)
(2) Memos	617	(2)
(3) Business letters	619	(4)
(4) Application letters	623	(4)
(5) Resumes	627
Glossary of Usage usgl	G-1
Glossary of Terms gt	G-15
Copyrights and Acknowledgments	C-1
Index	I-1
ESL Index	I-45
MLA Index	I-47
APA Index	I-49