Health Psychology, 2nd Edition

by Catherine A. Sanderson

• ISBN13: 9780470129159
• ISBN10: 0470129158
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-03-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The 2nd Edition of Catherine Sanderson's Health Psychology targets the mainstream health psychology market and offers a broad appeal through its narrative that is both challenging for psychology majors and accessible to non-majors. This book provides current and relevant information while providing a foundation in scientific research and critical and analytical thinking. The book emphasizes practical and real-world issues. Additionally, this text includes a focus on current ethical issues in health; expanded coverage of international health; increased emphasis on critical thinking and analysis; coverage of specific topics such as complementary and alternative medicine, accidents as a cause of death, and the role of ethnicity and gender in influencing health behavior; an emphasis on practical information; and updated coverage of all material which is particularly important in the field of health psychology given the dramatic advances in knowledge about the factors that influence physical well-being during the last five years.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Introduction	p. 1
What Is Health Psychology?	p. 2
Health Psychology in the Real World: Ban Smoking in Public Housing	p. 8
Focus on Research: Can Writing About Feelings Help People Cope With Cancer?	p. 10
What Factors Led to the Development of Health Psychology?	p. 10
The Nature of Illnesses Has Changed	p. 10
Focus on Development: The Importance of Immunizations	p. 13
The Biomedical Model Is Unable to Fully Account for Health	p. 13
Health-Care Costs Have Risen Dramatically	p. 16
What Is the History of Health Psychology?	p. 18
Focus on Culture: Health Means Different Things in Different Cultures	p. 21
What Lies Ahead	p. 21
Research Methods	p. 24
What Is the Scientific Method?	p. 26
What Are Observational or Naturalistic Methods?	p. 28
What Are Survey Methods?	p. 32
What Are Experimental Methods?	p. 35
Focus on Research: The Impact of Divorce on Life Expectancy	p. 38
Focus on Development: The Link Between Breast-Feeding and Infant Illness	p. 39
What Are Clinical Methods?	p. 41
Psychology in the Real World: The Ethical Challenges of Conducting Research on Cancer Treatment	p. 42
How Can We Evaluate Research Studies?	p. 43
Internal Validity	p. 43
Focus on Research: The Power of Mind-Set on Health	p. 45
External Validity	p. 47
What Is the Best Research Approach?	p. 49
How Do Research Ethics Influence Scientific Studies?	p. 51
Ethical Issues Relevant to Experimentation on Animals	p. 54
Theories of Health Behavior	p. 58
What Are Continuum Theories of Health Behavior?	p. 60
Health Belief Model	p. 60
Focus on Research: Using "Friendship Bracelets" to Increase Condom Use	p. 63
Theories of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior	p. 64
Focus on Culture: The Role of Individual and Social Factors on Health	p. 65
Learning Theories	p. 67
Focus on Development: Using Operant Conditioning to Improve Children's Eating and Exercise Behavior	p. 70
Focus on Research: Can Watching Television Cause Teenage Pregnancy?	p. 71
Health Psychology in the Real World: Hollywood's Responsibility for Smoking Deaths	p. 72
Social Cognitive Theory	p. 74
What Are Stage Models of Health Behavior Change?	p. 78
Transtheoretical or Stages of Change Model	p. 78
Precaution Adoption Process Model	p. 83
How Should These Models Be Integrated and Extended?	p. 86
Stress	p. 91
What Are the Main Sources of Stress?	p. 93
How Is Stress Measured?	p. 95
Self-Report Inventories	p. 95
Focus on Research: Does Stress Cause Breast Cancer?	p. 98
Physiological Measures	p. 100
How Does Stress Influence Health?	p. 102
Cannon's Fight-or-Flight Response	p. 102
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)	p. 103
Updates to the Fight-or-Flight and GAS Models	p. 105
What Are the Physical Consequences of Stress?	p. 108
Nervous System	p. 109
Endocrine System	p. 110
Cardiovascular System	p. 111
Focus on Development: Why the Early Years Really Matter	p. 112
Immune System	p. 115
Psychoneuroimmunology	p. 118
Indirect Effects of Stress on Health	p. 118
What Are the Psychological Consequences of Stress?	p. 120
What Are Some Strategies for Managing Stress?	p. 122
Coping Styles	p. 122
Focus on Research: The Influence of Problem-Focused Coping on Health	p. 125
Focus on Culture: Writing About Problems Helps Some People But Not All	p. 130
Relaxation and Mindfulness	p. 131
Humor	p. 133
Exercise	p. 134
Social Support	p. 134
Religion	p. 134
Managing Stress: The Role of Personality and Social Support	p. 142
What Personality Factors Are Associated With Good Health?	p. 144
Positive States	p. 145
Focus on Research: Why Positive People Are Less Likely to Get a Cold	p. 145
Optimism	p. 146
Conscientiousness	p. 149
Focus on Development: The Powerful Influence of Childhood Personality on Adult Health-Related Behavior	p. 150
Internal Locus of Control/Hardiness	p. 150
What Personality Factors Lead to Unhealthy Behavior?	p. 152
Neuroticism/Negative Affect	p. 152
Type A Behavior	p. 153
Hostility/Disagreeableness	p. 155
Explaining the Link Between Personality and Health	p. 156
Stress	p. 156
Physiological Mechanisms	p. 158
Coping Strategies	p. 159
Social Support	p. 160
Health Habits	p. 160
Self-Report	p. 162
What Is Social Support?	p. 163
Social Network	p. 164
Perceived Social Support	p. 165
Received Social Support	p. 168
Focus on Culture: The Differential Presence and Benefits of Particular Types of Support	p. 168
What Is the Link Between Social Support and Health?	p. 169
Psychological Well-Being	p. 169
Physical Well-Being	p. 170
Focus on Research—The Effects of Social Support on Recovery from Surgery	p. 171
How Does Social Support Lead to Better Health?	p. 173
Cardiovascular System	p. 174
Immune System	p. 175
Neuroendocrine System	p. 177
When Does Social Support Lead to Better Health?	p. 177
Buffering Hypothesis	p. 177
Direct Effects Hypothesis	p. 180
Does Social Support Benefit Men and Women Equally?	p. 182
What Factors Lead to the Social Support-Health Link?	p. 183
Injuries	p. 188
What Is Injury?	p. 189
Sanderson ftoc.tex V1 - 11/10/2011 1:02 P.M. Page	p. xiii
Contents	p. xiii
How Does the Risk of Injury Vary Across the Life span?	p. 190
Childhood	p. 192
Focus on Culture: The Impact of Culture on Risk for Childhood Injuries	p. 193
Adolescence and Young Adulthood	p. 193
Adulthood	p. 195
What Are the Leading Causes of Injuries?	p. 195
Motor Vehicle Accidents	p. 195
Poisoning	p. 196
Suicide	p. 197
Focus on Research: The Hazards of Owning a Firearm	p. 199
Falls	p. 199
Homicide	p. 200
Focus on Research: Does Harry Potter Prevent Injuries in Children?	p. 201
Focus on Development: The Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 201
What Are the Strategies for Preventing Injuries?	p. 202
Active Strategies	p. 203
Health Psychology in the Real World: The Very Real Tragedy of Drunk Driving	p. 205
Passive Strategies	p. 207
Societal Changes	p. 207
Smoking and Alcohol Abuse	p. 212
What Is the Prevalence of Smoking?	p. 214
What Are the Health Consequences of Smoking?	p. 214
Focus on Development: The Impact of Passive Smoking on Children	p. 217
How Do Psychological Factors Lead to the Initiation of Smoking?	p. 218
Focus on Research: The Hazards of Smoking in Movies	p. 220
What Factors Lead to Continued Smoking?	p. 221
Nicotine-Based Models	p. 221
Affect-Regulation Model	p. 222
Combined Models	p. 224
What Are Some Strategies for Preventing Smoking?	p. 225
What Are Some Strategies for Quitting Smoking?	p. 229
What Is the Prevalence of Alcohol Use and Abuse?	p. 234
Focus on Culture: The Impact of Culture on Alcohol Regulations, Consumption, and Consequences	p. 235
What Are the Health Consequences of Alcohol Abuse?	p. 235
Focus on Research: Why Drinking Alcohol Interferes With Condom Use	p. 238
How Do Psychological Factors Lead to Alcohol Abuse?	p. 239
Tension-Reduction Theory	p. 239
Social Learning Theory	p. 240
Personality	p. 242
Biological/Genetic Factors	p. 243
What Are Some Strategies for Preventing Alcohol Abuse?	p. 244
What Are Some Strategies for Treating Alcohol Abuse?	p. 246
Health Psychology in the Real World: The Very Real Consequences of Addiction	p. 247
Obesity and Eating Disorders	p. 255
What Is Obesity?	p. 257
What Are the Consequences of Obesity?	p. 260
How Do Genetic Factors Cause Obesity?	p. 262
How Do Psychological Factors Influence Eating (and Overeating)?	p. 265
Internal-External Hypothesis	p. 265
Mood Regulation	p. 267
Restraint Theory	p. 269
Sociocultural Factors	p. 270
Focus on Research: Is Obesity Contagious?	p. 271
Focus on Development: The Long-Lasting Impact of Prenatal Tasting	p. 272
What Factors Help Prevent Obesity?	p. 272
How Is Obesity Treated?	p. 275
What Are Eating Disorders?	p. 279
How Do Biological Factors Contribute to Eating Disorders?	p. 282
How Do Psychological Factors Contribute to Eating Disorders?	p. 282
Sociocultural Norms	p. 283
Focus on Culture: Is the Thin Ideal Universal?	p. 284
Family Dynamics	p. 286
Personality	p. 288
What Approaches Help Prevent Eating Disorders?	p. 288
Focus on Research: The Benefits of Critiquing the Thin Ideal	p. 291
What Approaches Help Treat Eating Disorders?	p. 291
Health Psychology in the Real World: The Struggle to Recover From an Eating Disorder	p. 292
The Experience and Management of Pain	p. 298
Why Do We Care About Pain?	p. 300
What Is Pain?	p. 301
How Do We Experience Pain?	p. 302
How Is Pain Measured?	p. 307
Self-Report Measures	p. 307
Behavioral Measures	p. 309
Physiological Measures	p. 310
How Do Psychosocial Factors Influence the Experience of Pain?	p. 310
Stress	p. 310
Learning	p. 312
Focus on Culture: The Influence of Culture on the Experience and Expression of Pain	p. 313
Cognition	p. 314
Mood State	p. 317
What Are Some Physical Methods of Controlling Pain?	p. 318
Medication	p. 319
Surgery	p. 320
Physical Therapy/Exercise	p. 320
Physical Stimulation	p. 321
What Are Some Psychological Methods of Controlling Pain?	p. 323
Focus on Research: Does Acupuncture Really Work to Reduce Pain?	p. 324
Hypnosis	p. 324
Biofeedback	p. 326
Relaxation and Distraction	p. 327
Focus on Research: Can Looking at Pictures of Loved Ones Reduce Pain?	p. 328
Focus on Development: The Impact of Watching Movies on Pain Relief in Children	p. 329
Cognitive Approaches	p. 330
Behavior Therapy	p. 334
Conclusions	p. 336
Can Placebos Decrease Pain?	p. 336
Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Placebos	p. 336
Physiological Mechanisms That Explain the Influence of Placebos	p. 338
Chronic Illness	p. 344
What Are Chronic Diseases?	p. 346
Focus on Culture: The Prevalence of Chronic Diseases Worldwide	p. 347
What Are the Consequences of Having Chronic Illnesses?	p. 348
Physical Problems	p. 348
Social Problems	p. 350
Focus on Development: How Do Children Cope With Having a Chronic Disease?	p. 351
A Humorous Example of the Impact of Chronic Disease on Marital Relationships	p. 353
Psychological Problems	p. 354
Health Psychology in the Real World: The Shock of a Cancer Diagnosis	p. 355
Reflection About the Benefits of Cancer By Lance Armstrong	p. 360
What Factors Influence How People Manage Having a Chronic Illness?	p. 361
Illness Intrusiveness	p. 361
Type of Coping Used	p. 362
Level of Social Support	p. 364
How Can Psychological Interventions Help People Cope with Chronic Illness?	p. 366
Education	p. 366
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)	p. 367
Social Support Groups	p. 369
What Is Coronary Heart Disease?	p. 371
How Do Psychological Factors Influence Coronary Heart Disease?	p. 372
Focus on Research: Is Living in New York City Hazardous to Your Health?	p. 375
How Can Psychological Interventions Help Reduce the Risk of Recurring Heart Attacks?	p. 378
What Is Cancer?	p. 380
How Do Psychosocial Factors Influence the Development of Cancer?	p. 382
What Factors Predict Effective Coping with Cancer?	p. 386
What Is HIV/AIDS?	p. 387
How Do Psychological Factors Predict the Acquisition of HIV?	p. 389
Focus on Research: The Hazards of Seeing HIV as Not Very Prevalent	p. 390
How Do Psychological Factors Predict the Progression of HIV?	p. 393
Terminal Illness and Bereavement	p. 399
When and How Do People Die?	p. 401
How Do People Cope with Dying?	p. 404
Stages of Death and Dying	p. 405
Task-Work Approach	p. 406
Stages of Death and Dying in Children	p. 407
The Ethics of Assisted Suicide	p. 408
Where Do People Die?	p. 411
Hospitals	p. 412
Nursing Homes/Long-Term Care Facilities	p. 414
Home	p. 414
Hospice Care	p. 415
Focus on Research: The Impact of Hospice Care on the End-of-Life Experience	p. 417
What are the Consequences of Bereavement?	p. 419
Focus on Research: Why and When the Death of a Spouse Impacts Mortality	p. 421
What Factors Influence the Experience of Bereavement?	p. 422
Stages of Mourning	p. 422
Influences on Grief	p. 423
Coping with Bereavement	p. 424
Focus on Culture: The Impact of Grief Processing Varies as a Function of Culture	p. 427
Health Psychology in the Real World: What You Should—and Should Not—Say to Someone Who Is in Mourning	p. 429
How Do People React to Different Types of Deaths?	p. 432
Death of a Spouse	p. 432
Death of a Parent	p. 433
Death of a Child	p. 434
Death of a Sibling	p. 435
How Do Children Understand Death?	p. 436
Health-Care Interaction: Screening, Utilization, Adherence, and Relapse	p. 441
What Is Screening?	p. 443
The Predictors of Screening	p. 445
The Costs and Benefits of Screening	p. 446
Health Psychology in the Real World: The Struggle to Decide Whether to Test or Not to Test	p. 447
Focus on Research: The Shifting Reaction to Testing Positive for Huntington's Disease	p. 451
Strategies for Increasing Screening	p. 453
How Do Psychological Factors Influence Health-Care Utilization, Interaction, Hospitalization, and Burnout?	p. 455
Health-Care Utilization	p. 456
Patient-Practitioner Communication	p. 463
Focus on Research: Differing Perspectives Between Patients and Physicians on Information Given	p. 465
Focus on Culture: Attitudes Toward the Doctor-Patient Relationship Vary by Culture	p. 467
The Experience of Hospitalization	p. 469
Focus on Development: The Difficulties of Hospitalization on Children	p. 470
The Experience of Burnout	p. 474
What Predicts Adherence?	p. 475
Causes of Nonadherence	p. 476
Measuring Adherence	p. 481
Strategies for Increasing Adherence	p. 482
What Is Relapse?	p. 485
Theories of Addiction	p. 486
Triggers of Relapse	p. 487
Strategies for Preventing Relapse	p. 488
Designing Persuasive Interventions	p. 496
Are Emotional Appeals Effective?	p. 498
The Use of Emotional Appeals	p. 499
The Drawbacks of Fear-Based Appeals	p. 500
Focus on Development: The Hazards of Fear-Based Approaches to Pregnancy Prevention	p. 502
Making Fear-Based Appeals Work	p. 503
Focus on Research: The Benefits of Self-Affirmation for Reducing Smoking	p. 507
How Effective Are Interventions Based in Psychological Theories?	p. 508
Prospect Theory	p. 508
Cognitive Dissonance Theory	p. 511
Attribution Theory	p. 513
Learning Theories	p. 514
Focus on Culture: The Role of a Radio Program in Reducing HIV Infection	p. 517
Social Cognitive Theory	p. 517
Theory of Planned Behavior	p. 518
Focus on Research: The Power of Social Norms in Increasing Condom Use	p. 519
Are Personally Relevant Messages the Most Effective?	p. 519
Screening	p. 520
Managing Pain and Chronic Disease	p. 522
Smoking Cessation	p. 524
Alcohol Use	p. 526
Eating and Eating Disordered Behavior	p. 527
Condom Use	p. 529
What Questions Remain?	p. 530
Future Directions for Health Psychology	p. 534
What Are the Contributions of Health Psychology?	p. 536
What Are the Hot Topics in Health Psychology?	p. 537
Preventing Health Problems	p. 537
Making Ethical Medical Decisions	p. 540
Focus on Research: Strategies for Increasing Organ Donation	p. 543
Enhancing the Quality of Life	p. 544
Health Psychology in the Real World: A Unique Approach to Conveying End-of-Life Preferences	p. 546
Reducing Health-Care Costs	p. 548
Focus on Culture: How Do Other Countries Handle Health Care?	p. 548
What Are the Challenges for Health Psychology in the Future?	p. 554
Decreasing Racial-Ethnic Differences in Health	p. 554
Focus on Development: The Long-Term Hazards of Childhood Poverty	p. 557
Focusing on the Predictors of Women's Health	p. 559
Focus on Research: Understanding the Decision to Vaccinate for HPV	p. 560
Broadening the Focus to Other Cultures	p. 561
What Can You Do With a Degree in Health Psychology?	p. 565
What Is the "Take Home" Point?	p. 566
Glossary	p. 571
References	p. 581
Author Index	p. 645
Subject Index	p. 000
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