Historical Geology Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Wicander, Reed; Monroe, James S.

• ISBN13: 9780534392871
• ISBN10: 0534392873
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-18
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

1. The Dynamic and Evolving Earth. 2. Earth Materials--Minerals and Rocks. 3. Plate Tectonics--A Unifying Theory. 4. Geologic Time--Concepts and Principles. 5. Rocks, Fossils, and Time--Making Sense of the Geologic Record. 6. Sedimentary Rocks--The Archives of Earth History. 7. Evolution--The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence. 8. Precambrian Earth and Life History--The Hadean and Archean. 9. Precambrian Earth and Life History--The Proterozoic Eon. 10. Geology of the Early Paleozoic Era. 11. Geology of the Late Paleozoic Era. 12. Life of the Paleozoic Era: Invertebrates. 13. Life of the Paleozoic Era: Vertebrates and Plants. 14. Geology of the Mesozoic Era. 15. Life of the Mesozoic Era. 16. Cenozoic Geologic History: Tertiary Period. 17. Cenozoic Geologic History: Quaternary Period. 18. Life of the Cenozoic Era. 19. Evolution of the Primates and Humans.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Dynamic and Evolving Earth	1	(14)
Introduction	2	(1)
What Is Geology?	2	(1)
Historical Geology and the Formulation of Theories	3	(1)
Origin of the Universe and the Solar System, and Earth's Place in Them	4	(4)
Origin of the Universe-Did It Begin with a Big Bang?	4	(1)
Perspective 1.1: Interpreting Earth History	5	(28)
Our Solar System-Its Origin and Evolution	5	(2)
Earth-Its Place in Our Solar System	7	(1)
Forming the Earth-Moon System	8	(1)
Why Is Earth a Dynamic and Evolving Planet?	8	(2)
Organic Evolution and the History of life	10	(1)
Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism	11	(1)
How Does the Study of Historical Geology Benefit Us?	12	(1)
Summary	13	(2)
Chapter 2 Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks	15	(17)
Introduction	16	(1)
Matter and Its Composition	17	(1)
Elements and Atoms	17	(1)
Bonding and Compounds	17	(1)
Minerals-The Building Blocks of Rocks	18	(1)
How Many Minerals Are There?	19	(1)
Silicate Minerals	19	(1)
Other Mineral Groups	20	(1)
Rock-Forming Minerals and the Rock Cycle	20	(1)
Igneous Rocks	20	(2)
Texture and Composition of Igneous Rocks	20	(1)
Classifying Igneous Rocks	21	(1)
Sedimentary Rocks	22	(4)
Sediment Transport, Deposition, and Lithification	22	(1)
Types of Sedimentary Rocks	22	(4)
Metamorphic Rocks	26	(2)
The Agents of Metamorphism	27	(1)
Types of Metamorphism	27	(1)
Classifying Metamorphic Rocks	27	(1)
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle	28	(1)
Earth Materials and Historical Geology	29	(1)
Summary	30	(2)
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory	32	(24)
Introduction	33	(1)
Early Ideas about Continental Drift	33	(4)
Perspective 3.1: Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics	34	(24)
Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis	35	(1)
Additional Support for Continental Drift	36	(1)
Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering	37	(1)
How Do Magnetic Reversals Relate to Seafloor Spreading?	38	(1)
Plate Tectonics and Plate Boundaries	39	(8)
Divergent Boundaries	41	(1)
An Example of Ancient Rifting	42	(1)
Convergent Boundaries	42	(3)
Recognizing Ancient Convergent Boundaries	45	(1)
Transform Boundaries	45	(2)
What Are Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes?	47	(1)
How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined?	48	(1)
What Is the Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics?	49	(1)
How Are Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building Related?	50	(1)
Terrane Tectonics	51	(1)
How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Life?	51	(1)
How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Natural Resources?	52	(2)
Summary	54	(2)
Chapter 4 Geologic lime: Concepts and Principles	56	(16)
Introduction	57	(1)
How Has the Concept of Geologic Time and Earth's Age Changed Throughout Human History?	58	(1)
Perspective 4.1: Geologic Time and Climate Change	59	(1)
What Are Relative Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?	59	(1)
Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating	60	(1)
Establishment of Geology as a Science-The Triumph of Uniformitarianism over Neptunism and Catastrophism	60	(3)
Neptunism and Catastrophism	60	(1)
Uniformitarianism	61	(1)
Modern View of Uniformitarianism	62	(1)
Lord Kelvin and a Crisis in Geology	63	(1)
What Are Absolute Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?	63	(6)
Atoms and Isotopes	63	(1)
Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives	64	(3)
Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs	67	(1)
Fission Track Dating	67	(1)
Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating	67	(2)
Summary	69	(3)
Chapter 5 Rocks, Fossils, and lime-Making Sense of the Geologic Record	72	(22)
Introduction	73	(1)
Stratigraphy	73	(6)
Vertical Stratigraphic Relationships	73	(2)
Lateral Relationships-Facies	75	(2)
Marine Transgressions and Regressions	77	(1)
Extent, Rates, and Causes of Transgressions and Regressions	78	(1)
Fossilization and Fossils	79	(7)
Do Fossils Form?	79	(2)
Fossils and Telling Time	81	(1)
Perspective 5.1: Fossils and Uniformitarianism	82	(4)
The Relative Geologic Time Scale	86	(1)
Stratigraphic Terminology	87	(1)
Correlation	88	(2)
Absolute Dates and the Relative
Geologic Time Scale	90	(2)
Summary	92	(2)
Chapter 6 Sedimentary Rocks-The Archives of Earth History	94	(20)
Introduction	95	(1)
Sedimentary Rock Properties	95	(7)
Composition and Texture	95	(1)
Sedimentary Structures	96	(2)
Geometry of Sedimentary Rocks	98	(1)
Fossils-The Biologic Content of Sedimentary Rocks	98	(1)
Perspective 6.1: Determining the Relative Ages of Deformed Sedimentary Rocks	99	(3)
Depositional Environments	102	(7)
Continental Environments	102	(1)
Transitional Environments	103	(2)
Marine Environments	105	(4)
Environmental Interpretations and Historical Geology	109	(2)
Paleogeography	111	(1)
Summary	112	(2)
Chapter 7 Evolution-The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence	114	(22)
Introduction	115	(1)
Evolution: What Does It Mean?	116	(2)
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and His Ideas on Evolution	117	(1)
The Contributions of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace	117	(1)
Natural Selection-What Is Its Significance?	117	(1)
Perspective 7.1: The Tragic Lysenko Affair	118	(1)
Mendel and the Birth of Genetics	118	(2)
Mendel's Experiments	119	(1)
Genes and Chromosomes	119	(1)
The Modern View of Evolution	120	(7)
What Brings about Variation?	121	(1)
Speciation and the Rate of Evolution	121	(2)
Divergent, Convergent, and Parallel Evolution	123	(1)
Cladistics and Cladograms	124	(1)
Evolutionary Trends	125	(2)
Extinctions	127	(1)
What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?	127	(7)
Classification-A Nested Pattern of Similarities	128	(1)
How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution?	128	(2)
Fossils: What Do We Learn from Them?	130	(3)
Perspective 7.2: The Fossil Record and Missing Links	133	(1)
Summary	134	(2)
Chapter 8 Precambrian Earth and Life History-The Hadean and Archean	136	(17)
Introduction	137	(1)
What Happened during the Hadean?	138	(1)
Continental Foundations-Shields, Platforms, and Cratons	139	(3)
Archean Rocks	139	(2)
Greenstone Belts	141	(1)
Evolution of Greenstone Belts	142	(1)
Archean Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Cratons	142	(1)
The Atmosphere and Hydrosphere	143	(2)
How Did the Atmosphere Form and Evolve?	143	(2)
Earth's Surface Waters-The Hydrosphere	145	(1)
The First Organisms	145	(4)
Experimental Evidence and the Origin of Life	146	(1)
The Oldest Known Organisms	147	(1)
Perspective 8.1: Submarine Hydrothermal Vents and the Origin of Life	148	(1)
Archean Mineral Resources	149	(1)
Summary	150	(3)
Chapter 9 Precambrian Earth and Life History-The Proterozoic Eon	153	(21)
Introduction	154	(1)
Evolution Of Proterozoic Continents	154	(6)
Early Proterozoic History of Laurentia	154	(3)
Early and Middle Proterozoic Igneous Activity	157	(1)
Middle Proterozoic Orogeny and Rifting	157	(1)
Middle and Late Proterozoic Sedimentation	158	(2)
Proterozoic Supercontinents	160	(1)
Ancient Glaciers and Their Deposits	160	(1)
Early Proterozoic Glaciers	160	(1)
Glaciers of the Late Proterozoic	160	(1)
The Evolving Atmosphere	160	(4)
Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)	162	(1)
Continental Red Beds	163	(1)
Important Events in Life History	164	(5)
Eukaryotic Cells Evolve	165	(1)
Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells	166	(1)
The Dawn of Multicelled Organisms	166	(1)
Late Proterozoic Animals	167	(2)
Proterozoic Mineral Resources	169	(2)
Perspective 9.1: BIF: From Mine to Steel Mill	170	(1)
Summary	171	(3)
Chapter 10 Early Paleozoic Earth History	174	(20)
Introduction	175	(1)
Continental Architecture: Cratons and Mobile Belts	175	(1)
Paleozoic Paleogeography	176	(3)
Early Paleozoic Global History	177	(2)
Early Paleozoic Evolution of North America	179	(1)
The Sauk Sequence	179	(2)
The Cambrian of the Grand Canyon Region: A Transgressive Facies Modes	179	(2)
The Tippecanoe Sequence	181	(6)
Perspective 10.1: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore	182	(16)
Tippecanoe Reefs and Evaporites	184	(2)
The End of the Tippecanoe Sequence	186	(1)
The Appalachian Mobile Belt and the Taconic Orogeny	187	(3)
Early Paleozoic Mineral Resources	190	(1)
Summary	191	(3)
Chapter 11 Late Paleozoic Earth History	194	(22)
Introduction	195	(1)
Late Paleozoic Paleogeography	195	(3)
The Devonian Period	195	(1)
The Carboniferous Period	195	(3)
The Permian Period	198	(1)
Late Paleozoic Evolution of North America	198	(1)
The Kaskaskia Sequence	198	(3)
Reef Development in Western Canada	199	(1)
Black Shales	199	(1)
The Late Kaskaskia-A Return to Extensive Carbonate Deposition	200	(1)
Perspective 11.1: The Canning Basin, Australia-A Devonian Great Barrier Reef	201	(1)
The Absaroka Sequence	201	(6)
What Are Cyclothems, and Why Are They Important?	202	(2)
Cratonic Uplift-The Ancestral Rockies	204	(1)
The Late Absaroka-More Evaporite Deposits and Reefs	205	(2)
History of the Late Paleozoic Mobile Belts	207	(4)
Cordilleras Mobile Belt	208	(1)
Ouachita Mobile Belt	209	(1)
Appalachian Mobile Belt	209	(2)
What Role Did Microplates and Terranes Play in the Formation of Pangaea?	211	(1)
Late Paleozoic Mineral Resources	211	(1)
Summary	212	(4)
Chapter 12 Paleozoic Life History: Invertebrates	216	(18)
Introduction	217	(1)
What Was the Cambrian Explosion?	217	(1)
The Emergence of a Shelly Fauna	218	(1)
Paleozoic Invertebrate Marine Life	219	(11)
The Present Marine Ecosystem	219	(2)
Cambrian Marine Community	221	(2)
The Burgess Shale Biota	223	(1)
Ordovician Marine Community	224	(1)
Silurian and Devonian Marine Communities	225	(1)
Perspective 12.1: Mass Extintions and Their Possible Causes	226	(19)
Carboniferous and Permian Marine Communities	228	(1)
The Permian Marine Invertebrate Extinction	229	(1)
Summary	230	(4)
Chapter 13 Paleozoic Life History: Vertebrates and Plants	234	(21)
Introduction	235	(1)
Vertebrate Evolution	235	(1)
Fish	236	(4)
Amphibians-Vertebrates Invade the Land	240	(2)
Evolution of the Reptiles-The Land Is Conquered	242	(3)
Plant Evolution	245	(7)
Perspective 13.1: Palynology: A Link Between Geology and Biology	246	(17)
Silurian and Devonian Floras	247	(3)
Late Carboniferous and Permian Floras	250	(2)
Summary	252	(3)
Chapter 14 Mesozoic Earth History	255	(23)
Introduction	256	(1)
The Breakup of Pangaea	256	(3)
Effects of the Breakup of Pangaea on Global Climates and Ocean Circulation Patterns	259	(1)
Mesozoic History of North America	259	(1)
Continental Interior	260	(1)
Eastern Coastal Region	260	(2)
Gulf Coastal Region	262	(1)
Western Region	263	(9)
Mesozoic Tectonics	263	(5)
Mesozoic Sedimentation	268	(1)
Perspective 14.1: Petrified Forest National Park	269	(3)
What Role Did Accretion of Terranes Play in the Growth of Western North America?	272	(1)
Mesozoic Mineral Resources	273	(2)
Summary	275	(3)
Chapter 15 Life of the Mesozoic Era	278	(24)
Introduction	279	(1)
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton	279	(2)
Aquatic and Semiaquatic Vertebrates-Fish and Amphibians	281	(1)
Plants-Primary Producers on Land	282	(1)
The Diversification of Reptiles	283	(7)
Archosaurs and the Origin of Dinosaurs	283	(1)
Dinosaurs	283	(2)
Warm-Blooded Dinosaurs?	285	(1)
Perspective 15.1: Dinosaur Behavior	286	(4)
Flying Reptiles	288	(1)
Mesozoic Marine Reptiles	289	(1)
Crocodiles, Turtles, Lizards, and Snakes	290	(1)
From Reptiles to Birds	290	(3)
Perspective 15.2: Vertebrates and the Origin of Flight	293	(1)
Origin and Early Evolution of Mammals	293	(3)
Cynodonts and the Origin of Mammals	293	(2)
Mesozoic Mammals	295	(1)
Mesozoic Climates and Paleogeography	296	(1)
Mass Extinctions-A Crisis in the History of Life	297	(1)
Summary	298	(4)
Chapter 16 Cenozoic Geologic History: The Tertiary Period	302	(26)
Introduction	303	(1)
Cenozoic Plate Tectonics-An Overview	303	(1)
Cenozoic Orogenic Belts	304	(5)
The Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt	306	(1)
The Circum-Pacific Orogenic Belt	307	(2)
The North American Cordillera	309	(10)
The Laramide Orogeny	310	(2)
Cordilleras Igneous Activity	312	(1)
Perspective 16.1: Geologic History of the Teton Range	313	(17)
Basin and Range Province	315	(1)
Colorado Plateau	316	(1)
Pacific Coast	316	(3)
The Continental Interior	319	(1)
Cenozoic History of the Appalachian Mountains	319	(1)
The Southern and Eastern Continental Margins	319	(5)
The Gulf Coastal Plain	321	(1)
The Atlantic Continental Margin	321	(3)
Tertiary Mineral Resources	324	(1)
Summary	324	(4)
Chapter 17 Cenozoic Geologic History: The Quaternary Period	328	(20)
Introduction	329	(1)
Pleistocene and Holocene Tectonism and Volcanism	329	(1)
Pleistocene Stratigraphy	330	(5)
Terrestrial Stratigraphy	330	(2)
Perspective 17.1: Supervolcanoes and the Origin of the Yellowstone Caldera	332	(22)
Deep-Sea Stratigraphy	334	(1)
Onset of the Ice Age	335	(2)
Climate of the Pleistocene	335	(1)
Glaciers-What Are They, and How Do They Form?	336	(1)
Glaciation and Its Effects	337	(5)
Glacial Landforms	337	(1)
Changes in Sea Level	337	(1)
Glaciers and Isostasy	338	(2)
Pluvial and Proglacial Lakes	340	(2)
What Caused Pleistocene Glaciation?	342	(3)
The Milankovitch Theory	344	(1)
Short-Term Climatic Changes	344	(1)
Quaternary Mineral Resources	345	(1)
Summary	346	(2)
Chapter 18 Life of the Cenozoic Era	348	(23)
Introduction	349	(1)
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton	349	(2)
Cenozoic Vegetation and Climate	351	(1)
Cenozoic Birds	352	(1)
The Age of Mammals Begins	353	(1)
Diversification of Placental Mammals	354	(3)
Perspective 18.1: Not All Giant Land Animals Were Dinosaurs	356	(1)
Mammals of the Tertiary Period	357	(8)
Small Mammals-Insectivores, Rodents, Rabbits, and Bats	357	(1)
A Brief History of the Primates	358	(1)
The Meat Eaters-Carnivorous Mammals	358	(2)
The Ungulates or Hoofed Mammals	360	(3)
Giant Land-Dwelling Mammals-Elephants	363	(1)
Giant Aquatic Mammals-Whales	364	(1)
Pleistocene Faunas	365	(2)
Mammals of the Ice Age	365	(1)
Pleistocene Extinctions	366	(1)
Intercontinental Migrations	367	(1)
Summary	368	(3)
Chapter 19 Primate and Human Evolution	371	(15)
Introduction	372	(1)
What Are Primates?	372	(1)
Prosimians	372
Anthropoids	371	(4)
Hominids	375	(9)
Australopithecines	377	(1)
Perspective 19.1: Footprints at Laetoli	378	(6)
The Human Lineage	379	(2)
Neanderthals	381	(1)
Cro-Magnons	382	(2)
Summary	384	(2)
Epilogue	386	(2)
Appendix A Metric Conversion Chart	388	(1)
Appendix B Classification of Organisms	389	(5)
Appendix C Mineral Identification	394	(4)
Glossary	398	(9)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions	407	(1)
Credits	408	(3)
Index	411