List of illustrations | p. ix |
List of texts | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
The origins of English (before 450) | p. 1 |
Chapter overview | p. 1 |
The origins of human language | p. 1 |
Language change | p. 5 |
Changes in Germanic before the invasions of Britain | p. 8 |
The world of the Germanic peoples | p. 11 |
The Germanic migrations | p. 14 |
Summary | p. 17 |
Study questions | p. 18 |
Further reading | p. 19 |
Old English: early Germanic Britain (450-700) | p. 20 |
Chapter overview | p. 20 |
The first peoples | p. 21 |
The Germanic incursions | p. 24 |
Introduction to Old English | p. 28 |
The Christianization of England | p. 33 |
Literature in the early Old English period | p. 36 |
Summary | p. 43 |
Study questions | p. 43 |
Further reading | p. 44 |
Old English: the Viking invasions and their consequences (700-1066/1100) | p. 45 |
Chapter overview | p. 45 |
The Viking invasions | p. 46 |
Linguistic influence of Old Norse | p. 51 |
Creolization | p. 56 |
Alfred's reforms and the West Saxon standard | p. 60 |
Monastic reform, linguistic developments, and literary genres | p. 61 |
Summary | p. 63 |
Study questions | p. 64 |
Further reading | p. 65 |
Middle English: the non-standard period (1066/1100-1350) | p. 66 |
Chapter overview | p. 66 |
Dynastic conflict and the Norman Conquest | p. 67 |
Linguistic features of Middle English in the non-standard period | p. 74 |
French influence on Middle English and the question of creolization | p. 89 |
English literature | p. 90 |
Dialectal diversity in early ME | p. 91 |
Summary | p. 93 |
Study questions | p. 94 |
Further reading | p. 94 |
Middle English: the emergence of Standard English (1350-1500) | p. 95 |
Chapter overview | p. 95 |
Political and social turmoil and demographic developments | p. 96 |
The expansion of domains | p. 99 |
Chancery English (Chancery Standard) | p. 105 |
Literature | p. 112 |
Variation | p. 118 |
Summary | p. 120 |
Study questions | p. 121 |
Further reading | p. 121 |
The Early Modern English period (1500-1700) | p. 123 |
Chapter overview | p. 123 |
The Early Modern English period | p. 124 |
Early Modern English | p. 128 |
Regulation and codification | p. 132 |
Religious and scientific prose and belles lettres | p. 142 |
Variation: South and North | p. 151 |
Summary | p. 153 |
Study questions | p. 154 |
Further reading | p. 154 |
The spread of English (since the late sixteenth century) | p. 155 |
Chapter overview | p. 155 |
Social-historical background | p. 156 |
Language policy | p. 160 |
The emergence of General English (GenE) | p. 161 |
Transplantation | p. 164 |
Linguistic correlates of European expansion | p. 166 |
Summary | p. 176 |
Study questions | p. 177 |
Further reading | p. 178 |
English in Great Britain and Ireland (since 1700) | p. 179 |
Chapter overview | p. 179 |
Social and historical developments in Britain and Ireland | p. 179 |
England and Wales | p. 182 |
Scotland | p. 199 |
Ireland | p. 202 |
Urban varieties | p. 206 |
Summary | p. 209 |
Study questions | p. 209 |
Further reading | p. 210 |
English pidgins, English Creoles, and English (since the early seventeenth century) | p. 211 |
Chapter overview | p. 211 |
European expansion and the slave trade | p. 212 |
Language contact | p. 215 |
Pidgins | p. 218 |
Creoles | p. 224 |
Theories of origins | p. 228 |
Summary | p. 240 |
Study questions | p. 241 |
Further reading | p. 242 |
English in North America (since the early seventeenth century) | p. 243 |
Chapter overview | p. 243 |
The beginnings of English in North America | p. 243 |
Colonial English | p. 246 |
Development of North American English after American independence | p. 251 |
Non-standard GenE | p. 258 |
Ethnic variety within AmE | p. 264 |
Summary | p. 274 |
Study questions | p. 274 |
Further reading | p. 275 |
English in the ENL communities of the Southern Hemisphere (since 1788) | p. 277 |
Chapter overview | p. 277 |
Social-historical background | p. 278 |
Southern Hemisphere English: grammar | p. 284 |
Southern Hemisphere English: pronunciation | p. 288 |
Southern Hemisphere English: vocabulary and pragmatics | p. 292 |
Regional and ethnic variation | p. 300 |
Summary | p. 303 |
Study questions | p. 303 |
Further reading | p. 304 |
English in the ESL countries of Africa and Asia (since 1795) | p. 305 |
Chapter overview | p. 305 |
English as a Second Language | p. 306 |
Language planning and policy | p. 315 |
Linguistic features of ESL | p. 317 |
Substrate influence | p. 324 |
Identitarian function of language | p. 332 |
Summary | p. 334 |
Study questions | p. 335 |
Further reading | p. 335 |
Global English (since 1945) | p. 337 |
Chapter overview | p. 337 |
The beginnings of Global English | p. 337 |
Media dominance | p. 339 |
Features of medialized language | p. 343 |
ENL, ESL, and ELF/EFL | p. 351 |
The identitarian role of the multiplicity of Englishes | p. 358 |
Summary | p. 361 |
Study questions | p. 361 |
Further reading | p. 362 |
The International Phonetic Alphabet | p. 363 |
Glossary | p. 364 |
Bibliography | p. 392 |
Index | p. 405 |
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