A History of Israel

by SACHAR, HOWARD M.

• ISBN13: 9780375711329
• ISBN10: 0375711325
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2007-05-15
• Publisher: Knopf

Summary

Second Edition, Revised and Expanded

Author Biography

Howard Morley Sachar serves as Charles E. Smith Professor of History Emeritus at George Washington University.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xxi
The Rise of Jewish Nationalism	p. 3
Acculturation and Historical Memory	p. 3
Forerunners of Zionism	p. 6
European Nationalism and Russian Upheaval	p. 10
Palestine as Refuge and Renaissance	p. 13
The Chovevei Zion	p. 16
The Beginning of the Return	p. 18
The Link with the Land	p. 18
Palestine and European Consciousness	p. 20
The "Old Settlement"	p. 22
The "Old Settlement" Stirs	p. 24
The First Aliyah	p. 26
"The Well-known Benefactor"	p. 30
The Bridgehead Widens	p. 32
Herzl and the Rise of Political Zionism	p. 36
The Complete European	p. 36
Der Judenstaat	p. 38
From Theorist to Activist: The Zionist Congress	p. 41
The Kaiser and the Sultan	p. 47
The British Connection	p. 52
Achad HaAm, Easterners, and the Democratic Fraction	p. 56
A Final Diplomatic Effort and the "Uganda" Crisis	p. 59
Herzl: A Last Assessment	p. 63
The Growth of the Yishuv	p. 65
Zionism after Herzl	p. 65
The Growth of Zionist Parties	p. 67
Labor Zionism	p. 69
The Second Aliyah	p. 71
The Conquest of Labor	p. 74
The Collective Settlement	p. 77
The Guild of Watchmen	p. 80
The Conquest of Hebrew	p. 82
The Yishuv Strives for Political Identity	p. 85
The Balfour Declaration	p. 89
Palestine Jewry and the War	p. 89
The Middle East and British War Policy	p. 92
The Origins of the Anglo-Zionist Alliance	p. 96
A Crucial Intermediary	p. 99
The Quid Pro Quo of Jewish Friendship	p. 101
A Declaration Is Issued	p. 105
The Jewish Legion and the Liberation of the Yishuv	p. 112
The Establishment of The Mandate	p. 116
A Definition of Frontiers	p. 116
High and Early Hopes in the Holy Land	p. 117
The End of the Military Regime, The Reformulation of the Mandate	p. 122
The "Constitution" of the Mandate	p. 129
The Operation of the Mandate	p. 132
The Roots of Self-Government	p. 134
Building the Jewish National Home	p. 138
The Revival of the Zionist Organization	p. 138
The Contest for American Zionism, The Struggle for Land and Funds	p. 140
Immigrants and Ideologies	p. 144
A New Utopia on the Soil	p. 147
The Voice of Chalutziut	p. 152
The Growth of Urban Settlement, The Struggle for Labor Unity	p. 154
The Creation of the Jewish Agency	p. 160
The Seeds of Arab - Jewish Confrontation	p. 163
Arabs and Jews Before the Mandate	p. 163
The Arabs of Palestine	p. 167
A Failure of Perception, A Renewal of Violence	p. 171
The Aftermath of Violence	p. 174
Polarization and a Failure of Definition	p. 178
The Revisionist Answer	p. 183
The Fifth Aliyah, The Growth of the Capitalist Sector	p. 188
The Growth of Zionism	p. 190
Britain Repudiates the Jewish National Home	p. 195
The Intrusion of the Axis	p. 195
The Seeds of Arab Revolt	p. 196
The Arab Revolt Begins	p. 199
The Peel Commission	p. 201
The Peel Report and Its Reception	p. 204
Partition in the Balance	p. 208
The Arab Revolt Is Renewed	p. 210
The Growth of Jewish Self-Defense	p. 213
Britain Retreats from Partition	p. 217
The London Round Table Conference	p. 219
The White Paper of 1939	p. 222
Palestine in World War II	p. 227
An Oscillation of British Fortunes	p. 227
A Lonely Ally	p. 229
Tragedy and Rescue	p. 236
Anglo-Zionist Diplomacy During the War	p. 240
The Rise of Jewish Militancy	p. 243
The Yishuv Repudiates the Mandate	p. 249
The War Ends: Jewish and British Appraisals	p. 249
The United States and the Refugee Question	p. 254
The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry	p. 258
Jewish Extremism Intensified	p. 264
The Illegal Immigration	p. 267
Britain's Final Effort: The Morrison-Grady Plan and the London Discussions	p. 270
The Birth of Israel	p. 279
The Palestine Issue Reaches the United Nations	p. 279
The UNSCOP Reports	p. 283
The United States Makes a Commitment	p. 287
The Vote for Partition	p. 292
The Response to Partition	p. 295
Partition in Jeopardy	p. 301
The Jews Force the Issue	p. 304
The Birth of Israel	p. 309
The War of Independence	p. 315
The Arab States Prepare for Invasion	p. 315
The Jews Face Invasion	p. 317
Israel's Survival in the Balance	p. 319
The Battle for Jerusalem	p. 324
The First United Nations Truce	p. 327
Territorial and Demographic Changes	p. 330
Bernadotte Makes a Proposal	p. 336
The Battle for the Negev	p. 339
The Final Campaign of the Palestine War	p. 342
Negotiations for an Armistice	p. 347
The Growth of the Israeli Republic	p. 354
The Framework of Government	p. 354
Legislature and Executive	p. 357
A Bicephalous Judiciary	p. 360
Crises of Israeli Democracy	p. 362
An Entanglement of Parties	p. 362
Government by Coalition	p. 366
The Bureaucracy	p. 369
Demagoguery	p. 371
Religion and State	p. 376
The Arab Minority: Citizenship and Military Government	p. 382
The Arab Minority: Land and Economy	p. 386
Communal Structure in an Alien Society	p. 389
Ingathering and the Struggle for Economic Survival	p. 395
The Gates Open	p. 395
The Oriental Immigration	p. 396
The Shock of Absorption	p. 403
Efforts to Disperse and Feed a Population	p. 405
The Crisis of the Israeli Economy	p. 409
The Role of the Public Sector	p. 411
The Immigration Resumes, The Roots of Social Crisis	p. 415
The North African Malaise	p. 419
The Economy Revives	p. 424
The Search for Peace and Security	p. 429
The Realities of Israel's Foreign Policy	p. 429
The Palestine Conciliation Commission, The Status of Jerusalem	p. 430
The Arab Refugees: The Fate of Abandoned Property	p. 436
The Arab Refugees: Repatriation versus Resettlement	p. 439
A Flickering of Border Violence	p. 443
Demilitarized Zones and Fedayeen	p. 445
The Dynamics of Arab Belligerency	p. 450
The Mechanics of Arab Belligerency	p. 453
Israel Looks to the West	p. 458
The Quest for Soviet Friendship	p. 461
A Crisis of Conscience: To Negotiate with Germany	p. 464
The Treaty of Luxembourg and Shilumim	p. 466
The Balance Sheet	p. 470
Sinai and Suez	p. 472
Nasser Casts a Shadow	p. 472
Israel in Isolation	p. 475
Dayan Creates a Fighting Force	p. 479
The Search for an Ally	p. 482
Nasser Issues a Challenge	p. 485
Israel Is Brought into the Picture	p. 489
Operation Kadesh Is Launched	p. 493
"The Separation of Combatants"	p. 497
Operation Kadesh Is Completed	p. 499
A World in Outrage	p. 503
Israel Holds Out for Safeguards	p. 507
A Formula Is Devised	p. 510
Years of Economic and Social Growth	p. 515
The Emergence of a Nation	p. 515
The Conquest of Land and Water	p. 517
The Desert Unlocked, The Seas Opened	p. 522
The "Takeoff" Point	p. 528
The Arab Minority	p. 532
Israeli Jewry's "Other Half"	p. 538
A Decade of Political and Diplomatic Achievement	p. 543
The Crisis of the Political Establishment: The Lavon Affair	p. 543
The Aftermath: A Reconstruction of Parties	p. 547
The Eichmann Trial	p. 552
The Courtship of Germany	p. 559
Weapons and Diplomacy	p. 562
Israel, France, and the European Economic Community	p. 567
Israel and the Developing Nations	p. 572
The Israeli-African Honeymoon	p. 575
Cultural and Ideological Currents	p. 580
The Rise of an Arab Intelligentsia	p. 580
The Growth of a Majority Culture: Education and Science	p. 583
The Search for Identity and Style	p. 588
Literature of the Soul: The "Jewish" Generation	p. 590
"The Palmach Generation"-And After	p. 593
The Crisis of Conscience	p. 595
The Confrontation with Orthodoxy in Israel	p. 598
Who Is a Jew?	p. 602
The Struggle for Flexibility Within Orthodoxy	p. 608
The Quest for Spiritual Alternatives	p. 611
The Six-Day War	p. 615
A Fluctuation of Nasser's Fortunes	p. 615
A Syrian Tiger Is Loosed	p. 617
Moscow Rides the Tiger	p. 620
Nasser Returns to Gaza and Sharm es-Sheikh	p. 622
A Blockade Reimposed	p. 625
Diplomatic Agony, Political Crisis	p. 628
A Massing of Arab Strength	p. 632
The Sources of Israeli Military Power	p. 635
The Decision to Attack	p. 638
An Aerial Thunderbolt, A Mailed Fist	p. 639
A Confusion of Arab Purposes	p. 642
The World in Shock	p. 645
Israel Conquers Sinai	p. 647
"Jerusalem the Golden"	p. 650
Retribution on the Golan Heights	p. 655
A Diplomatic Consolidation	p. 661
Israel as Empire	p. 667
A Regime of Improvisation: Jerusalem	p. 667
The West Bank	p. 669
Israel Waits for a "Phone Call"	p. 673
Israel Tightens Its Grip	p. 677
The Rise of Arab Guerrilla Resistance	p. 682
The Economic Impact of Israeli Occupation	p. 686
The War of Attrition	p. 689
The Soviets Enlarge Their Presence	p. 693
The Mutation of Arab Guerrilla Resistance	p. 697
The Rise of Prosperity	p. 702
Israel's Administered "Common Market"	p. 704
Conflicting Visions of Israel's Territorial Future	p. 708
Israel and World Jewry	p. 714
A Mobilization of the Diaspora	p. 714
Israel Reformulates Zionism	p. 718
The Crisis of American Zionism	p. 721
The Diaspora Pays Its Dues	p. 724
The Reconstruction of the Jewish Agency	p. 728
The "Jews of Silence"	p. 731
The Upheaval of Soviet Jewry	p. 735
The War of the Day of Judgment	p. 740
The Politics of Complacency	p. 740
A Reevaluation of Military Posture	p. 744
Sadat Reaches a Decision	p. 746
Sadat Completes His Preparations	p. 749
A Failure of Israeli Intelligence	p. 752
Avalanche Out of the North	p. 755
A Tidal Wave Across the Canal	p. 759
A Reevaluation of Priorities	p. 762
A Competition of Patrons	p. 766
Stabilization and Counterattack	p. 770
A Reversal of Fortunes in the South	p. 774
The Soviets in Panic	p. 778
Israel Cedes a Corridor	p. 784
Aftermath of an Earthquake	p. 788
Israel in Isolation Again	p. 788
Shuttle Diplomacy and First-Stage Disengagement	p. 792
A Political Changing of the Guard	p. 801
The Costs of an Indeterminate Victory	p. 806
A Crisis of Shuttle Diplomacy	p. 812
Disengagement and Breathing Space	p. 817
Continuing Dangers	p. 825
Rabin's Years of Sufferance	p. 828
The Likud Era Begins	p. 831
Labor's Final Epitaph	p. 831
An Electoral Upheaval	p. 834
Israel Turns to the Right	p. 835
"The Enemy Within"	p. 838
An Accommodation with Egypt	p. 843
Sadat in Quest of Peace	p. 843
A Hegira to Jerusalem	p. 845
The Cold Light of Dawn	p. 848
Retreat and Breakthrough	p. 851
The Frameworks of Agreement	p. 852
Sadat's Equivocation, Carter's Gamble	p. 854
A Pilgrimage to the Middle East	p. 856
Romantic Nationalism and Realpolitik	p. 861
The New Palestinians	p. 861
A Paralysis of Dialogue	p. 863
A Fixation on Settlement	p. 865
The Realities of Settlement	p. 867
A Disaffection from Revisionism	p. 869
Malaise on the Domestic Scene	p. 872
Seizing the Political Offensive: Jerusalem	p. 873
A Visitation to Osiraq	p. 875
Revisionism at the Apogee	p. 881
A Revalidated Political Imprimatur	p. 881
Retribution in Egypt	p. 882
The Religionists Claim Their Price	p. 884
The Nationalists Claim Their Price	p. 887
A Blueprint for "Pragmatic" Settlement	p. 889
Carrot and Stick in Palestine	p. 891
A Fulminance of Jewish Vigilantism	p. 894
Israel in Lebanon	p. 897
A Rolling Thunder from the North	p. 897
Ariel Sharon's Mailed Fist	p. 901
Operation Peace for the Galilee	p. 904
Operation Big Pines	p. 908
The Ugly Israeli	p. 910
The Failed Gamble	p. 911
Sabra and Shatila	p. 913
Assad Vetoes an Accord	p. 916
Menachem Begin's Moment of Truth	p. 918
A Crisis of Israeli Spirit, of Diaspora Loyalty	p. 921
A Sophistication of Majority Culture	p. 921
Confrontation into Kulturkampf?	p. 922
A Brutalization of Civic Rectitude	p. 927
A Waning of Diaspora Patience	p. 929
A Reappraisal of Loyalties	p. 930
The Era of Unity Governments	p. 934
Electioneering on the Economic Brink	p. 934
An End to Adventurism	p. 936
The Struggle for Economic Stabilization	p. 941
Toward a Scientific Society	p. 943
Israel as Armorer	p. 945
Iran-Contra: The Israeli Connection	p. 949
A Redeeming Territorial Moderation	p. 953
The Wages of Immobilism	p. 957
Peres's Diplomatic Gamesmanship	p. 957
A Political Rollover	p. 958
The Storm before the Storm	p. 960
Palestinian Intifada, Israeli Retrenchment	p. 964
A Resurgent Immigration from Eastern Europe	p. 968
The Price of Revived Territorialism	p. 971
An Exhaustion of American Forbearance	p. 974
A Tormented Road to Peace	p. 977
A Firestorm from the Gulf	p. 977
Operation Desert Storm: The Israeli Dimension	p. 979
Operation Desert Storm: Dividends and Debts	p. 981
A Diplomatic Respectability	p. 982
The Madrid Conference-and Beyond	p. 984
Labor's Political Reincarnation	p. 986
Background to a Diplomatic Revolution	p. 989
A Scandinavian Door to Palestine	p. 991
An Experimental Palestinian Empowerment	p. 994
An Erratic Journey toward Normalization	p. 997
A Partner to the East	p. 999
A Deterioration of the Rabin-Peres Legacy	p. 1003
A Post-Rabin Valedictory	p. 1003
Peres's Legacy to Rabin	p. 1004
Rabin's Syrian Legacy	p. 1007
A Belated Flexing of Muscles	p. 1010
An Anti-Oslo Backlash	p. 1012
The Peace Process in Netanyahu's Extremis	p. 1015
An Advent of Clintonian Diplomacy	p. 1018
Clinton as Senior Partner	p. 1020
Ehud Barak's Two Years	p. 1024
A Paralysis of Negotiations, A Deterioration of Likud Governance	p. 1024
"The Most Decorated Soldier"	p. 1027
Barak's Syrian Option	p. 1028
In Pursuit of Hafez al-Assad	p. 1030
Barak's Palestinian Option	p. 1033
Ariel Sharon Takes a Walk	p. 1036
Clinton's Middle Eastern Valedictory	p. 1039
The Reincarnation of Ariel Sharon	p. 1043
The Bulldozer as Prime Minister	p. 1046
Ariel Sharon Organizes a Government	p. 1046
Arafat and Sharon Revert to Type	p. 1047
The George W. Bush Administration: Overture to a Middle East Diplomacy	p. 1051
The Reconquest of Palestine	p. 1054
An Electoral Reconfirmation	p. 1056
Sharon Builds a Fence	p. 1059
Alternate Sponsorships for Peace	p. 1061
The Bulldozer as Statesman	p. 1066
Overture to a Tactical Withdrawal	p. 1066
A Political Reconfiguration	p. 1068
Jewless in Gaza	p. 1071
And for the Rest of Palestine...?	p. 1077
Israel Faces the Twenty-First Century	p. 1080
A Russian Success Story	p. 1080
Economic Liberalization, Technological Innovation	p. 1083
"Constitutional" Liberalization	p. 1086
Stylistic Artistry, Moral Sophistication	p. 1089
Stepchildren of Israel	p. 1090
A Social Disequilibrium	p. 1094
A Mottled Landscape	p. 1098
A Cold Peace, An Existential Threat	p. 1098
Crime and Brutalization	p. 1101
A Burgeoning Kulturkampf	p. 1104
From Kulturkampf to Incipient Civil War	p. 1105
A Diaspora Irredentism	p. 1107
Jerusalem: A Defusable Time Bomb?	p. 1109
A Tale of Two Elections	p. 1111
A Middle Eastern Hour of Decision	p. 1116
The Rockets of Lebanon	p. 1116
Seeking a Diplomatic Breathing Space	p. 1121
The Reckoning	p. 1125
A Lingering Vacuum of Great Power Statesmanship	p. 1127
A Tenuous Horizon	p. 1130
Bibliography	p. 1135
Index	p. 1209
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