A History of Medicine, Second Edition

by Magner; Lois N.

• ISBN13: 9780824740740
• ISBN10: 0824740742
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2005-06-23
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Stressing major themes in the history of medicine, this Second Edition explores the events, methodologies, and theories that shaped medical practices in decades past and in modern clinical practice. It highlights practices of civilizations around the world and research of pioneering scientists and physicians who contributed to our current understanding of health and disease. New sections cover preventive and alternative medicine, medical education for women, miasma and contagion theories, the threat of epidemic disease, changing patterns of morbidity and mortality, public health and sanitary reforms, the high cost of medical care, diseases of affluence and aging, and the emergence of new diseases.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Paleopathology and Paleomedicine	1	(24)
Introduction	1	(3)
Paleopathology: Methods and Problems	4	(6)
Mummies and Signs of Disease	10	(2)
Iceman	12	(1)
Paleomedicine and Surgery	12	(3)
Healing Rituals, Traditions, and Magic	15	(7)
Suggested Readings	22	(3)
Medicine in Ancient Civilizations: Mesopotamia and Egypt	25	(28)
Introduction	25	(1)
Mesopotamia	26	(3)
Hammurabi's Code of Laws	29	(3)
Egypt	32	(12)
The Medical Papyri	44	(6)
Suggested Readings	50	(3)
The Medical Traditions of India and China	53	(36)
India	53	(4)
Ayurvedic Medicine, the Science of Life	57	(5)
Surgery, Anatomy, and Dissection	62	(4)
Chinese Medicine: Classical, Traditional, and Modern	66	(2)
The Three Celestial Emperors: Fu Hsi, Shen Nung, and Huang Ti	68	(2)
Classical Chinese Concepts of Anatomy	70	(3)
Sages, Physicians, Healers, and Quacks	73	(3)
Acupuncture and Moxibustion	76	(2)
Drug Lore and Dietetics	78	(3)
Surgery	81	(1)
The Chinese Cultural Sphere	82	(2)
Medical Practice in Modern China	84	(1)
Suggested Readings	85	(4)
Greco-Roman Medicine	89	(46)
Philosophy and Medicine	91	(2)
Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Tradition	93	(5)
The Nature of Disease and the Doctrine of the Four Humors	98	(5)
The Cult of Asclepius, God of Medicine	103	(3)
Alexandrian Science and Medicine	106	(8)
Medicine in the Roman World	114	(7)
On Galen and Galenism	121	(2)
Galen on Anatomical Procedures	123	(2)
Galen on Physiology: Blood, Breath, Pneuma, and Spirits	125	(2)
Galen on Therapeutics and the Causes of Disease	127	(5)
Suggested Readings	132	(3)
The Middle Ages	135	(62)
Monasteries and Universities	141	(2)
Medical Education and Practice	143	(4)
Surgery in the Middle Ages	147	(2)
Women and Medicine	149	(7)
Epidemic Diseases of the Middle Ages	156	(1)
Bubonic Plague	156	(14)
From Leprosy to Hansen's Disease	170	(8)
Islamic Medicine	178	(1)
Prophetic Medicine	179	(3)
Hospitals and Clinical Medicine	182	(2)
The Great Sages of Islamic Medicine	184	(6)
The Strange Case of Ibn an-Nafis	190	(2)
The Survival of Greco-Islamic Medicine	192	(2)
Suggested Readings	194	(3)
The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution	197	(74)
Inventions That Changed the World	198	(2)
The Medical Humanists	200	(3)
Autopsies, Art, and Anatomy	203	(3)
Andreas Vesalius on the Fabric of the Human Body	206	(7)
Medicine and Surgery	213	(2)
Ambroise Pare and the Art of Surgery	215	(4)
The Occult Sciences: Astrology and Alchemy	219	(7)
Syphilis, the Scourge of the Renaissance	226	(12)
Syphilis and Human Experimentation	238	(2)
The Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood	240	(7)
William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood	247	(7)
Harvey's Paradoxical Influence: Therapy by Leech and Lancet	254	(4)
Blood Transfusion	258	(4)
New Hearts for Old	262	(1)
Santorio Santorio and the Quantitative Method	263	(3)
Suggested Readings	266	(5)
Native Civilizations and Cultures of the Americas	271	(28)
Native Civilizations of Latin America	277	(1)
Aztec Civilization	278	(8)
Mayan Civilization	286	(3)
Incan Civilization	289	(4)
Diseases in the Americas	293	(3)
Suggested Readings	296	(3)
The Americanization of Old World Medicine	299	(36)
The Revolutionary War and New Republic	304	(9)
The Medical Profession	313	(5)
Regional Distinctiveness	318	(2)
The Civil War	320	(11)
Suggested Readings	331	(4)
Clinical and Preventive Medicine	335	(48)
Thomas Sydenham, the ``English Hippocrates''	337	(3)
On the Miseries of Gout and the Virtues of Colchicine	340	(2)
Quinine and Malaria	342	(3)
The Eighteenth-Century Foundations of Modern Medicine	345	(3)
Enlightenment Philosophy and Medical Reform	348	(3)
Nutrition, Malnutrition, Health, and Disease	351	(11)
Smallpox: Inoculation, Vaccination, and Eradication	362	(8)
Edward Jenner, Cowpox, and Vaccination	370	(5)
The Global Eradication of Smallpox	375	(5)
Suggested Readings	380	(3)
The Medical Counterculture: Unorthodox and Alternative Medicine	383	(36)
The Medical Marketplace	383	(1)
Health Reform Movements	384	(13)
Domestic Medicine	397	(1)
Medical Sects	398	(8)
Osteopaths and Chiropractors	406	(6)
Alternative, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine	412	(3)
Suggested Readings	415	(4)
Women and Medicine	419	(42)
Puerperal or Childbed Fever	419	(2)
Oliver Wendell Holmes	421	(2)
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis	423	(9)
Midwives and Medical Men	432	(14)
The Evolution of the Nurse	446	(2)
``Woman's Nature'' and Women Doctors	448	(9)
Suggested Readings	457	(4)
The Art and Science of Surgery	461	(34)
Anesthesia	462	(4)
Laughing Gas, Ether, and Surgical Anesthesia	466	(14)
Postsurgical Infections	480	(4)
Joseph Lister and the Antiseptic System	484	(3)
Antisepsis and Asepsis	487	(3)
From Hospitalism to Nosocomial Infections	490	(1)
Suggested Readings	491	(4)
Medical Microbiology and Public Health	495	(46)
Louis Pasteur	498	(9)
Robert Koch	507	(22)
Invisible Microbes and Virology	529	(9)
Suggested Readings	538	(3)
Diagnostics and Therapeutics	541	(50)
The Art and Science of Diagnosis	543	(7)
Serum Therapy	550	(4)
Antibiotics and Immunology	554	(13)
Natural Defenses: Humoral or Cellular?	567	(11)
Genetics, Genomics, and Medicine	578	(2)
Paradoxical Progress	580	(9)
Suggested Readings	589	(2)
Index	591