A History of Modern Europe

by Merriman, John

• ISBN13: 9780393979107
• ISBN10: 0393979105
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-02-10
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Summary

A seasoned teacher and talented historian, Professor Merriman's offers a carefully crafted narrative that guides students through a vast amount of complex material, integrating the many aspects of the European experience into a larger, interconnected whole. A full 10% shorter than its predecessor, the Second Edition has tightened organization throughout to make room for recent research and descriptions of the current issues and events that define Europe's role in the world today.

Table of Contents

List of Maps	xxi
Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxvii
PART ONE FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 1 MEDIEVAL LEGACIES AND TRANSFORMING DISCOVERIES	3	(43)
Continuities from the Medieval Period	5	(13)
The Fragmentation of Europe
The Structure of Society Feudalism
The Subsistence Economy
Religion and Popular Culture
The Emergence of Early Modern Europe	18	(16)
A Rising Population
An Expanding Economy
The Growth of Towns
Municipal Liberties
The Emergence of Sovereign States
Developing State Structures
Limits to State Authority
Transforming Discoveries	34	(11)
Gunpowder, Warfare, and Armies
The Printing Press and the Power of the Printed Word
Exploration and Conquest of the New World
Conclusion	45	(1)
CHAPTER 2 THE RENAISSANCE	46	(39)
The City-States of the Italian Peninsula	47	(11)
Thriving Economies
Social Structure
Renaissance Political Life
Florence: Anatomy of a Renaissance City
A Dynamic Culture	58	(7)
The Rediscovery of Classical Learning
From Scholasticism to Humanism
The Renaissance and Religion
The Renaissance Man and Woman
Renaissance Art	65	(11)
Architecture
Patronage and the Arts
Renaissance Artists
Painting and Sculpture
High Renaissance Style
The End of the Renaissance	76	(9)
Economic Decline
Foreign Invasion
Machiavelli
The Decline of the City-States
Impulses Elsewhere
CHAPTER 3 THE TWO REFORMATIONS	85	(50)
The Northern Renaissance	87	(3)
Northern Art and Humanism
Erasmus's Humanistic Critique of the Church
The Roots of the Reformation	90	(11)
The Great Schism (1378-1417)
Heretical and Spiritual Movements
The Challenge of Conciliarism to Papal Authority
Clerical Abuses and Indulgences
Martin Luther
Social Background of the Reformation in the German States	101	(4)
Urban Centers of Reform
The Process of Reform
The Peasants' Revolt
The Spread of the Reformation	105	(5)
Divisions within Christendom
Charles V and the Protestants
The Peace of Augsburg
The Reformation In Switzerland and France	110	(9)
Zwingli and Reform
Radical Reformers
Jean Calvin and Reform
Calvinist Conversions
The Reformation in England	119	(3)
Henry VIII and the Break with Rome
After the Break with Rome
The Catholic Reformation	122	(5)
Retreat to Dogmatism
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits
The Council of Trent
Putting Its House in Order
Culture during the Two Reformations	127	(6)
Print Culture
Lay Education and Reading
Popular Rituals and Festivals
The Role of Women
The Baroque Style
The Legacy of the Two Reformations	133	(2)
CHAPTER 4 THE WARS OF RELIGION	135	(42)
The Wars of Religion In Sixteenth-Century France	136	(20)
A Strengthened Monarchy
Economic Crisis
French Calvinists and the Crisis of the French State
Henry of Navarre
Restoring Stability to France
Statemaking Louis XIII and the Origins of Absolute Rule
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)	156	(21)
Factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire
The Origins of the Thirty Years' War
Conflict in Bohemia
The Expansion of the Conflict
The Danish Period
The Swedish Interlude
The Armies of the Thirty Years' War
The Wars of Religion and Dynastic Struggles (1635-1648)
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
PART TWO STATEMAKING
CHAPTER 5 THE RISE OE THE ATLANTIC ECONOMY: SPAIN AND ENGLAND	177	(45)
Economic Expansion	178	(5)
Increased Agricultural Productivity
Expansion of Trade
The Global Economy
Price Revolution and Depression
The Rise of Spain	183	(8)
Centralization and the Spanish Monarchy
The Spanish Economy
The Expansion of the Spanish Empire
The Age of Philip II
The Rise of England	191	(20)
The House of Tudor
Religious Settlement and Conflict under Elizabeth I Elizabeth's Statemaking
Demographic and Economic Expansion
English Society in the Tudor Period
The Quest for Public Order
The Elizabethan Theater
The Decline of Spain	211	(9)
The Dutch Revolt Economic Decline
An Empire Spread Too Thin
Conclusion	220	(2)
CHAPTER 6 ENGLAND AND THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY	222	(39)
Conflicts in Stuart England	223	(2)
Conflicts between James I and Parliament
Religious Divisions	225	(5)
Charles I and Parliament Clash
The English Civil War	230	(13)
Moving toward Conflict Taking Sides
Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army
Divisions within Parliament
Radicals
Parliament's Victory
The Puritan Republic and Restoration
The Glorious Revolution	243	(5)
Stuart Religious Designs
The "Protestant Wind"
The Bill of Rights
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic	248	(10)
The Structure of the Dutch State
Expanding Economy Tolerance and Prosperity
Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture
The Decline of the Dutch Republic	258	(2)
Conclusion	260	(1)
CHAPTER 7 THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM, 1650-1720	261	(50)
Theories of Absolutism	263	(1)
Characterizing Absolute Rule	264	(19)
Monarchs and Nobles
Expanding State Structures
Absolutism and Warfare
Absolutism and Religion
Monumentalism in Architecture and Art
Absolutism in France
The Fronde: Taming "Overmighty Subjects"
Mercantilism under Louis XIV
The Absolute Louis XIV
Louis XIV at Versailles
Louis XIV's Persecution of Religious Minorities
The Limits of French Absolutism
The Balance of Power	283	(1)
The Origins of International Law
The Habsburg Monarchy	284	(4)
The Rise of Prussia	288	(4)
The Russian and Swedish Empires	292	(14)
The Expansion of Muscovy
The Rival Swedish Empire Peter the Great Turns Westward
Louis XIV's Dynastic Wars
The Modern State	306	(5)
PART THREE NEW CULTURAL AND POLITICAL HORIZONS
CHAPTER 8 THE NEW PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE	311	(24)
Changing Views of the Universe	312	(9)
Ancient and Medieval Science
Copernicus Challenges the Aristotelian View of the Universe
The Universal Laws of the Human Body
Brahe and Kepler Explore the Heavens
Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method
Galileo and Science on Trial
Descartes and Newton: Competing Theories of Scientific Knowledge	321	(4)
Descartes and Deductive Reasoning
The Newtonian Synthesis
The Culture of Science	325	(9)
The Diffusion of the Scientific Method
The Uses of Science
Science and Religion
Consequences of the Scientific Revolution	334	(1)
CHAPTER 9 ENLIGHTENED THOUGHT AND THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS	335	(41)
Enlightened Ideas	336	(14)
Intellectual Influences on Enlightened Thought
The Republic of Ideas Montesquieu
Voltaire
Diderot
Rousseau
The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment	350	(11)
Religious Enthusiasm and Skepticism Expansion of the Cultural Base
Painting
Music
The Spread of Enlightened Ideas
Enlightened Absolutism	361	(8)
Reform of Jurisprudence
Educational Reform
Religious Toleration
Frederick the Great
Rural Reform
Enlightened Statecraft
Currents of the Late Enlightenment	369	(5)
Enlightened Thought and Economic Freedom
German Idealism
The Enlightenment and Public Opinion
Forbidden Publications and the Undermining of Authority
Legacy of the Enlightenment	374	(2)
CHAPTER 10 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE	376	(41)
The Social Order	377	(10)
Nobles
The British Landed Elite
Clergy
The "Middling Sort"
Peasants
The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution	387	(16)
Stagnation and Growth in Agriculture
Population Growth
Manufacturing: Guilds and Domestic Industry
Inventions
Expanding British Economy
Expanding Continental Economies
Social Changes	403	(9)
The Growth of Towns and Cities
Social Movement within the Elite
The Changing Condition of the Poor
Social Control	412	(3)
Protecting Property Subordination and Social Control
A Century of Contrasts	415	(2)
CHAPTER 11 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY DYNASTIC RIVALRIES AND POLITICS	417	(52)
The Eighteenth-Century State System	419	(7)
Global Rivalries
The Hanoverian and the Stuarts in Great Britain
The Prussian-Austrian Dynastic Rivalry in Central Europe
Conflicts between the Great Powers	426	(11)
The War of the Austrian Succession
The Seven Years' War
Armies and Their Tactics in the Eighteenth Century
Navies
Political Change in Great Britain	437	(8)
Expanding Central Government in Britain
The Role of the House of Commons
The Development of Party Politics in the 1760's: Whigs and Tories
The Rise of British Nationalism
Challenges to Established Authority	445	(14)
British Radicals
American Revolutionaries
The Parlements and the French Monarchy
Other Movements for Reform
Fading Powers: The Ottoman Empire and Poland	459	(5)
The Decline of Ottoman Turkish Power in Europe
The Disappearance of Poland
Conclusion	464	(5)
PART FOUR REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE, 1789-1850
CHAPTER 12 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION	469	(48)
The Old Regime in Crisis	470	(5)
Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution
The Financial Crisis
The First Stages of the Revolution	475	(7)
Convoking the Estates-General
Storming of the Bastille
The Great Fear and the Night of August 4
Consolidating the Revolution	482	(10)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
"The Baker, the Baker's Wife, and the Baker's Little Boy"
Reforming the Church and Clergy
The Reforms of 1791
Resistance and Revolution
The Flight to Varennes
War and the Second Revolution	492	(14)
Reactions to the French Revolution in Europe
A Second Revolution
Counter-Revolution
The Terror
The Final Stages	506	(7)
Thermidor
The Directory: Politics and Society
Instability
The Eighteenth Brumaire
Perspectives on the French Revolution	513	(4)
European Responses to the Revolution
Historians' Views of the Revolution
CHAPTER 13 NAPOLEON AND EUROPE	517	(36)
Napoleon's Rise to Power	518	(3)
The Young Bonaparte
Napoleon and the Revolution
Consolidation of Power	521	(12)
Establishment of the Consulat
The Concordat
Napoleon's Leadership Wars of Conquest and Empire
The Corsican Warrior
The Foundations of the French Empire	533	(4)
Institutional Foundations: Imperial Centralization
Legal Foundations: The Napoleonic Code
Social Foundations: The Imperial Hierarchy
The Tide Turns against Napoleon	537	(11)
The Continental System
The Peninsular War
Stirrings of Nationalism in Napoleonic Europe
Military Reforms in Prussia and Austria
The Empire's Decline and the Russian Invasion
The Defeat of Napoleon
Monarchical Restoration and Napoleon's Return	548	(2)
The Bourbon Restoration
The 100 Days
Napoleon's Legacy	550	(3)
CHAPTER 14 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1800-1850	553	(45)
Preconditions for Transformation	555	(9)
Demographic Explosion
The Expanding Agricultural Base
Trains and Steamboats
A Variety of National Industrial Experiences	564	(9)
In the Vanguard: Britain's Era of Mechanization
Industrialization in France
Industrialization in the German States
Sparse Industrialization in Southern and Eastern Europe
Impact of the Industrial Revolution	573	(6)
Continuities on the Land
Urbanization Immigration
Industrial Work and Workers	579	(13)
Gender and Family in the Industrial Age
Child Labor
Standards of Living of the Laboring Poor
Poor Relief
The Question of Class Consciousness
Workers' Associations and Social Protest
The Origins of European Socialism	592	(5)
Utopian Socialists
Practical Socialists
Karl Marx and the Origins of "Scientific Socialism"
Conclusion	597	(1)
CHAPTER 15 CHALLENGES TO RESTORATION EUROPE: THE MIDDLE CLASSES IN THE AGE OF LIBERALISM	598	(72)
The Post-Napoleonic Settlement	600	(7)
The Treaty of Paris
Diplomatic Maneuvering at the Congress of Vienna
The Congress System
The Concert of Europe
Restoration Europe	607	(3)
The Restoration of Monarchs, Nobles, and Clergy
Conservative Ideology
Liberalism	610	(4)
Liberals and Politics
Laissez-Faire
Romanticism	614	(4)
Conservative Origins
Romantic Literature and Painting
Romantic Music
The Middle Classes	618	(6)
Diversity of the Middle Classes
The Entrepreneurial Ideal and Social Mobility
Rising Professions
Middle-Class Culture	624	(9)
Marriage and Family Separate Spheres
A Culture of Comfort
Education Religion
The Ambiguities of Liberalism: Voluntarism versus State Intervention	633	(3)
Stirrings of Revolt	636	(15)
Liberal Revolts in Spain, Portugal, and Italy
Stirrings in Germany
Cracks in the Congress of Europe: The Greek Revolt
The Decembrist Revolt in Russia
France: The Bourbon Restoration and the Revolution of 1830
More Liberal Assaults on the Old Order	651	(3)
Independence for Belgium
Liberal Successes in Switzerland
Nationalist Dreams	654	(7)
The Revolt in Poland
Uprisings in Italy and Spain
German Nationalism in Central Europe
Crisis and Compromise in Great Britain	661	(7)
Religious and Electoral Reform
The Reform Bill of 1832
Chartism and the Repeal of the Corn Laws
Conclusion	668	(2)
CHAPTER 16 THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848	670	(37)
Revolutionary Mobilization	671	(13)
The February Revolution in France
Revolution in the German States
Revolution in Central Europe
Revolution in the Italian States
The Elusive Search for Revolutionary Consensus	684	(6)
Crisis in France
The Frankfurt Parliament
Counter-Revolution	690	(9)
Counter-Revolution in Habsburg Central Europe
Prussian-Austrian Rivalry
The Counter-Revolution in the Italian States
The Agony of the French Second Republic
The Legacy of 1848	699	(8)
PART FIVE THE AGE 0F MASS POLITICS
CHAPTER 17 THE ERA OF NATIONAL UNIFICATION	707	(39)
The Political Unification of Italy	708	(12)
Leadership for Italian Unification
Alliances and Warfare to Further Italian Unification
Garibaldi and the Liberation of Southern Italy
Italy Unified
Limits to Unification Italian Politics
The Rise of Italian Nationalism
The Unification of Germany	720	(16)
William I, Bismarck, and the Resolution of the Constitutional Crisis
Alliances and Warfare to Establish Prussian Leadership
The North German Confederation
The Franco-Prussian War and German Unification
Nationalist versus Internationalist Movements
William II and German Nationalism
National Awakenings in the Habsburg Lands	736	(8)
Diversity and Cohesion in the Habsburg Empire
Repression of Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire
Political Crisis and Foreign Policy Disasters
Creation of the Dual Monarchy
Ethnic Tensions and Nationalist Movements in the Dual Monarchy
Conclusion	744	(2)
CHAPTER 18 THE DOMINANT POWERS IN THE AGE OF LIBERALISM: BRITAIN, RUSSIA, AND FRANCE	746	(68)
Victorian Britain	747	(23)
The Victorian Consensus The Crimean War
The Liberal Era of Victorian Politics
The Reform Bill of 1867
Early Reform in Victorian Britain
Mass Politics Come to Britain Irish Home Rule
New Contours in British Political Life
Tsarist Russia	770	(24)
Stirrings of Reform in Russia
The Emancipation of the Serfs
The Expansion of the Russian Empire
Nihilists and Populists
Alexander III's Empire
The Russo Japanese War (1904-1905)
Unrest, Reform, and Revolution
Enemies of Autocracy
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
The Revolution of 1905
France: Second Empire and Third Republic	794	(11)
The Authoritarian Empire
Economic Growth
The "Liberal Empire"
The Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Paris
The Paris Commune
Republican France	805	(8)
Monarchists and Republicans
The Third Republic
General Boulanger and Captain Dreyfus
The Radical Republic
Conclusion	813	(1)
CHAPTER 19 RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS CHALLENGES, 1870-1914	814	(44)
The Second Industrial Revolution	816	(15)
New Technology and Scientific Discoveries
The Electric and Chemical Revolutions
Regional Variations Travel and Communications
Further Scientific Discoveries: "A Boundless Future" and Its Uncertainties
Social Change	831	(16)
Demographic Boom
Improving Standards of Living
Migration and Emigration
The Changing World of Work
Industrialization and the Working-Class Family
Teeming Cities
Social Mobility
Cultural Changes: Education and Religion	847	(10)
Education
The Decline of Religious Practice
The Consumer Explosion	852	(5)
Leisure in the Belle Epoque
Sports in Mass Society
Conclusion	857	(1)
CHAPTER 20 POLITICAL AND CULTURAL RESPONSES TO A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD	858	(40)
State Social Reform	859	(16)
The Trade Union Movement
Socialists
Christian Socialism
The Anarchists
Syndicalists
The Quest for Women's Rights
Cultural Ferment	875	(22)
Realism
Impressionism Social Theorists' Analyses of Industrial Society
Nietzsche's Embrace of the Irrational
Freud and the Study of the Irrational
Artists and the Rapid Pace of Modern Life
Artists' Responses to Popular Culture and Mass Production
The Avant-Garde's Break with Rationalism
Conclusion	897	(1)
CHAPTER 21 THE AGE OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM	898	(45)
From Colonialism to Imperialism	899	(4)
The "New Imperialism" and the Scramble for Africa	903	(11)
British and French Imperial Rivalry
Germany and Italy Join the Race
Standoff in the Sudan: The Fashoda Affair
The British in South Africa and the Boer War
The European Powers in Asia	914	(7)
India, Southeast Asia, and China
Japan and China: Contrasting Experiences
The United States in Asia
Domination of Indigenous Peoples	921	(10)
Social Darwinism
Technological Domination and Indigenous Subversion
Imperial Economies
Colonial Administrations
Assessing the Goals of European Imperialism	931	(8)
The "Civilizing Mission"
The Economic Rationale Imperialism and Nationalism
Conclusion	939	(4)
PART SIX CATACLYSM
CHAPTER 22 THE GREAT WAR	943	(74)
Entangling Alliances	943	(12)
Irreconcilable Hatreds
The Alliance System
Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russia
Germany Encircled: Russia and France Ally
Anglo-German Rivalry
British-French Rapprochement
The First Moroccan Crisis
The Europe of Two Armed Camps, 1905-1914	955	(9)
The Balkan Tinderbox
Instability in Turkey
The Bosnian Crisis of 1908
The Second Moroccan Crisis
The Balhan Wars
The Final Crisis	964	(9)
Assassination in Sarajevo
The Ultimatum
The Schlieffen Plan
"A Jolly Little War"
The Outbreak of War	973	(3)
Opening Hostilities
The Changing Nature of War	976	(9)
Trench Warfare
War in the Air and on the Seas
Support from the Home Front
The War Rages On	985	(16)
The Eastern Front
The War in the Middle East, Africa, and the Far East
The Western Front
Futility and Stalemate
Soldiers and Civilians
The Final Stages of the War	1001	(11)
The United States Enters the War
Russia Withdraws from the War
Offensives and Mutinies
The German Spring
Offensive
The Fourteen Points and Peace
The Impact of the War	1012	(3)
Conclusion	1015	(2)
CHAPTER 23 REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION	1017	(39)
War and Revolution	1018	(15)
Russia at War
The Progressive Bloc
The February Revolution
The Provisional Government and the Soviet
The Army The Revolution Spreads
Lenin's Return
The July Days
The Kornilov Affair
The October Revolution	1033	(5)
The Bolsheviks Seize Power
The Peace of Brest-Litovsk
Civil War	1038	(3)
The Soviet Union	1041	(14)
Democratic Centralism
The New Economic Policy
The Rise of Stalin
Five-Year Plans
Soviet Culture
'Darkness at Noon": Stalin's Purges
Conclusion	1055	(1)
CHAPTER 24 THE ELUSIVE SEARCH FOR STABILITY IN THE 1920's	1056	(48)
The War's End	1057	(12)
Revolution in Germany and Hungary
The Treaty of Versailles
Settlements in Eastern Europe
National and Ethnic Challenges	1069	(8)
The National Question and the Successor States
Colonial and National Questions
Economic and Social Instability	1077	(6)
Social Turmoil
The Left and the Origins of the Welfare State
Political Instability	1083	(7)
Germany's Fragile Weimar Republic
The Established Democracies: Britain and France
Artists and Intellectuals In the Waste Land	1090	(3)
The Rise of Fascism	1093	(11)
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
Hitler and the Rise of the Nazis in Germany
CHAPTER 25 THE EUROPE OF DEPRESSION AND DICTATORSHIP	1104	(53)
Economies in Crisis	1105	(6)
The Great Depression Gradual
European Economic Revival
Fascist Movements	1111	(14)
The Dynamics of Fascism
Fascism in Mussolini's Italy
Right-Wing Authoritarian Movements in Eastern Europe
Fascism in Austria
The Popular Front in France against the Far Right
Fascism in the Low Countries
National Socialism in Germany	1125	(16)
The Collapse of the Weimar Republic
The Nazi State
Hitler's New Reich and the Jews
Hitler's Foreign Policy Hitler and Mussolini
Remilitarization and Rearmament
The Spanish Civil War	1141	(6)
Social and Political Instability
The Struggle between Loyalists and Nationalists
The Coming of World War II	1147	(9)
The Axis Aggression and Appeasement
The Unholy Alliance
Conclusion	1156	(1)
CHAPTER 26 WORLD WAR II	1157	(56)
The War in Europe Begins	1157	(8)
The German Invasion of Poland
The "Phony War"
The War in the Frozen North
The Fall of France
The Battle of Britain
A Global War	1165	(9)
Total War
Hitler's Allies
The German Invasion of Russia
Japan's Attach on the United States
Hitler's Europe	1174	(14)
The Nazi "New European Order"
The "Tical Solution"
Resistance to the Nazis
Against Hitler in Germany
The Tide Turns	1188	(12)
Germany on the Defensive
The War in North Africa
Hitler's Russian Disaster
The Allied Invasion of Italy
The Big Three
The D-Day Invasion of France
Allied Victory	1200	(4)
Victory in Europe
The Defeat of Japan
Conclusion	1204	(9)
PART SEVEN EUROPE IN THE POST-WAR ERA
CHAPTER 27 REBUILDING DIVIDED EUROPE	1213	(38)
In the Wake of Devastation	1214	(11)
The Potsdam Settlement
The United Nations and Cold War Alliances
Confronting Turmoil and Collaborators
Political Realignments	1225	(7)
Divided Germany Eastern Europe under the Soviet Shadow
Stalin's Successors in the Soviet Union
Economic Recovery, the Welfare State, and European Economic Cooperation	1232	(6)
Communist Economies
Cold War Crises	1238	(11)
The Korean War
Stirrings in Eastern Europe
Soviet-U. S. Tensions
Sino-Soviet Rivalry
The Brezhnev Era
Conclusion	1249	(2)
CHAPTER 28 DECOLONIZATION AND A NEW PROSPERITY	1251	(37)
Politics in the West in the Post-War Era	1251	(4)
Decolonization	1255	(15)
Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia
Britain and the Middle East
The Suez Canal Crisis
French Decolonization Decolonization In Sub-Saharan Africa
A New Prosperity	1270	(3)
A Changing Continent	1273	(8)
Intellectual Currents in the Post-War Era
The Post-War Baby Boom
The Green Revolution
An Urban World
Changing Contours of Economic Life	1281	(7)
Oil and the Global Economy
Advances for Women
Living Better, Consumer Culture
CHAPTER 29 THE EMERGENCE OF CONTEMPORARY EUROPE AND THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM	1288	(55)
Politics In a Changing Western World	1290	(12)
Student Protests Challenge Gaullist France
Shifts in Western European Politics after 1968
The Transition to Democracy in Southern Europe
Catholicism in Modern Europe
Threats to Peace	1302	(4)
Nuclear Weapons and Superpower Tensions
Timeless Religious and Ethnic Divisions
The Fall of Communism	1306	(36)
Resistance to Soviet Domination
The Gorbachev Era
Transition to Parliamentary Government in Poland and Hungary
The Collapse of the Berlin Wall and of East German Communism
The "Velvet Revolution" in Czechoslovakia
Revolutions in Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Challenges in the Post-Communist World
The Disintegration of Yugoslavia
Conclusion	1342	(1)
CHAPTER 30 GLOBAL CHALLENGES, EUROPEAN COOPERATION, AND THE UNCERTAINTIES OF A NEW AGE	1343
Immigration to Europe	1344	(12)
European Community, European Union
Opposition to Globalization	1356	(2)
The Threat of Terrorism	1358	(6)
European Responses to U.S. Policy
Conclusion	1364
Glossary	A-1
Further Readings	A-23
Credits	A-47
Index	A-59