A History of Modern Psychology

by Leahey, Thomas H.

• ISBN13: 9780130175731
• ISBN10: 0130175730
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-06-27
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book is a history of modern psychology, beginning with the publication of Fechner's elements of Psychophysics in the mid-19th century to the present. It approaches the history of psychology from a scientific perspective.Chapter topics include: the psychology of consciousness, the unconscious mind, and adaptation; the conspiracy of naturalism; the golden age and decline of behaviorism; the rise of cognitive science; the birth of applied psychology; the rise of professional psychology; and the psychological society.For individuals interested in the history of psychologyand what it is today.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
PART I Introduction	1	(68)
Psychology, Science, and History	3	(31)
Understanding Science	4	(20)
The Image of Modern Science	4	(1)
Explanation	5	(4)
Theories: How Scientists Explain Things	9	(4)
The Nature of Scientific Change	13	(8)
Science as a Worldview	21	(3)
The Scientific Challenges to Psychology	24	(1)
Psychology and The Discipline of History	24	(6)
History of Science	24	(4)
Historiography of Psychology	28	(2)
Bibliography	30	(1)
References	30	(4)
Laying the Foundations	34	(35)
Three Eras and Two Revolutions in the Human Ways of Life	34	(2)
The Origins of ``Psychology''	36	(1)
The Renaissance	36	(2)
The Ancients and the Moderns: The Revival of Humanism	37	(1)
Renaissance Naturalism	37	(1)
The Scientific Revolution	38	(5)
The Transformation of Matter and the Mechanization of the World Picture	38	(1)
The Transformation of Experience and the Creation of Consciousness	39	(1)
Creating Psychology: Rene Descartes	39	(4)
Philosophical Psychology in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries	43	(5)
Examining the Mind	43	(4)
Examining Mind and Body	47	(1)
Examining Other Minds	48	(1)
Human Nature, Morality, and Society	48	(3)
The Enlightenment Project	48	(1)
Examining Human Nature	49	(1)
The Counterenlightenment	50	(1)
The Nineteenth Century: Shaping the Field of Psychology	51	(6)
Central Controversies	51	(6)
The Nineteenth Century: Innovations	57	(8)
Neuroscience	57	(2)
Methods	59	(2)
Institutions	61	(1)
Psychopathology	62	(3)
Conclusion	65	(1)
Bibliography	66	(3)
PART II Founding Psychology	69	(122)
The Psychology of Consciousness	71	(39)
Settings	71	(6)
The German University: Wissenschaft and Bildung	71	(2)
German Values: The Mandarin Bildungsburger	73	(4)
Wilhelm Wundt's Psychology of Consciousness	77	(10)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)	77	(1)
Wundt's Psychology	78	(5)
Wundt at Work	83	(4)
After Leipzig: Other Methods, New Movements	87	(16)
The Positivist Turn: Psychology as Natural Science	87	(3)
Phenomenological Alternatives	90	(3)
Systematic Introspection: The Wurzburg School, 1901-1909	93	(4)
Scientific Phenomenology: Gestalt Psychology	97	(5)
The Practical Turn: Applied Psychology	102	(1)
The Fate of the Psychology of Consciousness	103	(2)
Slow Growth in Germany	103	(2)
Transplantation to America	105	(1)
Bibliography	105	(2)
References	107	(3)
The Psychology of the Unconscious	110	(44)
The Significance of Psychoanalysis	110	(1)
Freud and Scientific Psychology	111	(1)
Freud and Academic Psychology	111	(1)
Freud and Experimental Method	112	(1)
Structure of the Chapter	113	(1)
The Formation of Psychoanalysis, 1885-1899	113	(18)
Freud and Biology	113	(6)
Freud the Physician: Studying Hysteria	119	(6)
The Seduction Error and the Creation of Psychoanalysis	125	(6)
Classical Psychoanalysis, 1900-1919	131	(7)
The Founding Work: The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)	131	(2)
The Classical Theory of the Instincts: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)	133	(2)
The Classical Theory of Personality: The Topography of the Mind	135	(3)
Revising and Extending Psychoanalysis	138	(3)
Revisions	138	(2)
Extensions	140	(1)
The Fate of Psychoanalysis	141	(4)
Freudian Psychoanalysis and Science	142	(2)
Psychoanalysis after Freud	144	(1)
The Freudian Legacy	145	(1)
Bibliography	146	(1)
References	147	(7)
The Psychology of Adaptation	154	(37)
Evolution and Psychology	154	(1)
Heraclitus Triumphant: The Darwinian Revolution	155	(7)
Background	155	(1)
Romantic Evolution	156	(1)
The Victorian Revolutionary: Charles Darwin (1809-1882)	157	(3)
Reception and Influence of Evolution by Natural Selection	160	(2)
The Beginnings of the Psychology of Adaptation in Britain	162	(7)
Lamarckian Psychology: Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)	162	(2)
Darwinian Psychology	164	(5)
Functional Psychology in Europe	169	(2)
James Ward (1843-1925)	169	(1)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)	170	(1)
Psychological Ideas in the New World	171	(4)
General Intellectual and Social Environment	171	(3)
Philosophical Psychology	174	(1)
The New American Psychology	175	(10)
America's Native Philosophy: Pragmatism	175	(3)
America's Psychologist: William James (1842-1910)	178	(7)
Establishing American Psychology	185	(2)
The New Psychology and the Old	185	(1)
To the Future: Perception and Thinking Are Only There for Behavior's Sake	186	(1)
Bibliography	187	(2)
References	189	(2)
PART III A Very Different Age, 1880-1913	191	(40)
The Conspiracy of Naturalism	193	(18)
From Mentalism to Behavioralism	193	(1)
Psychology and Society	193	(7)
From Island Communities to Everywhere Communities	194	(1)
the Old Psychology versus The New Psychology	195	(1)
Progressivism and Psychology	196	(4)
Building on James: The Motor Theory of Consciousness, 1892-1896	200	(3)
Hugo Munsterberg and Action Theory	200	(2)
John Dewey and the Reflex Arc	202	(1)
From Philosophy to Biology: Functional Psychology, 1896-1910	203	(6)
Experiments Become Functional	203	(2)
Functional Psychology Defined	205	(1)
From Undercurrent to Main Current	206	(3)
References	209	(2)
Consciousness Dissolves	211	(20)
New Directions in Animal Psychology, 1898-1909	211	(8)
From Anecdote to Experiment	211	(6)
The Problem of Animal Mind	217	(2)
Rethinking Mind: The Consciousness Debate, 1904-1912	219	(6)
Does Consciousness Exist? Radical Empiricism	219	(2)
The Relational Theory of Consciousness: Neorealism	221	(3)
The Functional Theory of Consciousness: Instrumentalism	224	(1)
Conclusion: Discarding Consciousness, 1910-1912	225	(2)
Bibliography	227	(2)
References	229	(2)
PART IV Scientific Psychology in the Twentieth Century	231	(98)
The Golden Age of Behaviorism, 1913-1950	233	(28)
Behaviorism Proclaimed	233	(6)
The Behaviorist Manifesto	233	(3)
The Initial Response, 1913-1918	236	(3)
Behaviorism Defined, 1919-1930	239	(5)
The Varieties of Behaviorism	239	(2)
Human or Robot?	241	(1)
Later Watsonian Behaviorism	242	(2)
Major Formulations of Behaviorism, 1930-1950	244	(13)
Psychology and the Science of Science	245	(2)
Edward Chace Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism	247	(4)
Clark Leonard Hull's Mechanistic Behaviorism	251	(3)
Tolman vs. Hull	254	(3)
Conclusion: We're All Behaviorists Now	257	(1)
References	258	(3)
The Decline of Behaviorism, 1950-1960	261	(32)
The Decline Begins	261	(8)
Philosophical Behaviorism	262	(5)
Formal Behaviorism in Peril	267	(2)
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)	269	(10)
Radical Behaviorism as a Philosophy	270	(1)
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior	271	(5)
Interpreting Human Behavior	276	(3)
Behaviorism and the Human Mind	279	(3)
Informal Behaviorism	279	(1)
The Concept of Mediation	280	(2)
Challenges to Behaviorism	282	(3)
Cartesian Linguistics	282	(3)
Erosion of the Foundations	285	(5)
The Disappearance of Positivism	285	(1)
Constraints on Animal Learning	286	(3)
Awareness and Human Learning	289	(1)
References	290	(3)
The Rise of Cognitive Science, 1960-2000	293	(36)
Early Theories in Cognitive Psychology	293	(4)
The New Structuralism	293	(2)
Cognition in Social Psychology	295	(1)
New Cognitive Theories of Perception and Thinking	296	(1)
The Mechanization of Thought	297	(3)
Artificial Intelligence	297	(1)
Solving Purpose: The Concept of Feedback	298	(1)
Defining Artificial Intelligence	299	(1)
The Triumph of Information Processing	300	(7)
The ``Cognitive Revolution''	300	(5)
The Myth of the Cognitive Revolution	305	(2)
The Nature of Cognitive Science	307	(2)
Informavores: The Subjects of Cognitive Science	307	(1)
The Minds of Informavores: The New Functionalism	307	(2)
Cognitive Science at Maturity: Debates and Developments	309	(14)
Uncertainties	309	(1)
Debates	310	(5)
Developments: The New Connectionism	315	(8)
The Study of the Mind at the Beginning of the New Millennium	323	(1)
Bibliography	323	(2)
References	325	(4)
PART V Applied Psychology in the Twentieth Century	329	(72)
The Birth of Applied Psychology, 1892-1919	331	(18)
Scientific, Applied, and Professional Psychology	331	(1)
Origins of Applied Psychology	332	(9)
Mental Testing	332	(4)
Founding Applied Psychology in the United States	336	(5)
Professional Psychology	341	(3)
Clinical Psychology	341	(2)
Organizing Professional Psychology	343	(1)
Psychology Enters Public Consciousness: Psychology in the Great War	344	(3)
Psychologists at War	344	(2)
The Shattering Impact of World War I	346	(1)
References	347	(2)
The Rise of Professional Psychology, 1920-1950	349	(31)
Psychologists in Social Controversy	349	(8)
Psychology in the American Social Context	349	(1)
Is America Safe for Democracy? The ``Menace of the Feebleminded''	349	(3)
Making America Safe for Democracy: Immigration Control and Eugenics	352	(5)
Psychology and Everyday Life	357	(10)
Psychologists at Work	357	(1)
When Psychology Was King	358	(5)
Flaming Youth and the Reconstruction of the Family	363	(4)
Psychologists in Professional Controversy	367	(3)
Divorce: The Clinicians Walk Out	367	(1)
Reconciliation in the Crucible of World War II	368	(2)
Psychology in World War II	370	(3)
New Prospects for Applied Psychology	370	(1)
Inventing Counseling Psychology and Redefining Clinical Psychology	371	(2)
Optimism in the Aftermath of War	373	(4)
Contending for Respectability and Money at the Dawn of Big Science	373	(2)
Psychologists Look Ahead to the Psychological Society	375	(1)
Values and Adjustment	376	(1)
References	377	(3)
The Psychological Society, 1950-2000	380	(21)
Developing the Psychological Society	380	(3)
Professional Psychology in the 1950s	380	(1)
Humanistic Psychology	381	(2)
The Social ``Revolution'' of the 1960s	383	(9)
Psychologists' Critique of American Culture	384	(1)
The Myth of Mental Illness	384	(1)
Humanistic Psychology and the Critique of Adjustment	385	(3)
Giving Psychology Away	388	(2)
Revolt, but No Revolution	390	(2)
Professional Psychology	392	(8)
Funding Social Science	392	(2)
Clinical Psychology in the 1960s and 1970s	394	(5)
Divorced Again: The Academics Walk Out	399	(1)
Professional Psychology at the Beginning of the New Millennium	400	(1)
Bibliography	401	(3)
References	404	(5)
Index	409

Excerpts

PREFACEThere has not been an edition ofA History of Modern Psychologysince 1994, while there have been two new editions ofA History of Psychologyin the same period. I have incorporated into this third edition all the relevant changes fromA History of Psychology,without reducing this book's expanded coverage of contemporary psychology.The most obvious new features of this edition are structural. I have included a new Chapter Two that summarizes the history of psychology from the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution up to the middle of the nineteenth century. In writing these chapters, I have drawn not only fromA History of Psychologybut from a paper, "Mind as scientific object: An historical-philosophical exploration," written forMind as Scientific Object(D. Johnson & C. Erneling (Eds.), Oxford University Press, in press), and two articles, "The Renaissance through the Eighteenth Century," and "The Nineteenth Century through Freud," for theAPA Encyclopedia of Psychology(Oxford University Press, 2000).Chapters 3 to 7 on the founding of psychology and the conspiracy of naturalism have been updated, the most notable change being to Chapter 4, The Psychology of the Unconscious, which is now organized temporally rather than topically. The treatment of psychology in the twentieth century has been both updated and re-organized to provide a clearer focus on each of the two strands of modern psychology: scientific psychology and professional psychology. Chapters 8 to 10 tell the story of the scientific study of the mind in the twentieth century up to about 2000. Chapters 11 to 13 tell the story of professional psychology in the same years. This structural change reflects two concerns of mine. First, in my own teaching I have found that shuttling back and forth between very different narrative strands that happen to occur in the same time period confuses students. I think the pictures of both scientific and professional psychology become clearer by telling each story separately. Secondly, as a number of observers have pointed out, scientific and professional psychology are increasingly going their separate ways despite occasional protests, and my separation of the two narratives reflects what I believe is historical reality. Finally, separating the material should make it easier for teachers to emphasize one or the other topic.As always, I would be happy to hear any comments from professors or students aboutA History of Modern Psychology,Third Edition. Please email me at [e-mail] . THOMAS HARDY LEAHEY Richmond, Virginia