A History of Modern Psychology (with InfoTrac)

by Schultz, Duane P.; Schultz, Sydney Ellen

• ISBN13: 9780534557751
• ISBN10: 0534557759
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-02
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Preface. 1. The Study of the History of Psychology. 2. Philosophical Influences on Psychology. 3. Physiological Influences on Psychology. 4. The New Psychology. 5. Structuralism. 6. Functionalism: Antecedent Influences. 7. Functionalism: Development and Founding. 8. Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism. 9. Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences. 10. Behaviorism: The Beginnings. 11. Behaviorism: After the Founding. 12. Gestalt Psychology. 13. Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings. 14. Psychoanalysis: After the Founding. 15. Contemporary Developments in Psychology. The Future History of Psychology. Glossary. References. Name Index. Subject Index.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
The Study of the History of Psychology	1	(25)
The Development of Modern Psychology	1	(1)
The Relevance of the Past for the Present	2	(3)
The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past	5	(5)
Historiography: How We Study History	5	(2)
Lost or Suppressed Data	7	(1)
Data Distorted in Translation	8	(1)
Self-Serving Data	9	(1)
Contextual Forces in Psychology	10	(8)
Economic Opportunity	11	(1)
War	12	(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination	12	(6)
Conceptions of Scientific History	18	(3)
The Personalistic Theory	18	(1)
The Naturalistic Theory	18	(3)
Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology	21	(2)
Plan of the Book	23	(1)
Discussion Questions	24	(1)
Suggested Readings	24	(2)
Philosophical Influences on Psychology	26	(36)
The Spirit of Mechanism	26	(2)
The Clockwork Universe	28	(8)
Determinism and Reductionism	29	(1)
Automata	29	(3)
People as Machines	32	(1)
The Calculating Engine	33	(3)
The Beginnings of Modern Science	36	(3)
Rene Descartes (1596--1650)	37	(2)
The Contributions of Descartes: Mechanism and the Mind-Body Problem	39	(5)
The Nature of the Body	40	(2)
The Mind-Body Interaction	42	(1)
The Doctrine of Ideas	42	(2)
Philosophical Foundations of the New Psychology: Positivism, Materialism, and Empiricism	44	(15)
Auguste Comte (1798--1857)	44	(1)
John Locke (1632--1704)	45	(2)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Empiricism from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)	47	(4)
John Locke
George Berkeley (1685--1753)	51	(2)
David Hume (1711--1776)	53	(2)
David Hartley (1705--1757)	55	(1)
James Mill (1773--1836)	56	(1)
John Stuart Mill (1806--1873)	57	(2)
Contributions of Empiricism to Psychology	59	(1)
Discussion Questions	59	(1)
Suggested Readings	60	(2)
Physiological Influences on Psychology	62	(25)
The Importance of the Human Observer	62	(2)
Developments in Early Physiology	64	(6)
Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Inside	65	(1)
Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Outside	66	(3)
Research on the Nervous System	69	(1)
The Mechanistic Spirit	70	(1)
The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology	70	(3)
Why Germany?	71	(2)
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821--1894)	73	(3)
Helmholtz's Life	73	(1)
Helmholtz's Contributions: The Neural Impulse, Vision, and Audition	74	(2)
Ernst Weber (1795--1878)	76	(1)
Two-Point Thresholds	76	(1)
Just Noticeable Differences	76	(1)
Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801--1887)	77	(7)
Fechner's Life	78	(1)
Mind and Body: A Quantitative Relationship	79	(2)
Methods of Psychophysics	81	(1)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Psychophysics from Elements of Psychophysics (1860)	82	(2)
Gustav Fechner
The Formal Founding of Psychology	84	(1)
Discussion Questions	85	(1)
Suggested Readings	85	(2)
The New Psychology	87	(30)
The Founding Father of Modern Psychology	87	(1)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832--1920)	88	(14)
Wundt's Life	88	(2)
The Leipzig Years	90	(1)
Cultural Psychology	91	(2)
The Study of Conscious Experience	93	(2)
The Method of Introspection	95	(1)
Elements of Conscious Experience	96	(2)
Organizing the Elements of Conscious Experience	98	(1)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on the Law of Psychic Resultants and the Principle of Creative Synthesis from Outline of Psychology (1896)	98	(2)
Wilhelm Wundt
The Fate of Wundt's Psychology in Germany	100	(1)
Criticisms of Wundtian Psychology	100	(1)
Wundt's Legacy	101	(1)
Other Developments in German Psychology	102	(1)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850--1909)	103	(5)
Ebbinghaus's Life	103	(1)
Research on Learning	104	(1)
Research with Nonsense Syllables	105	(2)
Ebbinghaus's Other Contributions to Psychology	107	(1)
Franz Brentano (1838--1917)	108	(2)
The Study of Mental Acts	109	(1)
Carl Stumpf (1848--1936)	110	(1)
Phenomenology	111	(1)
Oswald Kulpe (1862--1915)	111	(3)
Kulpe's Differences with Wundt	112	(1)
Systematic Experimental Introspection	112	(1)
Imageless Thought	113	(1)
Research Topics of the Wurzburg Laboratory	114	(1)
Comment	114	(1)
Discussion Questions	115	(1)
Suggested Readings	116	(1)
Structuralism	117	(19)
Edward Bradford Titchener (1867--1927)	118	(12)
Titchener's Life	118	(2)
Titchener's Experimentalists: No Women Allowed!	120	(2)
The Content of Conscious Experience	122	(1)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Structuralism from A Textbook of Psychology (1909)	123	(2)
E. B. Titchener
Introspection	125	(2)
The Elements of Consciousness	127	(3)
Criticisms of Structuralism	130	(3)
Criticisms of Introspection	130	(3)
Additional Criticisms of Titchener's System	133	(1)
Contributions of Structuralism	133	(1)
Discussion Questions	134	(1)
Suggested Readings	135	(1)
Functionalism: Antecedent Influences	136	(35)
The Functionalist Protest	136	(1)
Forerunners of Functionalism	137	(1)
The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin (1809--1882)	137	(16)
Darwin's Life	140	(3)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection	143	(4)
The Finches' Beaks: Evolution at Work	147	(1)
The Evolution of Machines	148	(2)
Darwin's Influence on Psychology	150	(1)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material from The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (1876)	151	(2)
Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822--1911)	153	(10)
Galton's Life	153	(1)
Mental Inheritance	154	(2)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material from Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry Into Its Laws and Consequences (1869)	156	(1)
Francis Galton
Statistical Methods	157	(1)
Mental Tests	158	(2)
The Association of Ideas	160	(1)
Mental Imagery	161	(1)
Arithmetic by Smell and Other Topics	161	(1)
Comment	162	(1)
Animal Psychology and the Development of Functionalism	163	(5)
George John Romanes (1848--1894)	164	(2)
C. Lloyd Morgan (1852--1936)	166	(2)
Comment	168	(1)
Discussion Questions	168	(1)
Suggested Readings	169	(2)
Functionalism: Development and Founding	171	(36)
Evolution Comes to America	171	(1)
Herbert Spencer (1820--1903)	171	(3)
Social Darwinism	172	(2)
Synthetic Philosophy	174	(1)
The Continuing Evolution of Machines	174	(1)
Henry Hollerith and the Punched Cards	175	(1)
William James (1842--1910): Anticipator of Functional Psychology	175	(13)
James's Life	176	(6)
The Principles of Psychology	182	(1)
The Subject Matter of Psychology: A New Look at Consciousness	182	(2)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Consciousness from Psychology (Briefer Course) (1892)	184	(2)
William James
The Methods of Psychology	186	(1)
Pragmatism	186	(1)
The Theory of Emotions	186	(1)
Habit	187	(1)
The Functional Inequality of Women	188	(4)
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863--1930)	188	(2)
Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley (1874--1947)	190	(1)
Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886--1939)	191	(1)
The Founding of Functionalism	192	(1)
The Chicago School	193	(1)
John Dewey (1859--1952)	194	(2)
The Reflex Arc	194	(1)
Comment	195	(1)
James Rowland Angell (1869--1949)	196	(2)
Angell's Life	196	(1)
The Province of Functional Psychology	196	(1)
Comment	197	(1)
Harvey A. Carr (1873--1954)	198	(1)
Functionalism: The Final Form	198	(2)
Functionalism at Columbia University	200	(1)
Robert Sessions Woodworth (1869--1962)	200	(2)
Woodworth's Life	200	(1)
Dynamic Psychology	201	(1)
Criticisms of Functionalism	202	(2)
Contributions of Functionalism	204	(1)
Discussion Questions	204	(1)
Suggested Readings	205	(2)
Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism	207	(51)
Toward a Practical Psychology	207	(4)
The Growth of American Psychology	208	(2)
Economic Influences on Applied Psychology	210	(1)
Granville Stanley Hall (1844--1924)	211	(7)
Hall's Life	212	(4)
Evolution and the Recapitulation Theory of Development	216	(2)
Comment	218	(1)
James McKeen Cattell (1860--1944)	218	(6)
Cattell's Life	218	(4)
Mental Testing	222	(1)
Comment	223	(1)
The Psychological Testing Movement	224	(9)
Binet, Terman, and the IQ Test	224	(2)
World War I and Group Testing	226	(3)
Ideas from Medicine and Engineering	229	(1)
Racial Differences in Intelligence	229	(3)
Contributions of Women to the Testing Movement	232	(1)
Lightner Witmer (1867--1956)	233	(4)
Witmer's Life	234	(2)
Clinics for Child Evaluation	236	(1)
Comment	237	(1)
The Clinical Psychology Movement	237	(2)
Walter Dill Scott (1869--1955)	239	(4)
Scott's Life	239	(2)
Advertising and Human Suggestibility	241	(1)
Employee Selection	241	(1)
Comment	242	(1)
The Industrial-Organizational Psychology Movement	243	(3)
The Impact of the World Wars	243	(1)
The Hawthorne Studies and Organizational Issues	243	(2)
Contributions of Women to Industrial-Organizational Psychology	245	(1)
Hugo Munsterberg (1863--1916)	246	(6)
Munsterberg's Life	247	(2)
Forensic Psychology and Eyewitness Testimony	249	(1)
Psychotherapy	250	(1)
Industrial Psychology	251	(1)
Comment	252	(1)
Applied Psychology in the United States: A National Mania	252	(2)
Comment	254	(1)
Discussion Questions	255	(1)
Suggested Readings	256	(2)
Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences	258	(31)
Toward a Science of Behavior	258	(2)
The Influence of Animal Psychology on Behaviorism	260	(7)
Jacques Loeb (1859--1924)	260	(1)
Rats, Ants, and the Animal Mind	261	(3)
Clever Hans, the Clever Horse	264	(3)
Edward Lee Thorndike (1874--1949)	267	(6)
Thorndike's Life	268	(1)
Connectionism	269	(1)
The Puzzle Box	270	(1)
Laws of Learning	271	(1)
Comment	272	(1)
Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (1849--1936)	273	(9)
Pavlov's Life	273	(3)
Conditioned Reflexes	276	(3)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927)	279	(1)
Ivan Pavlov
A Note on E. B. Twitmyer	280	(1)
Comment	281	(1)
Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857--1927)	282	(2)
Associated Reflexes	283	(1)
Animal Psychology and the Animal Rights Movement	284	(1)
The Influence of Functional Psychology on Behaviorism	285	(2)
Discussion Questions	287	(1)
Suggested Readings	287	(2)
Behaviorism: The Beginnings	289	(31)
John B. Watson (1878--1958)	289	(11)
Watson's Life	289	(8)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Behaviorism from Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It (1913)	297	(3)
John B. Watson
The Reaction to Watson's Program	300	(1)
The Methods of Behaviorism	301	(2)
The Subject Matter of Behaviorism	303	(5)
Instincts	304	(1)
Emotions	305	(2)
Thought Processes	307	(1)
Behaviorism's Popular Appeal	308	(3)
An Outbreak of Psychology	311	(1)
Watson and the Animal Rights Movement	312	(1)
Karl Lashley (1890--1958)	313	(1)
Criticisms of Watson's Behaviorism	314	(2)
William McDougall (1871--1938)	314	(2)
Contributions of Watson's Behaviorism	316	(1)
Discussion Questions	317	(1)
Suggested Readings	318	(2)
Behaviorism: After the Founding	320	(37)
Three Stages of Behaviorism	320	(1)
Operationism	321	(1)
Edward Chace Tolman (1886--1959)	322	(4)
Purposive Behaviorism	323	(1)
Intervening Variables	323	(1)
Learning Theory	324	(1)
Comment	325	(1)
Clark Leonard Hull (1884--1952)	326	(4)
Hull's Life	326	(1)
The Spirit of Mechanism	327	(1)
Objective Methodology and Quantification	328	(1)
Drives	328	(1)
Learning	329	(1)
Comment	330	(1)
B. F. Skinner (1904--1990)	330	(15)
Skinner's Life	331	(2)
Skinner's Behaviorism	333	(1)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material from Science and Human Behavior (1953)	334	(2)
B. F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning	336	(1)
Schedules of Reinforcement	337	(1)
Verbal Behavior	338	(1)
Aircribs, Teaching Machines, and Pigeon-Guided Missiles	339	(1)
Walden Two---A Behaviorist Society	340	(1)
Behavior Modification	341	(1)
Applied Animal Psychology: The IQ Zoo	342	(1)
Criticisms of Skinner's Behaviorism	343	(1)
Contributions of Skinner's Behaviorism	344	(1)
Sociobehaviorism: The Cognitive Challenge	345	(1)
Albert Bandura (1925--)	345	(4)
Social Cognitive Theory	345	(2)
Self-Efficacy	347	(1)
Behavior Modification	348	(1)
Comment	349	(1)
Julian Rotter (1916 --)	349	(5)
Cognitive Processes	350	(1)
Locus of Control	351	(2)
Comment	353	(1)
The Fate of Behaviorism	354	(1)
Discussion Questions	354	(1)
Suggested Readings	355	(2)
Gestalt Psychology	357	(34)
The Gestalt Revolt	357	(3)
More to Perception than Meets the Eye	358	(2)
Antecedent Influences on Gestalt Psychology	360	(1)
The Changing Zeitgeist in Physics	361	(1)
The Phi Phenomenon: A Challenge to Wundtian Psychology	362	(1)
Max Wertheimer (1880--1943)	363	(2)
Kurt Koffka (1886--1941)	365	(2)
Wolfgang Kohler (1887--1967)	367	(2)
The Nature of the Gestalt Revolt	369	(1)
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization	370	(3)
Gestalt Studies of Learning: Insight and the Mentality of Apes	373	(5)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Gestalt Psychology from The Mentality of Apes (1927)	374	(3)
Wolfgang Kohler
Comment	377	(1)
Productive Thinking in Humans	378	(1)
Isomorphism	379	(1)
The Spread of Gestalt Psychology	380	(2)
The Battle with Behaviorism	381	(1)
Gestalt Psychology in Nazi Germany	382	(1)
Field Theory: Kurt Lewin (1890--1947)	382	(5)
Lewin's Life	383	(1)
The Life Space	384	(1)
Motivation and the Zeigarnik Effect	385	(1)
Social Psychology	386	(1)
Criticisms of Gestalt Psychology	387	(1)
Contributions of Gestalt Psychology	388	(1)
Discussion Questions	388	(1)
Suggested Readings	389	(2)
Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings	391	(45)
The Development of Psychoanalysis	391	(2)
Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis	393	(8)
Theories of the Unconscious Mind	393	(1)
Early Ideas about Psychopathology	394	(5)
The Influence of Charles Darwin	399	(1)
Additional Influences	400	(1)
Sigmund Freud (1856--1939) and the Development of Psychoanalysis	401	(16)
The Case of Anna O.	403	(2)
The Sexual Basis of Neurosis	405	(1)
Studies on Hysteria	406	(1)
The Childhood Seduction Controversy	407	(3)
Dream Analysis	410	(1)
The Pinnacle of Success	410	(4)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Hysteria from Sigmund Freud's First Lecture at Clark University, September 9, 1909	414	(3)
Psychoanalysis as a Method of Treatment	417	(3)
Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality	420	(6)
Instincts	420	(1)
Levels of Personality	421	(2)
Anxiety	423	(1)
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development	423	(3)
Mechanism and Determinism in Freud's System	426	(1)
Relations between Psychoanalysis and Psychology	426	(2)
The Scientific Validation of Psychoanalytic Concepts	428	(2)
Criticisms of Psychoanalysis	430	(2)
Contributions of Psychoanalysis	432	(1)
Discussion Questions	433	(1)
Suggested Readings	434	(2)
Psychoanalysis: After the Founding	436	(41)
Competing Factions	436	(1)
The Neo-Freudians and Ego Psychology	437	(1)
Anna Freud (1895--1982)	437	(3)
Child Analysis	438	(1)
Comment	439	(1)
Object Relations Theories	440	(1)
Melanie Klein (1882--1960)	440	(1)
Heinz Kohut (1913--1981)	441	(1)
Carl Jung (1875--1961)	441	(8)
Jung's Life	442	(2)
Analytical Psychology	444	(1)
The Collective Unconscious	445	(1)
Archetypes	445	(2)
Introversion and Extraversion	447	(1)
Psychological Types: The Functions and Attitudes	447	(1)
Comment	447	(2)
Social Psychological Theories: The Zeitgeist Strikes Again	449	(1)
Alfred Adler (1870--1937)	449	(6)
Adler's Life	449	(2)
Individual Psychology	451	(1)
Inferiority Feelings	451	(1)
Style of Life	452	(1)
The Creative Power of the Self	452	(1)
Birth Order	452	(1)
Comment	453	(2)
Karen Horney (1885--1952)	455	(4)
Horney's Life	455	(1)
Disagreements with Freud	456	(1)
Basic Anxiety	456	(1)
Neurotic Needs	457	(1)
The Idealized Self-Image	458	(1)
Comment	458	(1)
The Evolution of Personality Theory: Humanistic Psychology	459	(2)
Antecedent Influences on Humanistic Psychology	460	(1)
The Nature of Humanistic Psychology	461	(1)
Abraham Maslow (1908--1970)	461	(6)
Maslow's Life	462	(1)
Self-Actualization	463	(1)
In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Humanistic Psychology from Motivation and Personality (1970)	464	(2)
Abraham Maslow
Comment	466	(1)
Carl Rogers (1902--1987)	467	(3)
Rogers's Life	468	(1)
Self-Actualization	468	(1)
Comment	469	(1)
The Fate of Humanistic Psychology	470	(1)
Positive Psychology	471	(2)
The Psychoanalytic Tradition in History	473	(1)
Discussion Questions	474	(1)
Suggested Readings	475	(2)
Contemporary Developments in Psychology	477	(29)
Schools of Thought in Perspective	477	(3)
The Cognitive Movement in Psychology	480	(4)
Antecedent Influences on Cognitive Psychology	481	(1)
The Changing Zeitgeist in Physics	482	(1)
The Founding of Cognitive Psychology	483	(1)
George Miller (1920--)	484	(2)
The Center for Cognitive Studies	485	(1)
Ulric Neisser (1928--)	486	(2)
The Computer Metaphor	488	(1)
The Development of the Modern Computer	489	(1)
Artificial Intelligence	489	(3)
The Nature of Cognitive Psychology	492	(7)
Cognitive Neuroscience	493	(1)
The Role of Introspection	493	(1)
Unconscious Cognition	494	(1)
Animal Cognition	495	(2)
Current Status	497	(2)
Evolutionary Psychology	499	(5)
Antecedent Influences on Evolutionary Psychology	500	(1)
The Influence of Sociobiology	501	(1)
Current Status of Evolutionary Psychology	502	(1)
Comment	503	(1)
Discussion Questions	504	(1)
Suggested Readings	504	(2)
Glossary	506	(4)
References	510	(16)
Name Index	526	(5)
Subject Index	531