A History And Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education: From Ancient Civilizations to the Modern World

by Mechikoff, Robert A.; Estes, Steven G.

• ISBN13: 9780072973020
• ISBN10: 0072973021
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-21
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

This engaging and informative text will hold the attention of students and scholars as they take a journey through time to understand the role that history and philosophy have played in shaping the course of sport and physical education in Western and selected non-Western civilizations. Using appropriate theoretical and interpretive frameworks, students will investigate topics such as the historical relationship between mind and body; what philosophers and intellectuals have said about the body as a source of knowledge; educational philosophy and the value of physical education and/or sport; philosophical positions that have impacted the historical development of sport and physical education; the history of women in sport and physical education; the role and scope of sport and physical education in Ancient Greece and Rome; the Ancient Olympic Games; the relationship between sport and religion in ancient and modern times; the theoretical and professional development of physical education; the rise of sport in modern America; the history and politics of the modern Olympic Games; and the contributions of men, women, and social movements to the development of sport and physical education from ancient times to the modern era.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
SECTION I Ancient Civilizations	1	(98)
History and Philosophy in Sport and Physical Education	2	(24)
Definitions	4	(3)
``Doing'' History	7	(4)
Interpretive Versus Descriptive History	8	(1)
Modernization	9	(1)
Urbanization and Industrialization	10	(1)
Metaphysics	11	(1)
Philosophical Processes	11	(4)
Basic Philosophical Terms	13	(1)
Metaphysics and Ontology	13	(1)
Metaphysical Dualism	14	(1)
Epistemology	15	(1)
From Dualism to Monism in the Western World	15	(6)
The Mind--Body Relationship	15	(1)
Philosophies of the Modern World	16	(5)
Summary	21	(1)
Discussion Questions	22	(1)
Internet Resources	22	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	23	(1)
Notes	23	(3)
Sumer, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica	26	(18)
General Events	26	(1)
Introduction	27	(2)
Sumer	29	(3)
Egypt	32	(4)
China	36	(2)
Mesoamerica	38	(3)
Summary	41	(1)
Discussion Questions	41	(1)
Internet Resources	41	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	42	(1)
Notes	42	(2)
Greece	44	(30)
General Events	44	(1)
Introduction	45	(1)
The Influence of the Jews and the Phoenicians upon Greek Culture	46	(2)
Philosophical Positions of the Body	48	(1)
Dualism	48	(1)
Classical Humanism	49	(1)
Socrates' and Plato's View of the Body	49	(2)
Socrates' and Plato's View of Physical Education	51	(2)
Education Through the Physical Versus Education of the Physical	53	(2)
Aristotle	55	(1)
Historical Foundations of Sport and Physical Education	55	(2)
Arete and Agon	56	(1)
Funeral Games	57	(1)
The Influence of Crete	57	(1)
Some Historical Perspectives on the Development of Greek Sport	58	(1)
Athens and Sparta: A Tale of Two City-States	59	(4)
Two Views on Physical Education	59	(2)
Athenian Physical Education	61	(1)
Athletic Participation of Greek Women	62	(1)
The Ancient Olympic Games	63	(6)
Summary	69	(1)
Discussion Questions	70	(1)
Internet Resources	71	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	71	(1)
Notes	72	(2)
Rome	74	(25)
General Events	74	(1)
Introduction	75	(1)
The Etruscans	76	(3)
Nero	79	(1)
Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Greeks and Romans	80	(1)
Philosophical Orientation	80	(3)
The Stoics	81	(1)
The Epicureans	82	(1)
Marcus Tullius Cicero	82	(1)
Antiochus	82	(1)
Sport and Physical Education	83	(1)
Military Training	83	(1)
Claudius Galen	84	(1)
Greek Athletics	85	(1)
Women and Sport	85	(1)
Games and Spectacles	86	(6)
Sport and Christianity	92	(1)
Greek Reaction to the Introduction of Roman Sport	93	(1)
Summary	93	(1)
Discussion Questions	94	(1)
Internet Resources	94	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	94	(1)
Notes	95	(4)
SECTION II From the Spiritual World to the Secular World: Changing Concepts of the Body	99	(86)
Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education During the Middle Ages: 900--1400	100	(17)
General Events	100	(1)
Introduction	101	(1)
The Impact of Christianity	101	(2)
Christianity and Greek Philosophy	103	(1)
Philosophical Views of the Body in the Middle Ages	104	(2)
The Body and Physical Fitness According to St. Thomas Aquinas	106	(1)
Moses Maimonides and St. Bonaventure	107	(1)
Linking the Spiritual with Secular Sport	107	(1)
Holidays and Ball Games	108	(1)
Rugged Ball Games, Equestrian Events, and English Football	109	(1)
Medieval Social Structure: Knights, Nobles, and Worthy Pursuits	110	(1)
Sport of the Aristocracy	111	(1)
Medieval Tournaments	111	(1)
Hawking, Hunting, and Other Pastimes	112	(1)
Medieval Concepts of Health and Hygiene: Galen Revisited	112	(1)
Summary	113	(1)
Discussion Questions	114	(1)
Internet Resources	114	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	114	(1)
Notes	115	(2)
The Renaissance and the Reformation: 1300--1600	117	(19)
General Events	117	(1)
Introduction	118	(1)
Cultural Changes of the Renaissance	118	(2)
The Reformation	120	(1)
The Philosophers and Educators of the Renaissance	121	(4)
Petrus Paulus Vergerius	123	(1)
Vittorino da Feltre	123	(2)
Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini	125	(1)
Baldassare Castiglione	125	(1)
The Philosophers and Educators of the Reformation	125	(8)
William of Ockham	127	(1)
Desiderius Erasmus	128	(1)
Martin Luther	128	(2)
John Calvin	130	(1)
Thomas Elyot	131	(2)
Roger Ascham	133	(1)
Summary	133	(1)
Discussion Questions	134	(1)
Internet Resources	134	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	135	(1)
Notes	135	(1)
The Age of Science and the Enlightenment: 1560--1789	136	(23)
General Events	136	(1)
Introduction	137	(3)
The Age of Science: 1560--1688	137	(2)
The Enlightenment: 1688--1789	139	(1)
The Philosophers of Science	140	(2)
Galileo Galilei	141	(1)
Francis Bacon	141	(1)
Isaac Newton	142	(1)
The Philosophers	142	(4)
Thomas Hobbes	143	(1)
Rene Descartes	144	(1)
George Berkeley	145	(1)
The Educators	146	(3)
Francois Rabelais	146	(1)
Richard Mulcaster	147	(1)
Michel de Montaigne	147	(1)
John Comenius	148	(1)
John Milton	148	(1)
John Locke	148	(1)
The Philosophes and Physical Educators	149	(6)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	150	(3)
Johann Bernhard Basedow	153	(1)
Johann Friedrich GutsMuths	154	(1)
Summary	155	(1)
Discussion Questions	155	(1)
Internet Resources	156	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	156	(1)
Notes	156	(3)
Philosophical Positions of the Body and the Development of Physical Education: Contributions of the Germans, Swedes, and Danes in Nineteenth-Century Europe	159	(26)
General Events	159	(1)
Introduction	160	(1)
Idealism	160	(2)
The Self	161	(1)
Knowledge	161	(1)
The German Idealists: Kant, Fichte, and Hegel	162	(4)
Immanuel Kant	162	(3)
Johann Fichte	165	(1)
Georg Hegel	165	(1)
The Application of Idealism to Physical Education	166	(2)
Students	167	(1)
Values	167	(1)
Objectives	167	(1)
Curriculum	167	(1)
Evaluation Criteria	168	(1)
The Educators	168	(12)
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi	168	(2)
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel	170	(1)
Friedrich Ludwig John	171	(4)
Charles Follen	175	(1)
Charles Beck	176	(1)
Francis Lieber	176	(1)
Franz Nachtegall	176	(3)
Per Henrik Ling	179	(1)
Summary	180	(1)
Discussion Questions	181	(1)
Internet Resources	181	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	182	(1)
Notes	182	(3)
SECTION III The Theoretical and Professional Development of American Physical Education	185	(44)
The Impact of Science and the Concept of Health on the Theoretical and Professional Development of Physical Education, 1885--1930	186	(25)
General Events	186	(1)
Introduction	187	(1)
Social and Institutional Change in Nineteenth-Century America	188	(2)
The Theoretical Basis of American Physical Education	190	(4)
Three Distinct Periods	191	(1)
Biological and Philosophical Issues	192	(1)
Evolution	193	(1)
The Disease---Neurasthenia; the Cure---Exercise!	194	(1)
Exercising to Build Brain Power	194	(1)
Women: Mothers of the Race	195	(1)
Women, Higher Education, and Physical Education	196	(1)
The Golden Age of Anthropometric Measurement: 1885--1900	197	(1)
Defining the Scope of the Discipline	198	(1)
The Contributions of German Gymnastics, Dio Lewis, and the Swedish System to Teacher Training	199	(2)
Physical Education the American Way	201	(1)
Changing Concepts of Health	201	(1)
A Changing Profession	202	(1)
The Professional Preparation of Teachers	202	(4)
Summary	206	(1)
Discussion Questions	207	(1)
Internet Resources	207	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	208	(1)
Notes	208	(3)
The Transformation of Physical Education: 1900--1939	211	(18)
General Events	211	(1)
The Transformation of Physical Education and the Adoption of Sports Programs	212	(3)
The Development of Play Theory: 1900--1915	215	(2)
Herbert Spencer and William James	215	(1)
Karl Groos	216	(1)
G. Stanley Hall	216	(1)
Luther Halsey Gulick	217	(1)
John Dewey	217	(1)
Advocates and Adversaries: The Promotion of Play	217	(1)
Play and Popular Culture	218	(1)
Play Versus Gymnastics	218	(1)
Play in Physical Education: 1900--1915	219	(1)
The Paradigmatic Basis of the New Physical Education: 1916--1930	220	(1)
The Architects of the New Physical Education: Clark Hetherington, Thomas D. Wood, and Rosalind Cassidy	220	(1)
Components and Goals of Physical Education	220	(1)
Promotion of Physical Education	221	(1)
Physical Education Literature in the Early Twentieth Century	222	(1)
Science and the Quantification of Physical Education	222	(2)
Tests and Measurements	222	(1)
The Relationship Between Physical Ability and Mental Ability	222	(1)
Physical Fitness Assessment	223	(1)
Summary	224	(1)
Discussion Questions	225	(1)
Internet Resources	225	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	226	(1)
Notes	226	(3)
SECTION IV The Historical and Philosophical Development of Sport in America	229	(56)
Sport in the Colonial Period	230	(11)
General Events	230	(1)
Introduction	231	(1)
Sport in England: A Tale of Two Cultures	231	(2)
Sport in New England: The Puritans	233	(2)
Amusements in New England	235	(1)
Sport in the Mid-Atlantic Region	235	(1)
Sport in the South	236	(2)
Contributions of Native Americans	238	(1)
Summary	238	(1)
Discussion Questions	239	(1)
Internet Resources	239	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	240	(1)
Notes	240	(1)
Changing Concepts of the Body: An Overview of Sport and Play in Nineteenth-Century America	241	(25)
General Events	241	(1)
Introduction	242	(1)
Early Technological Innovations and Their Impact on Sport	243	(1)
Nineteenth-Century American Philosophy: Transcendentalism and Pragmatism	243	(2)
Ralph Waldo Emerson	244	(1)
Henry David Thoreau	244	(1)
Pragmatism	245	(1)
The Influence of Charles Darwin	245	(1)
The Pragmatists	246	(2)
Charles Sanders Peirce	247	(1)
William James	247	(1)
Sport in the Nineteenth Century	248	(1)
Justifying Sport in the Nineteenth Century	248	(2)
Religion as an Argument for Sport	248	(1)
Other Arguments That Justified Sport Participation	249	(1)
Development of Sport in the Nineteenth Century	250	(2)
Sport and Play in Nineteenth-Century America	252	(10)
Horse and Harness Racing	252	(3)
Ball Games: Cricket, Baseball, and Football	255	(5)
``Amateur'' Sports	260	(2)
Summary	262	(1)
Discussion Questions	262	(1)
Internet Resources	263	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	263	(1)
Notes	264	(2)
Sport in the Twentieth Century	266	(19)
General Events	266	(1)
Introduction	267	(1)
College Football	268	(4)
Professional Football	272	(1)
Baseball	273	(1)
Basketball	274	(2)
Boxing	276	(1)
Volleyball	277	(1)
Women and Sport	277	(4)
Summary	281	(1)
Discussion Questions	282	(1)
Internet Resources	282	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	283	(1)
Notes	283	(2)
SECTION V A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games	285	(122)
Pioneers and Progress: 1896--1936	286	(29)
Introduction	287	(1)
The Architects of the Modern Olympic Games: Dr. William Penny Brookes and Baron Pierre de Coubertin	288	(4)
The Ist Olympiad: Athens, 1896	292	(1)
The IInd Olympiad: Paris, 1900	293	(1)
The IIIrd Olympiad: St. Louis, 1904	294	(2)
The IVth Olympiad: London, 1908	296	(2)
The Vth Olympiad: Stockholm, 1912	298	(2)
The VIIth Olympiad: Antwerp, 1920	300	(2)
The VIIIth Olympiad: Paris, 1924	302	(1)
The Ist Winter Olympics: Chamonix, 1924	303	(1)
The IXth Olympiad: Amsterdam, 1928	303	(1)
The IInd Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, 1928	304	(1)
The Issue of Amateurism	304	(1)
The Xth Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1932	305	(1)
The IIIrd Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1932	305	(1)
The Political Nature of the Olympic Games	306	(1)
The XIth Olympiad: Berlin, 1936	306	(5)
Sport and Physical Education in Nazi Germany	307	(4)
The IVth Winter Olympics: Garmisch--Partenkirchen, 1936	311	(1)
Summary	311	(1)
Discussion Questions	312	(1)
Internet Resources	312	(1)
Notes	313	(2)
The Cold War Olympics: 1948--1988	315	(53)
Introduction	317	(1)
The XIVth Olympiad: London, 1948	318	(3)
The Political Atmosphere	318	(2)
Notables	320	(1)
The Vth Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, 1948	321	(4)
The XVth Olympiad: Helsinki, 1952	321	(1)
The Political Atmosphere	321	(2)
A Cold War of Sports	323	(1)
A Propaganda War	324	(1)
Notables	324	(1)
The VIth Winter Olympics: Oslo, 1952	325	(1)
The XVIth Olympiad: Melbourne, 1956	325	(4)
The Political Atmosphere	325	(2)
The Aussie Olympics	327	(1)
Olympic Boycott	327	(1)
Notables	328	(1)
The VIIth Winter Olympics: Cortina, 1956	329	(1)
The XVIIth Olympiad: Rome, 1960	329	(4)
The Political Atmosphere	329	(1)
A Roman Holiday	330	(1)
East Versus West	330	(2)
Notables	332	(1)
The VIIIth Winter Olympics: Squaw Valley, 1960	333	(1)
The XVIIIth Olympiad: Tokyo, 1964	333	(3)
The Perfect Olympiad	334	(1)
Olympic Politics	334	(2)
Defections	336	(1)
Notables	336	(1)
The IXth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, 1964	336	(1)
The XIXth Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968	337	(3)
Student Demonstrations	337	(1)
Olympic Politics	338	(2)
The Xth Winter Olympics: Grenoble, 1968	340	(1)
The XXth Olympiad: Munich, 1972	340	(5)
World Overview	340	(1)
Olympic Politics	341	(1)
The Munich Massacre	342	(2)
Notables	344	(1)
The XIth Winter Olympics: Sapporo, 1972	345	(1)
The XXIst Olympiad: Montreal, 1976	345	(5)
The Taiwan Issue	345	(2)
The Boycott	347	(1)
Security Concerns	348	(1)
Political Defections and Propaganda	348	(1)
Notables	349	(1)
The XIIth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, 1976	350	(1)
The XXIInd Olympiad: Moscow, 1980	350	(5)
What Led to the U.S. Boycott? The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan	351	(1)
Athletes as Political Pawns	352	(2)
Presidential Pressure and Promises	354	(1)
Epilogue	354	(1)
Notables	355	(1)
The XIIIth Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1980	355	(1)
The XXIIIrd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984	356	(3)
The Political Atmosphere	357	(1)
What Goes Around, Comes Around: The Soviet Boycott of the XXIIIrd Olympiad	357	(1)
Security Concerns	358	(1)
Notables	358	(1)
The XIVth Winter Olympics: Sarajevo, 1984	359	(1)
The XXIVth Olympiad: Seoul, 1988	359	(3)
Security Concerns and Olympic Politics	360	(1)
NBC Versus South Korea	360	(1)
Banning Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Other Illicit Drugs at the Olympics	360	(1)
The Ultimate Incentive	361	(1)
Notables	361	(1)
The XVth Winter Olympics: Calgary, 1988	362	(1)
Economics	362	(1)
Atmosphere	363	(1)
Notables	363	(1)
Summary	363	(1)
Discussion Questions	364	(1)
Internet Resources	364	(1)
Notes	365	(3)
After the Cold War: 1992--2004	368	(39)
Introduction	369	(1)
The XXVth Olympiad: Barcelona, 1992	370	(1)
A Renewed Olympic Spirit	370	(1)
Notables	371	(1)
The XVIth Winter Olympics: Albertville/Savoie, 1992	371	(2)
Economics	372	(1)
Atmosphere	372	(1)
Notables	372	(1)
The XVIIth Winter Olympics: Lillehammer, 1994	373	(1)
Atmosphere	373	(1)
Notables	373	(1)
The Centennial Olympiad: Atlanta, 1996	374	(5)
The Torch Relay	375	(1)
The Opening Ceremonies	375	(1)
Commercialization	375	(1)
Drugs	376	(1)
The Closing Ceremonies	377	(1)
Notables	377	(2)
The XVIIIth Winter Olympics: Nagano, 1998	379	(2)
Milestones	379	(1)
Goals and Outcomes	380	(1)
Notables	380	(1)
Scandals and Ill-Gotten Gains	381	(1)
The XXVIIth Olympiad: Sydney, 2000	382	(9)
Social Protests	383	(1)
Terrorist Threats	384	(1)
Politics	384	(1)
The Tape-Delayed Olympics---Thank You, NBC!	385	(1)
Economics and Attendant Social Issues	385	(3)
Technology	388	(1)
Doping	388	(1)
Notables	389	(2)
The XIX Winter Olympics: Salt Lake City, 2002	391	(5)
The Political Atmosphere	391	(1)
Security Concerns	392	(1)
Drugs	393	(1)
Philosophical Concerns and Legal Interpretations	393	(1)
Ethical Decisions and the Decline of an Idea: Exercise in Critical Thinking	394	(1)
Notables	395	(1)
The XXVIII Olympiad: Athens, 2004	396	(7)
The Political Atmosphere	396	(2)
The Game Plan	398	(1)
Ethical Dilemmas	398	(1)
Logistics and Security Concerns	399	(1)
Doping	400	(1)
Notables	401	(2)
Summary	403	(1)
Discussion Questions	404	(1)
Internet Resources	405	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	405	(1)
Notes	405	(2)
Credits	407	(1)
Index	408