A History of Psychology: Globalization, Ideas, and Applications

by Lawson; Robert B.

• ISBN13: 9780130141231
• ISBN10: 0130141232
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-11
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

This comprehensive and engaging history presents psychology as a global science, discusses the nature and methods of historical analysis, and integrates overarching psychological principles, ideas, and applications that have shaped the global history of psychology. The volume integrates materials from religion, philosophy and biology into the historical development of psychology and contextualizes developments in psychology by including a treatment of issues in the local culture, society, and global culture.This volume examines psychology as it relates to globalization, psychology, and history, early philosophical and biological foundations of scientific psychology, the schools of psychology including Voluntarism and Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology and Psychoanalysis, as well as providing a thorough treatment of women in psychology, racial diversity in psychology and psychology in Russia, China, Latin America, South Africa, and India-Asia. For those in fields related to psychology, political science and sociology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
Timeline of Philosophy and Psychology in the Context of General History	xviii
SECTION I THE PRESENT: GLOBALIZATION, PSYCHOLOGY, AND HISTORY
Contemporary Psychology: Global Forces	1	(26)
Chapter Overview	2	(1)
Learning Objectives	3	(1)
Introduction	3	(2)
Globalization and the Field of Psychology	5	(8)
Coming Together: The Evolution of Globalization	6	(2)
The Three Worlds of Psychology	8	(1)
The Growth of Psychology Around the Globe	9	(1)
Global Psychological Associations	10	(2)
Functions of Internationality	12	(1)
Postmodernism and the Multicultural Movements	13	(6)
Postmodernism	13	(1)
A Reevaluation of Psychology	14	(2)
Cross-Cultural Psychology	16	(1)
Culture and Boundaries	17	(2)
Development Initiatives and the Call for Indigenization	19	(4)
Western Psychology in the Developing World	19	(1)
The Call for Indigenization	20	(1)
Systematic Deterrents to the Development of Psychology in the Developing World	21	(1)
Linking the Social and the Economic	22	(1)
Toward a Global Psychology Paradigm	23	(1)
History of Psychology: A Framework	24	(1)
Summary	25	(2)
Psychology: The American Approach	27	(11)
Chapter Overview	28	(1)
Learning Objectives	28	(1)
Introduction	28	(2)
Local-Global Dynamics in Psychology in America	30	(2)
American Psychological Association (APA)	30	(2)
Association for Psychological Science (APS)	32	(1)
Three Issues in American Psychology	32	(3)
Credentials	32	(1)
Diversity	33	(1)
Prescription Privileges	34	(1)
Definition and a New Vision for Psychology	35	(1)
Summary	36	(2)
Nature of History and Methods of Study	38	(17)
Chapter Overview	39	(1)
Learning Objectives	39	(1)
Introduction	40	(4)
What's Important	41	(1)
Making History	42	(1)
Approaches to the History of Psychology	43	(1)
Methods of Study in Psychology	44	(8)
Spiritualism and Science	45	(1)
Sorcery in Salem	46	(1)
The New History of Psychology	47	(1)
Paradigms and Revolutions	48	(2)
Specialization in Psychology	50	(2)
Psychology Makes a Difference	52	(1)
Summary	53	(2)
SECTION II EARLY PHILOSOPHICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY
Philosophical Foundations of Psychology	55	(32)
Chapter Overview	56	(1)
Learning Objectives	57	(1)
Introduction	57	(1)
The Dawn of Civilization--Four River Valley Civilizations	58	(1)
Early Explanatory Systems--Animism and Spirits	59	(1)
Early Philosophies and Religions	60	(6)
Confucianism and Taoism	61	(3)
Indian Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism	64	(1)
Judaism	65	(1)
Greek Philosophy	66	(6)
Thales	67	(1)
Anaximander and Pythagoras	67	(1)
The Eleatics	67	(1)
Heraclitus, Empedocles, and Democritus	68	(1)
Socrates	69	(1)
Plato	69	(1)
Aristotle	70	(2)
Roman Philosophies	72	(1)
Christianity	73	(1)
Islam	74	(3)
Islamic Science and Philosophy	76	(1)
Judaic Philosophers	77	(1)
Scholasticism--Thomas Aquinas and William of Occam	78	(1)
The Renaissance: The Place and the People	79	(2)
Francesco Petrarch	79	(1)
Martin Luther	80	(1)
Niccolo Machiavelli	80	(1)
Renaissance Science	81	(2)
Nicolas Copernicus	81	(1)
Galileo Galilei	81	(1)
Isaac Newton	82	(1)
Francis Bacon	82	(1)
The Modern Period: Rene Descartes	83	(2)
Summary	85	(2)
Biological Foundations of Psychology	87	(23)
Chapter Overview	88	(1)
Learning Objectives	89	(1)
Introduction	90	(1)
Mind--Body Relationship	90	(1)
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)	91	(1)
Spinal Cord Studies	91	(4)
Rene Descartes (1596--1650)	92	(1)
Robert Whytt (1714--1766)	92	(1)
Charles Bell (1774--1842)	93	(1)
Francois Magendie (1783--1855)	93	(1)
Bell-Magendie Law	94	(1)
Johannes Muller (1801--1858)	94	(1)
Neural Impulses	95	(1)
Brain Localization	95	(5)
Marie-Jean Pierre Flourens (1794--1867)	97	(1)
Pierre-Paul Broca (1824--1880)	98	(1)
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain	98	(1)
Phantom Limbs and Causalgia	99	(1)
Phineas Gage (1823--1860)	99	(1)
Neural Units and Processes	100	(4)
The Golgi--Ramon y Cajal Controversy	100	(1)
The Microelectrode	101	(1)
CATS, PETS, and MRI	101	(2)
Split Brains	103	(1)
Matters of the Mind	104	(4)
Decade of the Brain	104	(1)
Minds and Monkeys	105	(1)
Brain Challenges	105	(2)
Affect and Health	107	(1)
Summary	108	(2)
Phrenology, Mesmerism, and Hypnosis	110	(24)
Chapter Overview	111	(3)
Learning Objectives	114	(1)
Introduction	114	(3)
Mind and Soul	115	(1)
Baruch Spinoza (1632--1677)	115	(1)
Conscious and Unconscious Minds	116	(1)
Phrenology	117	(3)
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1832)	118	(1)
Phrenology in America	118	(1)
Personality Assessment	119	(1)
Mesmerism	120	(2)
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734--1815)	120	(2)
Marquis de Puysegur (1751--1825)	122	(1)
Hypnosis	122	(7)
The Nancy School of Hypnosis	123	(1)
The Parisian School of Hypnosis	124	(1)
Laboratory Studies of Hypnosis	125	(1)
The State and Non-State Model of Hypnosis	126	(1)
Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis	127	(1)
Hypnotic Phenomena: Age Regression	128	(1)
Hypnosis and Clinical Psychology, Efficacy Studies, and Prevention	129	(2)
Psychoneuroimmunology	131	(1)
Summary	132	(2)
Associationism	134	(23)
Chapter Overview	135	(1)
Learning Objectives	136	(1)
Introduction	137	(1)
Origins of Human Knowledge	138	(3)
Empiricism	138	(1)
Revelation	138	(1)
Positivism	138	(2)
Associationism	140	(1)
The British Empiricists	141	(3)
John Locke (1632--1704)	141	(1)
George Berkeley (1685--1753)	142	(2)
David Hume (1711--1776)	144	(1)
The British Associationists	144	(6)
David Hartley (1705--1757)	145	(1)
The Family Mills	146	(1)
Alexander Bain (1818--1903)	147	(2)
Counterpoint--Immanuel Kant (1724--1804)	149	(1)
Associationism: Later Developments	150	(5)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850--1909)	150	(2)
Sensory Conditioning	152	(1)
Selective Deprivation Studies	152	(1)
Repressed Memories	153	(1)
The Seven Sins of Memory	153	(2)
Summary	155	(2)
SECTION III SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Voluntarism and Structuralism	157	(17)
Chapter Overview	158	(2)
Learning Objectives	160	(1)
Introduction	160	(1)
Psychophysical Laws and Consciousness	161	(4)
Weber's Law	161	(1)
Weber-Fechner Law	162	(2)
Stevens' Law	164	(1)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832--1920)	165	(4)
Establishment of Psychology as an Independent Science	165	(1)
Voluntarism: The Subject Matter and Method of Study	166	(1)
The Composition of Consciousness	166	(1)
Apperception	167	(1)
Mental Chronometry	167	(1)
Volkerpsychologie or Cultural Psychology	168	(1)
Alternatives to Voluntarism	169	(2)
Franz Brentano (1838-1917) and Act Psychology	169	(1)
Oswald Kulpe (1862--1915) and Imageless Thought	170	(1)
Edward Bradford Titchener (1867--1927) and Structuralism	170	(1)
The Origins of the Psychological Experiment	171	(1)
The Elements of Love	172	(1)
Summary	173	(1)
Functionalism	174	(39)
Chapter Overview	175	(1)
Learning Objectives	175	(1)
Introduction	176	(1)
Setting the Stage for Functionalism	177	(7)
Charles Darwin: Evolution Is Adaptive and Functional	178	(1)
Darwin and Psychology	179	(1)
The Legacy of Charles Darwin	180	(1)
Sir Francis Galton: To Quantify Is to Know	181	(1)
Galton and Psychology: Individual Differences	182	(2)
Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism	184	(1)
Forerunners of Functionalism	184	(8)
William James: Psychologist, Philosopher, and Pragmatist	185	(1)
James as a Psychologist	186	(2)
James as a Philosopher	188	(1)
Granville Stanley Hall: Scientific and Professional Psychology	189	(1)
Hall Entering Psychology	190	(1)
Hall as an Established Psychologist	191	(1)
Hall and Scientific/Applied Psychology	191	(1)
The Founding of Functionalism	192	(6)
John Dewey: A Vermonter and Functionalist	193	(2)
Dewey and Education	195	(1)
James Rowland Angell: Popularizing Functionalism	196	(1)
Harvey A. Carr: A Mature Functionalism	197	(1)
Functionalism at Columbia University	198	(8)
James McKeen Cattell: A Quantifiable and Functional Psychology	198	(3)
Edward Lee Thorndike: Animal Behavior and Connectionism	201	(2)
Robert Sessions Woodworth: Author and Educator	203	(3)
The Legacy of Functionalism and Contemporary Issues	206	(5)
Hugo Munsterberg: Popularizing Applied Psychology	206	(1)
Forensic Psychology	207	(1)
Clinical Psychology	208	(1)
Industrial/Applied Psychology	209	(1)
Lightner Witmer: The Beginnings of Clinical Psychology	209	(2)
A Functional Future	211	(1)
Summary	211	(2)
Behaviorism	213	(30)
Chapter Overview	214	(1)
Learning Objectives	215	(1)
Introduction	216	(1)
Models of Learning	217	(1)
Stimulus-Response (S-R)	217	(1)
Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R)	217	(1)
Response (R)	217	(1)
Mind, Motion, and Mapping: The Beginning	218	(5)
John Broadus Watson (1878--1958)	218	(1)
Emotions, Thinking, and Instinct	219	(2)
Karl Lashley (1890--1958)	221	(1)
Mass Action and Equipotentiality	221	(2)
Pavlovian or Classical Conditioning	223	(3)
Basic Pavlovian Conditioning	224	(1)
Applied Pavlovian Conditioning	224	(2)
Neobehaviorism	226	(2)
Clark Hull (1884--1952)	226	(1)
Methodology and Learning	227	(1)
Hypothetico-Deductive Theory of Behavior	227	(1)
Drive Reduction Theory of Learning	228	(1)
Edward Chace Tolman (1886--1959)	228	(4)
Fundamental Ideas	229	(1)
Theory and Experiments	229	(3)
Orval Hobart Mowrer (1907--1983)	232	(1)
Two-Factor Theory of Learning	232	(1)
Emotional Conditioning	232	(1)
Burrhus Fredric Skinner (1904--1990)	233	(2)
Types of Conditioning	233	(1)
Schedules of Reinforcement	234	(1)
Law of Acquisition	234	(1)
Behavioral Technology	235	(1)
Martin Seligman (1942-- )	235	(2)
Learned Helplessness	236	(1)
Learned Optimism	236	(1)
Explanatory Style	236	(1)
Albert Bandura (1925-- )	237	(2)
Social Learning	237	(2)
Self-Efficacy	239	(1)
Self-Regulation	239	(1)
Positive Psychology	239	(2)
Summary	241	(2)
Gestalt Psychology	243	(23)
Chapter Overview	244	(1)
Learning Objectives	245	(1)
Introduction: The Figure and the Ground	245	(3)
Laying the Groundwork for Revolution	246	(2)
Max Wertheimer (1880--1943)	248	(5)
Phi Phenomenon	248	(2)
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization	250	(1)
Productive Thinking	251	(2)
Kurt Koffka (1886--1941)	253	(1)
Wolfgang Kohler (1887--1967)	253	(3)
The Mentality of Apes	254	(1)
Coming to America	255	(1)
From Structuralism to Behaviorism	256	(1)
Kurt Lewin (1890--1947)	257	(4)
Field Theory	257	(1)
The Zeigarnik Effect	258	(1)
Lewin in America	259	(1)
The Child Welfare Research Station	260	(1)
Action Research	260	(1)
Expanding Gestalt's Influence	261	(1)
Gestalt Therapy	262	(1)
Gestalt Psychology Today	263	(1)
Summary	264	(2)
Psychoanalysis	266	(27)
Chapter Overview	267	(1)
Learning Objectives	268	(1)
Introduction	268	(1)
Setting the Stage: Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis	269	(2)
The History of Attitudes/Ideas Concerning Psychopathology	269	(2)
Sigmund Freud (1856--1939)	271	(11)
Early Life	271	(1)
The Development of Psychoanalysis	272	(1)
Breuer and the Case of Anna O., Studies on Hysteria	273	(2)
Freud's Seduction Theory	275	(1)
The Interpretation of Dreams	276	(1)
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life	277	(1)
Building a Legacy: Freud and His ``Naughty Boys''	277	(1)
Freud in America	278	(1)
Theory of Personality Development	279	(3)
Freud in Exile	282	(1)
The Last Year	282	(1)
Following in Freud's Footsteps	282	(2)
Anna Freud: Child Psychoanalysis	283	(1)
Ernest Jones	283	(1)
Carl Jung (1875--1961)	284	(5)
The Final Break	286	(1)
Psychological Types	287	(1)
Personality Structure	287	(2)
Alfred Adler (1870--1937)	289	(2)
Individual Psychology	290	(1)
Summary	291	(2)
Beyond Psychoanalysis: Continuing Developments in Psychotherapy	293	(27)
Chapter Overview	294	(1)
Learning Objectives	294	(1)
Introduction	295	(1)
Object Relations Theory	295	(4)
Melanie Klein	296	(2)
W. R. D. Fairbairn	298	(1)
Alternatives to Classical Psychoanalysis and Object Relations	299	(15)
D. W. Winnicott	299	(2)
Heinz Hartmann	301	(2)
Margaret Mahler	303	(1)
Heinz Kohut	304	(2)
Erich Fromm	306	(2)
Fromm's Theory	308	(2)
Erik Erikson	310	(1)
Gordon Allport	311	(1)
Henry Murray	312	(2)
A Third Force in Psychology: Humanistic Psychology	314	(4)
Abraham Maslow	314	(2)
Carl Rogers	316	(1)
Rollo May	317	(1)
Summary	318	(2)
SECTION IV DIVERSITY IN PSYCHOLOGY
Women in the History of Psychology	320	(54)
Chapter Overview	321	(1)
Learning Objectives	322	(1)
Introduction: Why Do We Need a Chapter on Women in Psychology?	322	(2)
When Did Women First Contribute to Psychology?	324	(5)
Hildegard von Bingen	326	(2)
Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802--1887)	328	(1)
Breaking the Educational Barrier	329	(12)
Mary Whiton Calkins	329	(4)
The ``Myth of Meritocracy''	333	(2)
Margaret Floy Washburn	335	(2)
Christine Ladd-Franklin	337	(2)
Lillien Jane Martin	339	(2)
Out of Academia	341	(7)
Leta Stetter Hollingworth	342	(4)
Maria Montessori	346	(2)
Work and Marriage	348	(3)
Lillian Moller Gilbreth	348	(1)
Anne Anastasi	349	(2)
Gender Difference: Are Female and Male Scientists Created Equal?	351	(9)
Rosser's Stages of Women's Participation in Science	351	(2)
The Psychology of Women	353	(1)
Karen Horney	354	(2)
Re-Defining Gender Difference	356	(1)
Janet Spence	357	(1)
Sandra Bem	358	(1)
Florence Denmark	359	(1)
Women Challenging Bias	360	(3)
Evelyn Hooker	360	(2)
Mamie Phipps Clark	362	(1)
Women in Developmental Psychology	363	(7)
Anna Freud	363	(2)
Mary Cover Jones	365	(3)
Mary D. Salter Ainsworth	368	(2)
Groundbreakers and Newsmakers	370	(3)
Carol Gilligan: In a Different Voice	370	(1)
Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness Memory	371	(2)
Summary	373	(1)
Racial Diversity in American Psychology	374	(17)
Chapter Overview	375	(1)
Learning Objectives	375	(1)
Introduction	376	(1)
Some Factors in the Experience of African Americans in Psychology	376	(7)
The Association of Black Psychologists	378	(1)
Kenneth B. Clark	378	(2)
Francis Cecil Sumner	380	(1)
Dalmas A. Taylor	381	(1)
Norman B. Anderson	382	(1)
Asian-American Contributions to Psychology	383	(2)
The Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA)	384	(1)
Stanley Sue	384	(1)
Richard M. Suinn	385	(1)
Hispanic American Contributions	385	(2)
Martha Bernal	386	(1)
Native Americans and American Psychology	387	(2)
Carolyn Attneave	388	(1)
Current Demographics in American Psychology: The Challenge for the Future	389	(2)
Summary	389	(2)
Psychology in Russia	391	(25)
Chapter Overview	392	(2)
Learning Objectives	394	(1)
Introduction	394	(1)
An Overview of Russian History (1860--Present)	395	(3)
The Pre-Revolutionary Period (1860--1917)	395	(1)
The Soviet Period (1917--1991)	396	(1)
The Post-Soviet Period (1991--Present)	397	(1)
Pre-Revolutionary Psychology (1860--1917)	398	(4)
Ivan Michailovich Sechenov	399	(2)
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	401	(1)
Revolution: The Development of Soviet Psychology (1917--1991)	402	(4)
Vladimir Bekhterev	403	(3)
Soviet Repression and Reactology	406	(2)
Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov	406	(1)
Konstantin Kornilov	407	(1)
Dialectical Materialism, Pedology, and Psychotechnics	408	(4)
Lev Vygotsky	409	(1)
Alexander Luria	410	(1)
Aleksei Nikolayevich Leontiev	411	(1)
The Soviet Union in the 1960s	412	(1)
Post-Soviet Psychology: Picking Up the Pieces after Perestroika	413	(1)
Summary	413	(3)
Psychology in China	416	(17)
Chapter Overview	417	(1)
Learning Objectives	418	(1)
Introduction	418	(1)
Philosophical Roots of Chinese Psychology	419	(4)
Confucianism	419	(2)
Taoism	421	(1)
The I Ching	422	(1)
East Meets West: Early European Influence	423	(1)
Psychological Testing	423	(1)
The Chinese Medical Model	424	(1)
Psychology in China as an Experimental Science	425	(3)
Foreign Imports	425	(2)
The Impact of Communism	427	(1)
The Cultural Revolution	428	(1)
Chinese Economic Reform	428	(1)
Chinese Psychology Faces Forward: Current Challenges and Opportunities	428	(3)
Summary	431	(2)
Indigenous Psychologies: Latin America, South Africa, and India-Asia	433	(12)
Chapter Overview	434	(1)
Learning Objectives	434	(1)
Introduction	435	(1)
Latin American Psychology	435	(2)
Formal Institutions	436	(1)
Social Problem Solvers	437	(1)
South African Psychology	437	(2)
Formal Institutions	438	(1)
Shifts in Research	438	(1)
Indian-Asian Psychology	439	(2)
Formal Institutions	439	(1)
Shifts in Research	440	(1)
Summary	441	(4)
SECTION V EPILOGUE
References	445	(24)
Name Index	469	(8)
Subject Index	477