History of the Roman People, A

by Ward, Allen M.; Heichelheim, Fritz M.; Yeo, Cedric A.

• ISBN13: 9780138965983
• ISBN10: 0138965986
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Summary

This text is appropriate for a survey course on Roman History. Having undergone a thorough revision to incorporate the latest and most insightful research, this reader-friendly survey of Roman history embarks students on a fascinating journey from prehistoric Italy to the death of Maurice (602 A.D.)it takes into account new archaeological evidence, advances in historical demography, and recently excavated and restudied artifacts to shed new light on our understanding of the origins and early development of Rome. Centered around a traditional political and military narrative, it presents in-depth coverage of Roman social, economic, and cross-cultural developments. Cross-references are made throughout. Supporting evidence and up-to-date explanations based on the evidence of current scholarship are emphasized.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART ONE PRE-ROMAN ITALY AND THE RISE OF ROME	1	(82)
I The Foundations of Early Rome and Italy	1	(10)
Geography	1	(2)
The Site of Rome	3	(1)
The Peoples of Pre-Roman Italy	4	(3)
The Peoples of Italy, ca. 750 B.C. to 400 B.C.	7	(4)
II Etruscans and Greeks in Pre-Roman Italy	11	(12)
The Land of the Etruscans	11	(1)
Sources for Etruscan History	12	(1)
Etruscan Origins	12	(1)
Etruscan Economy	13	(1)
Etruscan Cities and Sociopolitical Organization	13	(1)
Women and the Etruscan Family	14	(1)
Etruscan Culture and Religion	14	(2)
Etruscan Art and Architecture	16	(3)
The Fate of the Etruscans	19	(2)
The Greeks in Italy	21	(1)
Decline of the Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily	22	(1)
III Early Rome to 500 B.C.	23	(12)
The Ancient Literary Tradition and Its Sources	23	(2)
Reconstructing Early Roman History	25	(4)
The Early Roman State	29	(6)
IV Early Roman Society, Religion, and Values	35	(15)
The Principle of Hierarchy	35	(1)
The Family	35	(4)
Patrons and Clients	39	(1)
Slaves and Freedmen	39	(1)
Roman Names and the Gens	40	(1)
Patrician and Nonpatrician Gentes	41	(1)
The Openness of Early Roman Society to Outsiders	41	(1)
Early Roman Religion	42	(4)
The State and Religion	46	(1)
The Values of Early Roman Society	47	(3)
V The Rise of the Roman Republic, 509 to 287 B.C.	50	(19)
Sources of Information for Early Republican History	50	(1)
From Kingship to Republic	51	(2)
The Early Republican Constitution	53	(2)
The Priesthoods and Priestly Colleges	55	(2)
Social and Political Conflicts, 509 to 287 B.C.	57	(1)
Growing Plebeian Self-Consciousness and Political Organization	58	(1)
The Decemvirs and the Laws of the Twelve Tables	59	(1)
Post-Decemviral Developments	60	(2)
A New Period of Reform	62	(2)
The Creation of a New Nobility and Further Changes in the Magistracies	64	(2)
The Realities of the Roman Republican Constitution after 287 B.C.	66	(3)
VI The Roman Conquest of Italy and Its Impact, 509 to 264 B.C.	69	(14)
Conflicts with Immediate Neighbors	69	(2)
The Gallic Sack of Rome	71	(1)
Up from the Ashes	72	(1)
Initial Conquests in Central Italy	73	(1)
The Roman System of Alliances and Citizen Communities	74	(1)
The Final Conquest of Central Italy	75	(2)
The Pyrrhic Wars and the Conquest of Southern Italy	77	(1)
Reasons for Roman Success in Italy	78	(1)
The Economic and Cultural Position of Rome in Italy by 264 B.C.	78	(3)
Literature	81	(2)
PART TWO THE HIGH POINT OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC	83	(63)
VII The First Punic War and the Beginning of Overseas Imperialism, 264 to 241 B.C.	83	(8)
Sources for Roman History from 264 to 133 B.C.	84	(1)
A New Chapter in Rome's Expansion	84	(1)
Carthage	84	(2)
Outbreak of the First Punic War in 264 B.C.	86	(1)
Causes of the War	87	(1)
Initial Carthaginian Setbacks, 263 and 262 B.C.	87	(1)
Expansion of the War	87	(1)
A Titanic Struggle, 260 to 241 B.C.	88	(2)
Roman Peace Terms, 241 B.C.	90	(1)
VIII Between the Wars, 241 to 218 B.C.	91	(8)
The Truceless War and Roman Trickery, 241 B.C.	91	(1)
Carthaginian Recovery	92	(1)
The Ebro Treaty	92	(1)
Roman Problems after 241 B.C.	92	(1)
Provincial Governors	93	(1)
The Praetor Peregrinus	94	(1)
An International System of Law	94	(1)
Gaius Flaminius and the Problems of Reform	94	(1)
The Gallic Wars and Conquest of Northern Italy, 225 to 222 B.C.	95	(1)
The Reform of the Centuriate Assembly	95	(1)
Other Reforms of the Period	95	(1)
The Illyrian Wars, 229 to 228 and 220 to 219 B.C.	96	(1)
Further Developments in Spain	97	(2)
IX The Second Punic War, 218 to 201 B.C.	99	(9)
Causes of the Second Punic War	99	(1)
Hannibal's War Strategy	100	(1)
Roman War Plans	100	(1)
Hannibal's March to the Alps	100	(1)
Hannibal's Early Victories, 218 and 217 B.C.	101	(1)
Fabius Maximus, Cunctator, 217 B.C.	102	(1)
The Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C.	103	(1)
The Roman Recovery	103	(1)
The First Macedonian War, 215 to 205 B.C.	104	(1)
The War in Spain, 218 to 211 B.C.	104	(1)
Scipio Africanus	104	(1)
The Battle at the Metaurus and Death of Hasdrubal, 207 B.C.	105	(1)
The End Approaches	105	(1)
The Battle of Zama (Naraggara), 202 B.C.	106	(1)
Peace Terms	106	(1)
Reasons for Roman Success	106	(1)
The Fate of Hannibal	106	(2)
X War and Imperialism in the Hellenistic East, 200 to 133 B.C.	108	(10)
The Background of Roman Expansion in the East	108	(1)
Antiochus III of Syria and Philip V of Macedon	109	(1)
The Second Macedonian War, 200 to 196 B.C.	110	(2)
The Aggressions of Antiochus the Great, 196 to 192 B.C.	112	(1)
The War with Antiochus III, 192 to 189 B.C.	113	(1)
Antiochus Offers Peace Terms	113	(1)
The Aftermath	114	(1)
The Third Macedonian War, 171 to 167 B.C.	114	(1)
The Fourth Macedonian War, 149 to 148 B.C.	115	(1)
Greece after Pydna, 168 B.C.	115	(1)
Rhodes and Pergamum	116	(1)
The Seleucid Monarchy	116	(1)
The Jewish Revolt of the Maccabees	116	(1)
Review of Roman Imperialism in the East, 200 to 133 B.C.	117	(1)
XI Roman Imperialism in the West, 200 to 133 B.C.	118	(6)
Northern Italy	118	(1)
The Subjugation of Spain	119	(1)
The Third Punic War, 149 to 146 B.C.	120	(2)
The Viriathic and Numantine Wars in Spain, 151 to 133 B.C.	122	(2)
XII The Transformation of Roman Life, 264 to 133 B.C.	124	(12)
Agriculture	124	(2)
The Growth of Industry, Trade, and Commerce	126	(1)
Rising Social Discontent	127	(4)
The Advancement of Upper-Class Women	131	(1)
Political Developments	131	(5)
XIII The Great Cultural Synthesis, 264 to 133 B.C.	136	(10)
Architecture and Art	136	(1)
Literature	137	(1)
Specialization after Ennius	138	(2)
Prose Literature	140	(2)
Philosophy	142	(1)
Law	143	(1)
Religion	144	(1)
Education	145	(1)
PART THREE THE WORLD OF THE LATE REPUBLIC	146	(100)
XIV The Gracchi and the Struggle over Land Reform, 133 to 121 B.C.	146	(10)
Sources for the Period of the Gracchi, 133 to 121 B.C.	146	(1)
The Lack of Military Recruits	146	(1)
The Tribuneship of Tiberius Gracchus, 133 B.C.	147	(1)
Tiberius' Motives	148	(2)
The Land Commission and Its Impact	150	(1)
Rome's Allies and the Death of Scipio	151	(1)
Gaius Gracchus, Tribune of the Plebs, 123 to 122 B.C.	152	(1)
The Reforms of Gaius Gracchus	152	(2)
Livius Drusus	154	(1)
The Fall and Death of Gaius Gracchus	155	(1)
XV The Breakdown of the System, 121 to 88 B.C.	156	(11)
Sources for the Period from 121 to 88 B.C.	156	(1)
Populares and Optimates	157	(1)
The Senatus Consultum Ultimum	158	(1)
Post-Gracchan Land Legislation	158	(1)
Colonization	158	(1)
The Jugurthine War and the Rise of Gaius Marius, 111 to 106 B.C.	159	(3)
The Political Fall of Marius	162	(2)
A Decade of Optimate Reaction	164	(1)
The Italian or Social War, 90 to 88 B.C.	164	(1)
The Aftermath of the Social War	165	(2)
XVI Marius and Sulla: Civil War and Reaction, 88 to 78 B.C.	167	(8)
Sources for the Years 88 to 78 B.C.	167	(1)
Mithridates VI Eupator (134 to 63 B.C.)	167	(1)
The Rise of Sulla (138 to 78 B.C.)	168	(1)
Cinna's Consulship, 87 B.C.	169	(1)
Marius and His Reign of Terror	169	(1)
The Significance of Marius	170	(1)
Cinna's Time (Cinnanum Tempus)	170	(1)
Sulla and Mithridates, 87 to 85 B.C.	170	(1)
Sulla's Return to Italy, 83 to 82 B.C.	171	(1)
Sulla's Reign of Terror, 82 B.C.	171	(1)
Sulla's Dictatorship and Changes in the Constitution	172	(1)
The Failure of Sulla	173	(2)
XVII Personal Ambitions and Public Crises, 78 to 60 B.C.	175	(15)
Sources for Roman History from 78 to 30 B.C.	175	(1)
The Rebellion of Lepidus, 78 B.C.	176	(1)
The War against Sertorius (ca. 122 to 73 B.C.)	176	(1)
The Rise of Pompey the Great (106 to 48 B.C.)	177	(1)
Lucullus and the Great (Third) Mithridatic War, 74 to 63 B.C.	177	(1)
Spartacus and the Slave War in Italy, 73 to 71 B.C.	178	(1)
Marcus Licinius Crassus (ca. 115 to 53 B.C.)	179	(1)
The Consulship of Pompey and Crassus, 70 B.C.	180	(1)
The Trial of Gaius Verres, 70 B.C.	180	(1)
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 to 43 B.C.)	180	(1)
Caesar (100 to 44 B.C.)	181	(1)
Opportunistic Tribunes	182	(1)
Pompey's Commissions against the Pirates and Mithridates, 67 and 66 B.C.	182	(1)
Pompey's Conquest of the East, 66 to 62 B.C.	183	(1)
The Maneuverings of Crassus and Caesar	184	(2)
The Catilinarian Conspiracy, 63 B.C.	186	(1)
Cicero's Hopes for the Future	186	(1)
The Reaction against Pompey	187	(3)
XVIII The Rise of Caesar, 60 to 52 B.C.	190	(8)
The So-Called First Triumvirate	190	(1)
Caesar's Legislation	191	(1)
P. Clodius Pulcher and the Banishment of Cicero, 58 B.C.	192	(1)
Caesar in Gaul	193	(2)
The Political Situation in Rome, 58 to 56 B.C.	195	(1)
The Gallic Wars Continued, 56 to 52 B.C.	196	(2)
XIX Caesar Wins and Is Lost, Mid-50s to 44 B.C.	198	(11)
The Downfall of Crassus, 54 to 53 B.C.	198	(1)
The Fateful Rivalry between Pompey and Caesar	199	(1)
The Death of Clodius, 52 B.C.	199	(1)
Pompey Sole Consul, 52 B.C.	199	(1)
Prelude to Civil War	200	(1)
Caesar Crosses the Rubicon	200	(1)
Caesar Reorganizes the Government	201	(1)
Caesar in Spain, 49 B.C.	201	(1)
Caesar's Second Consulship, 48 B.C.	202	(1)
The Death of Pompey, 48 B.C.	202	(1)
Caesar in Egypt, 48 to 47 B.C.	202	(1)
Caesar in Italy, 47 B.C.	203	(1)
The African Campaign, 46 B.C.	203	(1)
Thapsus and the Death of Cato, 47 to 46 B.C.	203	(1)
Caesar's Homecoming and Triumph, 46 B.C.	204	(1)
The Spanish Campaign, 45 B.C.	204	(1)
Caesar's Work of Reconstruction	204	(3)
The Assassination of Julius Caesar, March 15, 44 B.C.	207	(1)
The Question of Monarchy	207	(1)
The Significance of Caesar	208	(1)
XX The Last Days of the Republic, 44 to 30 B.C.	209	(15)
The Rise of Marcus Antonius (ca. 83 to 30 B.C.)	209	(1)
The Opposition of Octavian (63 B.C. to A.D. 14)	210	(1)
Cicero, Antonius, and Octavian	211	(2)
The Triumvirate of Octavian, Antonius, and Lepidus	213	(1)
The Battle of Philippi, 42 B.C.	214	(2)
The Predominance of Antonius, 39 to 37 B.C.	216	(1)
Octavian Consolidates His Power	216	(2)
Antonius and Cleopatra in the East	218	(1)
The Approach of Renewed Civil War	219	(1)
The Battle of Actium, September 2, 31 B.C.	220	(1)
The Deaths of Antonius and Cleopatra	221	(1)
The End of the Republic	221	(3)
XXI Social, Economic, and Cultural Life in the Late Republic, ca. 133 to 30 B.C.	224	(22)
Land and Veterans	224	(1)
Agriculture	224	(1)
Industry and Commerce	225	(2)
The Concentration of Wealth	227	(1)
Life for the Rural and Urban Poor	228	(1)
Slaves and Freedmen	229	(1)
Italians and Provincials	230	(1)
Women in the Late Republic	230	(2)
New Waves of Hellenization	232	(1)
Education	232	(1)
Law and the Legal System	233	(1)
The Religious World of the Late Republic	234	(1)
Greek Philosophy and the Roman Elite	235	(1)
Art and Architecture	236	(2)
Late Republican Oratory, Literature and Thought	238	(2)
The Novi Poetae	240	(1)
Catullus (ca. 85 to ca. 54 B.C.)	240	(1)
Lucretius (ca. 94 to ca. 55 B.C.)	241	(1)
Cicero (106 to 43 B.C.)	242	(1)
Sallust (86 to ca. 34 B.C.)	243	(1)
Caesar (100 to 44 B.C.)	244	(1)
Scholarship and Patriotic Antiquarianism	244	(2)
PART FOUR THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE	246	(127)
XXII The Principate of Augustus, 29 B.C. to A.D. 14	246	(9)
Sources for the Augustan Principate	246	(1)
The Triumphal Return to Rome, 29 B.C.	246	(1)
Problems to Be Faced	247	(1)
Special Titles	247	(1)
Creating the Principate	248	(4)
The Nature of the Principate	252	(1)
The Problem of Succession	253	(2)
XXIII Systematic Reform under Augustus	255	(10)
The Creation of a Central Administration	255	(2)
The Manipulation of the Popular Assemblies	257	(1)
The Administration of Justice	258	(1)
Military Reforms	258	(2)
Protection of the Emperor	260	(1)
Fiscal Reforms	260	(1)
Social Reforms	261	(2)
Religious Reforms	263	(2)
XXIV Imperial Stabilization under Augustus	265	(12)
Improved Provincial Administration	265	(3)
New Territories and Provinces	268	(1)
The West	268	(1)
The East	269	(2)
Road Building	271	(1)
The Imperial Post (Cursus Publicus)	271	(2)
Colonization	273	(1)
Urbanization of the Provinces	273	(1)
Growth of the Imperial Cult	273	(3)
The Death of Augustus	276	(1)
XXV The Impact of Augustus on Roman Imperial Life and Culture	277	(18)
The Population and Economic Impact of Rome	277	(1)
Agriculture	278	(1)
Agricultural Wealth and Urbanization	278	(2)
Nonagricultural Trade and Industry	280	(1)
The Roman Imperial Coinage	281	(1)
Architecture and Art	282	(4)
Literature	286	(1)
Vergil (70 to 19 B.C.)	287	(1)
Horace (65 to 8 B.C.)	288	(1)
The Latin Elegy	289	(1)
Latin Prose Writers	290	(2)
The Impact of Augustus on Latin Literature	292	(1)
Greek Writers	292	(1)
Scholarly and Technical Writings	293	(1)
Jurisprudence	293	(1)
Law Schools	294	(1)
The Augustan Achievement	294	(1)
XXVI The First Two Julio-Claudian Emperors: Tiberius and Gaius (Caligula), A.D. 14 to 41	295	(12)
Sources for the Julio-Claudians	295	(2)
Tiberius (A.D. 14 to 37)	297	(1)
Germanicus	298	(2)
Sejanus	300	(1)
The Law of Treason (Maiestas)	301	(1)
Tiberius and the Senate: The Increasing Power of the Princeps	301	(1)
Tiberius the Administrator	302	(1)
Last Years and Succession	303	(1)
Caligula (A.D. 37 to 41)	304	(1)
Caligula's Foreign and Provincial Policies	305	(1)
Assassination	306	(1)
XXVII Claudius, Nero, and the End of the Julio-Claudians, A.D. 41 to 68	307	(11)
Claudius (A.D. 41 to 54)	307	(1)
The Political Philosophy and Policies of Claudius	308	(1)
Foreign Policy and Imperial Defense	309	(2)
Colonization and Urbanization in the Provinces	311	(1)
Claudius' Wives	311	(1)
Nero (A.D. 54 to 68)	312	(1)
Nero Asserts Himself	313	(1)
Nero and the Great Fire of Rome, 64	313	(1)
Nero's Persecution of the Christians	314	(1)
Reform of the Currency	314	(1)
Plots against the Throne	315	(1)
Nero's Concert Tour of Greece, 66 to 67	315	(1)
Nero's Foreign Policy	315	(1)
The Jewish Revolt	316	(1)
The Revolt of Vindex, 68	317	(1)
The Fall of Nero, 68	317	(1)
XXVIII The Crisis of the Principate and Recovery under the Flavians, A.D. 69 to 96	318	(11)
Sources	318	(1)
Galba (68 to 69)	318	(1)
Otho (69)	319	(1)
Vitellius (69)	319	(1)
Significant Trends	320	(1)
Vespasian (69 to 79)	320	(1)
The Restoration of Peace	320	(2)
Reform of the Army	322	(1)
Provincial Policy	322	(1)
The Near East	323	(1)
Vespasian's Relations with the Senate	323	(1)
The Expansion of Executive Power	323	(1)
Fiscal Administration	324	(1)
The Opposition to Vespasian	324	(1)
Vespasian's Death, 79	324	(1)
Titus (79 to 81)	325	(1)
Domitian (81 to 96)	325	(2)
The Rebellion of Saturninus, 89	327	(1)
The Dacian Frontier, 85 to 93	327	(1)
Conspiracies and Treason Trials	327	(1)
The Murder of Domitian, 96	327	(2)
XXIX The "Good" Emperors of the Second Century, A.D. 96 to 180	329	(16)
Sources	329	(1)
Nerva (96 to 98)	330	(1)
Trajan (98 to 117)	330	(1)
A Model Emperor	331	(1)
Trajan's Wars	332	(1)
The Death of Trajan, 117	333	(1)
The Effects of Trajan's Wars	333	(1)
Hadrian (117 to 138)	333	(1)
The Early Years of Hadrian's Principate	333	(1)
Hadrian's Travels	334	(1)
The Jewish Revolt	335	(1)
New Directions under Hadrian	335	(3)
The Last Years of Hadrian	338	(1)
Antoninus Pius (138 to 161)	338	(1)
Maintaining the Status Quo	339	(1)
The Legacy of Antoninus	340	(1)
Marcus Aurelius (161 to 180)	340	(1)
Persecution of the Christians	341	(1)
Marcus Aurelius as Emperor and Soldier	341	(2)
The Question of Succession	343	(1)
Problems for the Future	344	(1)
XXX Imperial Culture and Society in the First Two Centuries A.D.	345	(28)
Post-Augustan Imperial Literature	345	(1)
Poverty of Literature under Tiberius and Caligula	346	(1)
History	347	(1)
Reference Works	347	(1)
Poetry	347	(1)
The Inauguration of the Silver Age in Literature under Claudius and Nero	348	(1)
Technical Writing and Scholarship	349	(2)
Science and Medicine	351	(1)
Philology and Literary Scholarship	351	(1)
Lack of Great Literature under the Flavians, A.D. 69 to 96	352	(1)
Resurgence of Literature under the Five Good Emperors	353	(2)
Resurgence of Greek Literature	355	(1)
The Second Sophistic	356	(1)
Christian Writers	357	(1)
Philosophy	357	(1)
Religion	358	(1)
Mystery Cults	358	(1)
Christianity	359	(2)
Architecture in the First Two Centuries A.D.	361	(4)
Architecture in the Provinces	365	(1)
Sculpture	365	(2)
Painting	367	(1)
Mosaics, Coins, and Medallions	367	(1)
Social Developments	368	(1)
Economic Trends	369	(2)
Inherent Economic and Fiscal Weakness of the Roman Empire	371	(1)
The Failure of Ancient Technology	372	(1)
PART FIVE CRISIS, CONTINUITY, AND CHANGE IN THE THIRD AND FOURTH CENTURIES	373	(116)
XXXI Crisis and Temporary Recovery A.D. 180 to 235	373	(11)
Sources for Roman History, A.D. 180 to 285	374	(1)
Commodus (180 to 192)	374	(1)
Pertinax and Didius Julianus, 193	375	(1)
The Accession of Septimius Severus	376	(1)
New Sources of Imperial Authority and Legitimacy	377	(1)
Systematic Reform	377	(2)
The Second Parthian War, 197 to 199	379	(1)
The War in Britain, 208 to 211	380	(1)
Caracalla (211 to 217)	380	(1)
Macrinus (217 to 218)	381	(1)
Impressive Syrian Queens	381	(1)
Elagabalus (218 to 222)	381	(1)
Severus Alexander (222 to 235)	382	(1)
Social and Economic Policy	382	(1)
The Military Problem	382	(1)
The Importance of the Severi	383	(1)
XXXII The Third-Century Anarchy, A.D. 235 to 285	384	(12)
Reasons for the Crisis	384	(1)
Maximinus Thrax (235 to 238)	385	(1)
Gordian III (238 to 244)	386	(1)
Philip the Arab (244 to 249)	386	(1)
Decius (249 to 251)	387	(1)
Gallus (251 to 253) and Aemilianus (253)	387	(1)
Valerian (253 to 260) and Gallienus (253 to 268)	387	(1)
The Eclipse of Roman Power in the East	388	(1)
Palmyra	389	(1)
The Last Battles of Gallienus, 268	389	(1)
The Reforms of Gallienus	390	(1)
An Assessment of Gallienus	391	(1)
Claudius Gothicus (268 to 270)	391	(1)
Aurelian (270 to 275)	391	(2)
Tacitus (275 to 276)	393	(1)
Probus (276 to 282)	394	(1)
Carus and His Sons, Carinus and Numerianus (282 to 285)	394	(2)
XXXIII Changes in Roman Life and Culture during the Third Century	396	(19)
Economic Life	396	(3)
Social Trends	399	(3)
Third-Century Cultural Life	402	(1)
Religion	403	(4)
Science and Philosophy	407	(1)
Education and the World of Letters	407	(5)
Art and Architecture	412	(2)
Summary and Prospect	414	(1)
XXXIV Diocletian: Creating the Fourth-Century Empire, A.D. 285 to 305	415	(12)
Sources for Roman History during the Fourth Century A.D.	415	(2)
The Rise of Diocletian	417	(1)
The Tetrarchy, 293 to 312	418	(1)
Diocletian's Reforms	419	(6)
Persecution of the Christians	425	(1)
The Abdication	426	(1)
XXXV Constantine the Great and Christianity, A.D. 306 to 337	427	(11)
The Rise of Constantine, 306 to 312	427	(3)
A Victory for Christianity	430	(1)
The End of Maximinus Daia, 313	431	(1)
The Empire Divided, 313 to 324	431	(1)
The Donatist Schism	431	(1)
The Arian Heresy	432	(1)
The Defeat and Death of Licinius, 324	432	(1)
The Council of Nicaea, 325	433	(1)
Constantine's Secular Policies	433	(2)
The Founding of Constantinople, 324 to 330	435	(1)
The Death of Constantine the Great, 337	436	(2)
XXXVI From Constantine's Dynasty to Theodosius the Great, A.D. 337 to 395	438	(7)
Murder and Civil War	438	(2)
Julian the Apostate Emperor (361 to 363)	440	(1)
Jovian Proclaimed Emperor (late June 363)	441	(1)
Valentinian I and Valens, 364 to 378	441	(1)
Gratian and Theodosius the Great, 379 to 395	442	(1)
The Death of Theodosius and the Division of the Empire, 395	443	(2)
XXXVII The Evolving World of Late Antiquity in the Fourth Century A.D.	445	(19)
Economic Conditions	445	(3)
The Social Context	448	(14)
Summary	462	(2)
XXXVIII Christianity and Classical Culture in the Fourth Century	464	(25)
Christianity and the Expansion of Classical Culture	464	(5)
The Educated World of Letters	469	(7)
Christian Literature of the Fourth Century	476	(3)
Fourth-Century Art and Architecture	479	(10)
PART SIX THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROMAN WORLD IN LATE ANTIQUITY	489	(58)
XXXIX The Fifth-Century West: The Localization of Imperial Power under Germanic Kings	489	(10)
Sources for Roman History from 395 to 518	489	(2)
Problems and Weaknesses	491	(1)
Stilicho	492	(1)
Alaric Attacks Rome	493	(1)
The Visigothic Migration and Settlement after Alaric	494	(1)
The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi	494	(1)
Galla Placidia, Valentinian III, and Aetius	494	(1)
The Huns	495	(1)
Attila	495	(1)
The Burgundians	496	(1)
The Franks	496	(1)
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes	496	(1)
The Vandals in Africa	496	(1)
The End of Aetius' Ascendancy	496	(1)
The Death of Valentinian III and the End of Theodosius' Dynasty in the West	497	(1)
The Final Collapse of Central Authority	497	(2)
XL Fifth-Century Empresses and the Survival of the Empire in the East, A.D. 395 to 518	499	(7)
The Weak Men and Powerful Women of the Theodosian Dynasty (395 to 450)	499	(2)
Persians and Huns, 408 to 450	501	(1)
Christian Controversies and Imperial Politics	501	(1)
German and Isaurian Generals	502	(1)
Pulcheria and Marcian (450 to 457)	502	(1)
Leo I (457 to 474)	502	(1)
Leo II (473 to 474) and Zeno (474 to 491)	503	(1)
Religious Controversies Continued	503	(1)
Anastasius (491 to 518)	504	(1)
Reforms	504	(2)
XLI Justin and the Establishment of Justinian's Autocracy, A.D. 518 to 532	506	(9)
Sources for the Period of Justin and Justinian	506	(1)
The Reign of Justin (518 to 527)	507	(1)
Justinian's Goals	507	(1)
Theodora	508	(1)
Religious Policies of Theodora and Justinian	508	(1)
Legal Reforms	509	(1)
Administrative Reforms	509	(1)
John the Cappadocian	510	(1)
Administration and Finance after John	511	(1)
The First Persian War	512	(1)
Circus Factions and the Nika Rebellion	512	(1)
The Rebuilding of Constantinople	513	(2)
XLII The Impossible Dream of Universal Empire, A.D. 532 to 602	515	(9)
Reconquest of the North African Provinces, 533 to 534	515	(1)
Italy	516	(1)
Troubles in North Africa	517	(1)
The Second Persian War, 540 to 562	517	(1)
Resumption of War in Italy, 541 to 543	518	(1)
Troubles Everywhere	518	(1)
Belisarius Returns to Face Totila in Italy	518	(1)
The Lazic War, 549 to 557	519	(1)
Peace in the East	519	(1)
Disaster in Italy, 549 to 551	519	(1)
The Recovery of Italy, 552 to 562	519	(1)
Wars on Other Fronts, 544 to 561	520	(1)
Successes and Failures of Justinian's Reign	521	(3)
XLIII The Transformation of the Late Antique Roman World, A.D. 395 to 600	524	(18)
The Economy	524	(3)
Social and Demographic Changes	527	(5)
The New Cultural Spirit	532	(7)
Art and Architecture	539	(3)
XLIV The Church and the Legacy of Rome	542	(5)
Transmitting the Roman Classical Legacy	542	(2)
The Imperial Church	544	(3)
Bibliography	547	(12)
Index	559