History and Theory of Rhetoric, The: An Introduction

by Herrick, James A.

• ISBN13: 9780205414925
• ISBN10: 0205414923
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The History and Theory of Rhetoricoffers an accessible discussion of the history of rhetorical studies in the Western tradition, from ancient Greece to contemporary American and European theorists. By tracing the historical progression of rhetoric from the Greek Sophists of the 5th Century B.C. to contemporary studiessuch as the rhetoric of science and feminist rhetoricthis concise yet comprehensive text helps students better understand what rhetoric is and what unites differing rhetorical theories throughout history.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
CHAPTER ONE An Overview of Rhetoric	1	(30)
RHETORIC AND PERSUASION	3	(2)
DEFINING RHETORIC	5	(2)
RHETORICAL DISCOURSE	7	(9)
Rhetoric Is Planned	8	(1)
Rhetoric Is Adapted to an Audience	8	(2)
Rhetoric Reveals Human Motives	10	(1)
Rhetoric Is Responsive	11	(1)
Rhetoric Seeks Persuasion	12	(3)
Rhetoric Addresses Contingent Issues	15	(1)
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE ART OF RHETORIC	16	(8)
Rhetoric Tests Ideas	16	(1)
Rhetoric Assists Advocacy	17	(2)
Rhetoric Distributes Power	19	(2)
Rhetoric Discovers Facts	21	(1)
Rhetoric Shapes Knowledge	21	(1)
Rhetoric Builds Community	22	(2)
CONCLUSION	24	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	25	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	26	(2)
TERMS	28	(3)
CHAPTER TWO The Origins and Early History of Rhetoric	31	(23)
THE RISE OF RHETORIC IN ANCIENT GREECE	32	(2)
Trials in Athens	34	(1)
THE SOPHISTS	34	(6)
Putting the Sophists in Context: The Flourishing of Athens	35	(1)
What the Sophists Taught	36	(2)
Why the Sophists Were Controversial	38	(2)
TWO INFLUENTIAL SOPHISTS	40	(4)
Gorgias	40	(3)
Protagoras	43	(1)
ISOCRATES: A MASTER OF RHETORIC	44	(3)
ASPASIA'S ROLE IN ATHENIAN RHETORIC	47	(1)
CONCLUSION	48	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	49	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	50	(1)
TERMS	50	(4)
CHAPTER THREE Plato versus the Sophists: Rhetoric on Trial	54	(19)
PLATO'S GORGIAS: RHETORIC ON TRIAL	55	(9)
The Debate with Gorgias: Rhetoric's Nature and Uses	55	(2)
Socrates versus Polus: Rhetoric as Power	57	(3)
Socrates versus Callicles: The Strong Survive	60	(2)
The Outcome of the Gorgias	62	(1)
Is Plato Fair to Rhetoric and the Sophists?	62	(2)
RHETORIC IN PLATO'S PHAEDRUS: A TRUE ART?	64	(4)
Components of a Techne of Rhetoric	66	(2)
CONCLUSION	68	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	69	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	69	(1)
TERMS	70	(3)
CHAPTER FOUR Aristotle on Rhetoric	73	(20)
ARISTOTLE'S DEFINITIONS OF RHETORIC	74	(5)
Rhetoric and Dialectic	75	(1)
Rhetoric as Techne	76	(3)
THREE RHETORICAL SETTINGS	79	(3)
Deliberative Oratory	80	(1)
Epideictic Oratory	81	(1)
Forensic Oratory	82	(1)
THE ARTISTIC PROOFS	82	(3)
Logos: The Logic of Sound Arguments	83	(1)
Pathos: The Psychology of Emotion	83	(1)
Ethos: The Sociology of Good Character	84	(1)
THE TOPOI, OR LINES OF ARGUMENT	85	(2)
Special Topics	85	(1)
Common Topics	86	(1)
Some Common Fallacies	87	(1)
ARISTOTLE ON STYLE	87	(1)
CONCLUSION	88	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	89	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	89	(1)
TERMS	90	(3)
CHAPTER FIVE Rhetoric at Rome	93	(29)
ROMAN SOCIETY AND THE PLACE OF RHETORIC	94	(2)
Rhetoric and Political Power	94	(1)
Rhetoric and Roman Education	95	(1)
THE RHETORICAL THEORY OF CICERO	96	(11)
De Inventions	96	(1)
The Canons of Rhetoric	97	(1)
Stasis and Topical Systems	98	(3)
Hermagoras and the Development of Topoi	101	(1)
De Oratore	101	(5)
The End of Cicero's Life	106	(1)
QUINTILIAN	107	(4)
Rhetoric and the Good Citizen	107	(1)
Educating the Citizen-Orator	108	(3)
LONGINUS: ON THE SUBLIME	111	(3)
The Emotive Power of Language	111	(3)
RHETORIC IN THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE	114	(1)
The Second Sophistic	114	(1)
CONCLUSION	115	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	116	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	116	(1)
TERMS	117	(5)
CHAPTER SIX Rhetoric in Christian Europe	122	(25)
RHETORIC, TENSION, AND FRAGMENTATION	122	(2)
RHETORIC AND THE MEDIEVAL CURRICULUM	124	(1)
RHETORIC IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES: AUGUSTINE, CAPELLA, AND BOETHIUS	125	(1)
ST. AUGUSTINE	125	(5)
Augustine's Rhetorical Theory	126	(2)
De Doctrina Christiana	128	(1)
Augustine on Signs	129	(1)
Augustine's Contribution to Rhetoric	129	(1)
MARTIANUS CAPELLA	130	(1)
BOETHIUS	130	(2)
Differentiis Topicis	131	(1)
THREE RHETORICAL ARTS IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES	132	(1)
THE ART OF PREACHING	132	(2)
Themes, Sermons, and Moral Persuasion	132	(2)
Ornaments	134	(1)
THE ART OF LETTER WRITING	134	(4)
The Parts of a Letter	135	(2)
Women and Letter Writing	137	(1)
THE ART OF POETRY	138	(3)
Geoffrey of Vinsauf	139	(2)
Mane de France	141	(1)
CONCLUSION	141	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	142	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	143	(1)
TERMS	143	(4)
CHAPTER SEVEN Rhetoric in the Renaissance	147	(27)
FEATURES OF RENAISSANCE RHETORIC	148	(3)
Classical and Medieval Sources	148	(1)
Rhetoric and Renaissance Education	149	(2)
LORENZO VALLA: RETRIEVING THE RHETORICAL TRADITION	151	(2)
WOMEN AND RENAISSANCE RHETORIC	153	(2)
Joanna Vaz	153	(1)
Christine de Pisan	153	(1)
Margaret Cavendish	154	(1)
ITALIAN HUMANISM: A CATALYST FOR RHETORIC'S EXPANSION	155	(1)
RHETORIC AS PERSONAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE	156	(2)
Rhetoric and the Emotions	157	(1)
HUMANISM, RHETORIC, AND THE STUDY OF CLASSICAL TEXTS	158	(1)
PETRARCH AND THE ORIGINS OF ITALIAN HUMANISM	159	(2)
The Greatness That Was Rome	160	(1)
PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA AND THE MAGIC OF LANGUAGE	161	(1)
Bringing Order through Language	162	(1)
JUAN LUIS VIVES	162	(1)
RHETORIC AND THE VITA ACTIVA	163	(2)
Madame de Scudery	164	(1)
THE TURN TOWARD DIALECTIC: RHETORIC AND ITS CRITICS	165	(2)
Agricola	165	(1)
Peter Ramus	166	(1)
RENAISSANCE RHETORICS IN BRITAIN	167	(1)
CONCLUSION	168	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	169	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	169	(1)
TERMS	169	(5)
CHAPTER EIGHT Enlightenment Rhetorics	174	(24)
VICO ON RHETORIC AND HUMAN THOUGHT	175	(4)
Vico vs. Descartes	176	(1)
The Rhetoric of the Imagination	176	(1)
Rhetoric and the Evolution of Human Thought	177	(2)
BRITISH RHETORICS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY	179	(1)
Rhetoric in British Education	179	(1)
The Emerging Public and a Changing View of Rhetoric	180	(1)
THE ELOCUTIONARY MOVEMENT	180	(2)
Thomas Sheridan	181	(1)
THE SCOTTISH SCHOOL	182	(7)
The Belletristic Movement: Kames and Blair	183	(3)
George Campbell	186	(3)
RICHARD WHATELY'S CLASSICAL RHETORIC	189	(3)
An Ecclesiastic Rhetoric	190	(1)
Whately on Argument	190	(1)
Presumption and Burden 4 13104	191	(1)
CONCLUSION	192	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	193	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	194	(1)
TERMS	194	(4)
CHAPTER NINE Contemporary Rhetoric I: Arguments, Audiences, and Advocacy	198	(24)
ARGUMENTATION AND RATIONAL DISCOURSE	199	(1)
PERELMAN AND OLBRECHTS-TYTECA: A NEW RHETORIC	199	(6)
The Centrality of Audience	200	(2)
The Universal Audience	202	(1)
The Audience of One	203	(1)
The Self as Audience	203	(1)
Presence	204	(1)
STEPHEN TOULMIN AND THE USES OF ARGUMENT	205	(2)
Argument Fields	205	(1)
Field-Dependent and Field-Invariant Standards	206	(1)
Modal Qualifiers	206	(1)
Toulmin's Famous Model	207	(1)
ARGUMENTATION AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY	207	(3)
Advocacy in the Sciences	208	(2)
DEIRDRE MCCLOSKEY AND THE RHETORIC OF ECONOMICS	210	(1)
CLIFFORD GEERTZ AND RH7ETORIC IN ANTHROPOLOGY	211	(1)
MICHAEL BILLIG AND THE RHETORIC OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY	211	(2)
Plays and Games without Arguments?	212	(1)
JOHN CAMPBELL ON THE RHETORIC OF CHARLES DARWIN	213	(3)
Natural Selection and the Religious Audience	214	(2)
CRITICISMS OF THE RHETORIC OF SCIENCE	216	(1)
CONCLUSION	216	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	217	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	218	(1)
TERMS	218	(4)
CHAPTER TEN Contemporary Rhetoric II: As Equipment for Living	222	(22)
RHETORIC IN ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT: THE DRAMATICAND SITUATIONAL VIEWS	222	(1)
KENNETH BURKE AND RHETORIC AS SYMBOLIC ACTION	223	(7)
Identification	223	(1)
Rhetoric as "Symbolic Inducement"	224	(1)
Terministic Screens and Being Human	225	(1)
Burke's Pentad	226	(3)
Form	229	(1)
LLOYD BITZER AND RHETORIC AS SITUATIONAL	230	(2)
The Exigence	230	(1)
The Audience	231	(1)
Constraints	231	(1)
The Fitting Response	231	(1)
RHETORIC AND NARRATION	232	(1)
MIKHAIL BAKHTIN AND THE POLYPHONIC NOVEL	233	(2)
Discourse as Ideological and Social	233	(1)
Polyphonic Discourse: Hearing Many Voices in the Novel	234	(1)
WAYNE BOOTH AND THE RHETORIC OF FICTION	235	(1)
JURGEN HABERMAS AND THE CONDITIONS OF RATIONAL DISCOURSE	236	(3)
Communicative Action and the Rational Society	236	(1)
The Universality of the Rhetorical	237	(1)
Universal Pragmatics and Communicative Competence	238	(1)
Critical Theory and Critique of Ideology	239	(1)
CONCLUSION	239	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	240	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	240	(1)
TERMS	241	(3)
CHAPTER ELEVEN Contemporary Rhetoric III: Texts, Power, and Alternatives	244	(32)
POSTMODERNISM	245	(1)
MICHEL FOUCAULT: DISCOURSE, KNOWLEDGE, AND POWER	246	(7)
Power and Discourse	247	(1)
Escape	248	(1)
Archaeology of Knowledge: In Search of the Episteme	248	(2)
Excluded Discourse	250	(1)
Power and Institutions	251	(1)
Queer Theory	252	(1)
JACQUES DERRIDA: TEXTS, MEANINGS, AND DECONSTRUCTION	253	(4)
Authors Out of Control	254	(1)
Deconstructing Texts	254	(3)
RICHARD WEAVER: RHETORIC AND THE PRESERVATION OF CULTURE	257	(2)
Critique of Modernism	257	(1)
Critique of Scientism	257	(1)
Weaver on Education	258	(1)
A True Rhetoric	258	(1)
FEMINISM AND RHETORIC: CRITIQUE AND REFORM IN RHETORIC	259	(6)
The Need for a Woman's Voice	259	(2)
Reconceptualizing Rhetoric: Voice, Gender, Invitation	261	(1)
Constructing Gender Rhetorically	261	(1)
From Conquest to Invitation	262	(2)
"Works," "Texts" and the Work of Reading	264	(1)
GEORGE KENNEDY AND COMPARATIVE RHETORIC	265	(4)
Rhetoric in Ancient China	266	(1)
"Private Speaking"	266	(1)
China Sophists and the Intrigues of the Warring States	267	(1)
Jian, Shui, Pien, and the Traveling Persuaders	267	(1)
Re-visioning the Greek Tradition	268	(1)
CONCLUSION	269	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW	269	(1)
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	270	(1)
TERMS	270	(6)
Glossary	276	(9)
Bibliography	285	(14)
Index	299