How Languages Are Learned

by Patsy M. Lightbown; Nina Spada

Edition:

Revised

ISBN13:

9780194370004

ISBN10:

0194370003

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

4/1/1999

Publisher(s):

Oxford University Press, USA

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Summary

Provides a comprehensive and readable introduction to first and secondlanguage acquisition. The authors believe that by understanding research andtheories on how languages are learned, teachers will be better able to judge themerits of different teaching methodologies and textbooks, and to make the mostof the time they spend with learners. This very popular book has now beenrevised and updated.

Acknowledgements

Introduction

xiii

Learning a first language

(30)

Milestones and patterns in development

(2)

Early childhood bilingualism

(1)

Developmental sequences

(5)

Grammatical morphemes

(1)

Negation

(1)

Questions

(3)

Summary

(1)

Theoretical approaches to explaining first language learning

(16)

Behaviourism: Say what I say

(1)

Activity: Analysing children's speech

(5)

Innatism: It's all in your mind

(7)

The interactionist position: A little help from my friends

(2)

Child-directed speech

(1)

Summary

(6)

Theoretical approaches to explaining second language learning

(18)

Activity: Learner profiles

(3)

Behaviourism

(1)

Innatism

(5)

Universal Grammar

(2)

Krashen's `monitor model'

(3)

Recent psychological theories

(1)

Information processing

(1)

Connectionism

(1)

The interactionist position

(3)

Summary

(4)

Factors affecting second language learning

(22)

Activity: Characteristics of the `good language learner'

(2)

Research on learner characteristics

(17)

Intelligence

(1)

Aptitude

(1)

Personality

(2)

Motivation and attitudes

(2)

Learner preferences

(1)

Learner beliefs

(1)

Age of acquisition

(6)

Activity: Comparing child, adolescent, and adult language learners

(2)

Summary

(3)

Learner language

(20)

The concept of learner language

(4)

Activity: The Great Toy Robbery

(2)

Developmental sequences

(9)

Grammatical morphemes

(1)

Negation

(1)

Questions

(2)

Activity: Learners' questions

(1)

Activity: More about questions

(3)

Relative clauses

(1)

Reference to past

(1)

Movement through developmental sequences

(1)

New ways of looking at first language influence

(2)

Summary

(4)

Observing second language teaching

(26)

Comparing instructional and natural settings for language learning

(10)

Activity: Natural and instructional settings

(5)

Activity: Classroom comparisons: teacher-student interactions

(5)

Classroom observation schemes

101

(2)

Activity: Observing the kinds of questions you ask your students

102

(1)

Feedback in the classroom

103

(10)

Activity: Analysing classroom interaction

106

(7)

Summary of transcripts

113

(2)

Activity: Observing how you respond to students' errors

113

(2)

Summary

115

(2)

Second language learning in the classroom

117

(44)

Five proposals for classroom teaching

117

(32)

Get it right from the beginning

118

(4)

Say what you mean and mean what you say

122

(6)

Just listen...and read

128

(7)

Teach what is teachable

135

(6)

Get it right in the end

141

(8)

The implications of classroom research for teaching

149

(3)

Summary

152

(9)

Popular ideas about language learning: Facts and opinions

161

(10)

Languages are learned mainly through imitation

161

(1)

Parents usually correct young children when they make grammatical errors

162

(1)

People with high IQs are good language learners

163

(1)

The most important factor in second language acquisition success is motivation

163

(1)

The earlier a second language is introduced in school programs, the greater the likelihood of success

164

(1)

Most of the mistakes which second language learners make are due to interference from their first language

165

(1)

Teachers should present grammatical rules one at a time

165

(1)

Teachers should teach simple structures before complex ones

166

(1)

Learners' errors should be corrected as soon as they are made in order to prevent bad habits

167

(1)

Teachers should use materials that expose students only to language structures they have already been taught

168

(1)

When learners are allowed to interact freely they learn each others' mistakes

168

(1)

Students learn what they are taught

169

(1)

Conclusion

169

(2)

Glossary

171

(9)

Bibliography

180

(10)

Index

190

How Languages Are Learned

9780194370004

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Table of Contents