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9780195188714

Human Biological Variation

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780195188714

  • ISBN10:

    0195188713

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2005-11-17
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press
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List Price: $74.61

Summary

This text explores human biological variation in its broadest sense--from the molecular to the physiological and morphological--focusing on the micro-evolutionary analysis of genetic variation among recent human populations. Authoritative yet accessible, Human Biological Variation opens withan introduction to basic genetics and the evolutionary forces that set the stage for understanding human diversity. It goes on to offer a detailed and clear discussion of molecular genetics and its uses and relationship to anthropological and evolutionary models. The text features up-to-datediscussions of "classic" genetic markers (blood groups, enzymes, and proteins), along with extensive background on DNA analysis and detailed coverage of satellite DNA, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Alu inserts, and the coalescent model. The book addresses such current issues as the meaningand significance of "race," quantitative genetics and the "nature versus nurture" debates, biocultural interactions, population structure, and cultural and historical influences on patterns of human variation. Human Biological Variation lucidly explains the use of probability and statistics in studies of human variation and adaptation, keeping the mathematics at the level of basic algebra. It also presents computer simulations in a manner that makes complex issues easily understandable. Integratingexamples on topics that are of particular interest to students--including dyslexia, IQ, and homosexuality--Human Biological Variation provides the most thorough thorough view of our biological diversity and is ideal for upper-level undergraduate and graduate classes on human adaptation andvariation.

Author Biography

James H. Mielke is Professor and Chair of Anthropology at the University of Kansas Lyle W. Konigsberg is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Tennessee John H. Relethford is State University of New York Distinguished Teaching Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the State University of New York College at Oneonta

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
SECTION 1: Background
1 Classifying Human Biological Diversity: A Brief History
3(19)
The Beginnings of Western Classification Systems
3(1)
Classifying the Diversity
4(3)
A Shift in Racial Classifications
7(2)
Polygenism
9(2)
More Measuring of Skulls and the Ideal Type
11(1)
Typological Approach
11(1)
Mendelian Genetics Enters the Game
12(1)
Questioning the Usefulness of the Race Concept
13(1)
A Genetic Definition of Race
14(4)
Clines and Populations
18(1)
So, Where Are We Today?
19(1)
Chapter Summary
20(1)
Supplemental Resources
21(1)
2 The Genetic Basis of Human Variation
22(25)
A Minimalist View of the Requirements for Inheritance via DNA
22(2)
Mitosis Produces Identical Nuclear DNA in Daughter Cells
23(1)
Meiosis Produces Haploid Daughter Cells
23(1)
Human Chromosomes
24(2)
The Processes of Cell Division
26(5)
Mitosis
27(2)
Meiosis
29(2)
DNA
31(5)
The Molecular Composition of DNA
31(1)
Replication
31(2)
Transcription
33(1)
Translation
34(2)
From Genotype to Phenotype
36(3)
Dominance
38(1)
Mutation
39(2)
Substitutions
39(1)
Insertions and Deletions
39(1)
Recombinations
40(1)
Translocations and Nondisjunctions
40(1)
Mutation Frequencies
40(1)
Basic Transmission Genetics: The Mendelian Laws
41(2)
Mendel's First Law: Segregation of Alleles
41(1)
Mendel's Second Law: Independent Assortment of Alleles
42(1)
Beyond Mendel
43(2)
Sex-Linked Inheritance
43(1)
Mitochondrial DNA
44(1)
What Is a Gene?
45(1)
Chapter Summary
45(1)
Supplemental Resources
46(1)
3 Population Genetics and Human Variation
47(42)
Probability Theory
47(1)
Probability Rules
47(1)
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
48(7)
Gene (Allele) Frequencies
49(1)
Expected Genotype Frequencies
49(4)
What Is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, and Why Is It Important?
53(1)
How Can We Tell If a Population Is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
54(1)
Departures from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
55(9)
Multiple-Locus Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
55(4)
Assortative Mating
59(2)
Inbreeding
61(3)
Evolutionary Forces
64(20)
Mutation
64(1)
Selection
65(7)
Drift
72(9)
Migration
81(1)
Combining Forces
82(2)
Chapter Summary
84(1)
Supplemental Resources
85(4)
SECTION 2: Variation in Genes, Simple Genetic Traits, and DNA Markers
4 Blood Group Polymorphisms
89(29)
Genetic Polymorphisms in the Blood
89(3)
ABO, Secretor (FUT2), Hh (FUT1), and Lewis (FUT3) Systems
92(4)
The ABO Blood Group System
92(1)
Hh and Bombay
93(1)
The Secretor System
94(1)
The Lewis System
94(2)
Geographical Distribution and Natural Selection of the ABO Histo-Blood Group System
96(8)
Cholera
101(1)
Syphilis (Treponemal Diseases)
101(1)
Plague
101(1)
Smallpox
101(2)
Escherichia coli and Infectious Diarrhea
103(1)
Blood Group Associations
103(1)
Other Possible Selective Factors and the ABO System
103(1)
The Rh System
104(4)
The Rh System and Selection
107(1)
The MNSs Blood Group System
108(4)
The Duffy Blood Group System
112(1)
The Lutheran Blood Group System
113(1)
The Kell System
114(1)
The Kidd Blood Group
115(1)
Other Blood Groups
115(1)
Chapter Summary
115(1)
Supplemental Resources
116(2)
5 Plasma Proteins and Red Cell Enzymes
118(23)
Detection of Genetic Polymorphisms
118(2)
The Immune System
120(2)
Some Plasma Proteins
122(9)
Haptoglobin (&alpah;-globulins)
123(2)
Transferrin
125(2)
Group-Specific Component or Vitamin D–Binding Protein
127(1)
Pseudocholinesterase (Butyrylcholinesterase and Cholinesterase)
127(2)
Immunoglobulins (Gm-Am and Km)
129(1)
Apolipoproteins, β-Lipoproteins, and Β2-Glycoproteins
129(2)
Ceruloplasmin
131(1)
Other Plasma Proteins
131(1)
Red Cell Enzymes
131(4)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
131(4)
Other Enzyme Systems of Anthropological Interest
135(1)
Exploring Population Structure with Classical Markers
135(5)
Example 1: The Irish Travelers or Tinkers
136(1)
Example 2: The Origins of Indo-Europeans
136(4)
Chapter Summary
140(1)
Supplemental Resources
140(1)
6 Human Hemoglobin Variants
141(25)
Beginnings of Hemoglobin Research
141(1)
The Hemoglobin Molecule and Hemoglobin Genes
141(2)
Hemoglobin Variants
143(2)
The Geographic Distribution of the Sickle Cell Allele
145(4)
How Resistance to Falciparum Malaria Works
148(1)
The Possibility of Differential Fertility
149(1)
Origin of the Sickle Cell Allele
149(5)
Single-Mutation Theory
149(2)
Multiple-Mutation Theory
151(3)
Other Hemoglobinopathies
154(2)
Hemoglobin E
154(1)
Hemoglobin C
155(1)
Other Hemoglobinopathies of Anthropological Interest
156(1)
Thalassemias
156(4)
α-Thalassemias
156(3)
β-Thalassemias -
159(1)
Thalassemia Haplotypes
160(3)
The Thalassemias and Natural Selection
163(1)
Chapter Summary
164(1)
Supplemental Resources
165(1)
7 Human Leukocyte Antigen and Some Polymorphisms of Anthropological Interest
166(23)
The Major Histocompatibility Complex
166(1)
Location and Organization of the MHC
167(3)
Linkage Disequilibrium
170(1)
HLA and Disease Associations
170(2)
HLA and Population Diversity
172(5)
Lactase Restriction and Persistence
177(4)
Taste: Phenylthiocarbamide (6-n-Propylthiouracil)
181(4)
Variation in Ear Wax or Cerumen
185(2)
Chapter Summary
187(1)
Supplemental Resources
188(1)
8 DNA Markers
189(42)
Molecular Genetic Techniques and DNA Variation
189(23)
Polymerase Chain Reaction
189(3)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
192(2)
Insertions and Deletions
194(2)
Interspersed Nuclear Elements: SINEs and LINEs
196(2)
DNA Sequencing
198(11)
Tandem Repeats
209(3)
Two DNA Vignettes from Across the Globe
212(8)
Human Colonization of Oceania: "Express Trains," "Slow Boats," "Entangled Banks," and Embittered Battles
214(3)
The Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Diaspora
217(3)
How Many Races Are Documented in Our DNA?
220(1)
DNA Markers and Individual Variation
221(4)
Thomas Jefferson and the Descendants of Sally Hemings
222(3)
Who Is Buried in Jesse James's Grave?
225(1)
Chapter Summary
225(1)
Supplemental Resources
226(5)
SECTION 3: Variation in Complex Traits
9 Quantitative Variation
231(20)
The Mendelian Basis for Quantitative Trait Variation
231(5)
Components of Variation for a Quantitative Trait
235(1)
Estimation of Narrow Sense Heritability
236(6)
Narrow Sense Heritability of the Cephalic Index
242(5)
Multiple Quantitative Traits
247(1)
Evolution and Quantitative Traits
248(2)
Mutation
248(1)
Selection
248(1)
Genetic Drift and Migration
249(1)
Chapter Summary
250(1)
Supplemental Resources
250(1)
10 Anthropometric Variation
251(29)
Anthropometric Measures
251(7)
Body Measures
251(3)
Skinfolds
254(1)
Head Measures
255(3)
Variation Within Populations
258(12)
Genetics
259(1)
Human Growth
259(8)
Aging
267(1)
Sexual Dimorphism
267(3)
Environmental Variations
270(8)
Correlations with Climate
270(6)
High-Altitude Adaptation
276(2)
Chapter Summary
278(1)
Supplemental Resources
279(1)
11 Pigmentation
280(23)
Skin Color
280(9)
The Biology of Skin Color
280(6)
Variation in Human Skin Color
286(3)
The Evolution of Human Skin Color
289(6)
Selection for Dark Skin
289(3)
Selection for Light Skin
292(3)
Other Aspects of Human Pigmentation
295(3)
Hair Color
296(1)
Eye Color
297(1)
Chapter Summary
298(1)
Supplemental Resources
299(4)
SECTION 4: Population Studies and Human Behaviors
12 Population Structure and Population History
303(29)
Genetic Distance
303(7)
Computing Genetic Distance
304(2)
The Representation of Genetic Distance
306(4)
Population Structure
310(6)
Factors Affecting Population Structure
310(3)
Case Study: The Åland Islands
313(3)
Case Studies in Population History
316(9)
The Origin of Native Americans
317(3)
Admixture in African Americans
320(3)
The Population History of Ireland
323(2)
Global Genetic Diversity and the Evolution of the Human Species
325(6)
Evolutionary Context
325(1)
Patterns of Genetic Diversity
326(4)
Conclusion?
330(1)
Chapter Summary
331(1)
Supplemental Resources
331(1)
13 Genetics, Behavior, and Human Variation
332(20)
Human Behavioral Genetics
332(2)
Genetics, Environment, and Behavior
333(1)
Methods of Behavioral Genetics
333(1)
Case Studies in Behavioral Genetics
334(18)
Dyslexia
334(2)
Sexual Orientation
336(5)
IQ Test Scores
341(9)
Chapter Summary
350(1)
Supplemental Resources
351(1)
Glossary 352(13)
References 365(34)
Index 399

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