Human Memory Exploration and Application

by Haberlandt, Karl

• ISBN13: 9780205189922
• ISBN10: 020518992X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-07-23
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Now is an exciting time for the study of human memory. New research methods are being introduced, discoveries are reported, and fierce debates are waged in both research labs and the public arena. This book provides an up-to-date overview of the multifaceted study of memory. Written in a lucid and engaging style, this book presents cutting edge advances in human memory research fully integrated within the mainstream of the cognitive approach. It introduces research issues, describes important research paradigms, and identifies connections across different traditions of memory research. A variety of perspectives are presented, including psychobiological, developmental , neuropsychological, applied, and the traditional cognitive point of view. Psychologists and professors.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1	(16)
Thinking about Memory	2	(2)
Metaphors of Memory	2	(1)
Attributes of Memory	3	(1)
Investigating Memory	4	(8)
Paradigms of Memory Research	5	(4)
Explaining Memory Phenomena	9	(3)
Memory in the Context of Cognition	12	(3)
Attention	12	(1)
Pattern Recognition	13	(1)
Problem Solving	14	(1)
Preview	15	(2)
CHAPTER 2 THE PIONEERS OF MEMORY RESEARCH FROM EBBINGHAUS TO LASHLEY	17	(24)
Experimental Study of Memory	17	(13)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)	18	(6)
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)	24	(2)
Richard Semon (1859-1918)	26	(1)
Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969)	27	(3)
Neuropsychological and Psychodynamic Views of Memory	30	(5)
Theodule Ribot (1839-1916)	31	(2)
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)	33	(2)
Learning and Memory in Animals	35	(3)
Paradigms of Animal Learning	36	(2)
The Search for the Engram	38	(1)
Conclusion	38	(3)
CHAPTER 3 MEMORY AND BRAIN	41	(28)
Research Methods in Neuroscience	43	(9)
Imaging Methods	43	(4)
Event-Related Potentials	47	(2)
Monitoring Activity at the Cellular Level	49	(1)
Case and Population Studies	50	(2)
Plasticity in the Brain	52	(6)
Neurons	52	(1)
Neurotransmitters and the Formation of Memories	53	(1)
Are There Memory-Enhancing Drugs?	54	(1)
Plasticity of Neural Structures	55	(3)
Where Are Memories Located?	58	(4)
Act I: From Extreme Localization to No Function at All	59	(1)
Act II: Localization Theory Becomes Respectable	59	(1)
Act III: From Equipotentiality to Memory Cells	60	(1)
Act IV: Networks of Local Specialists	60	(2)
The Hippocampus	62	(3)
Consolidation of Memories	62	(1)
Space Cells in the Hippocampus	63	(1)
Is Spatial Learning Based on Long-Term Potentiation?	64	(1)
Does the Hippocampus Support All Memories?	64	(1)
Frontal Lobes	65	(3)
Maintaining Information in Working Memory	65	(1)
Executive Function	66	(1)
Long-Term Memory Encoding and Retrieval	67	(1)
Conclusion	68	(1)
CHAPTER 4 MEMORY FOR FACTS	69	(34)
Episodic Memory	70	(20)
Acquiring Facts	71	(7)
Theories of Forgetting	78	(4)
Retrieval	82	(8)
Semantic Memory	90	(11)
Representation of Concepts	90	(5)
Propositions and Causal Relations	95	(2)
Schemas	97	(2)
Perspectives from Neuropsychology	99	(2)
Conclusion	101	(2)
CHAPTER 5 MEMORY FOR SKILLS	103	(24)
Implicit Memory	103	(12)
Priming	104	(7)
Implicit Learning	111	(4)
Learning and Remembering Cognitive Skills	115	(10)
Sample of Skills	115	(2)
Representation of Skills	117	(1)
Skill Acquisition	117	(3)
Supermemory: Memory as a Skill	120	(5)
Conclusion	125	(1)
Endnotes	126	(1)
CHAPTER 6 WORKING MEMORY	127	(30)
The Two-Store Model of Memory and Its Critics	127	(8)
Differences between Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory	128	(4)
Waugh and Norman's (1965) Two-Store Model	132	(1)
Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) Model	132	(2)
Critics of the Two-Store Model	134	(1)
Activity in Working Memory	135	(7)
Problem Solving	135	(1)
Storage versus Computation	136	(1)
Language Comprehension	136	(2)
Search in Working Memory: The Sternberg Paradigm	138	(1)
Tracking Mental Work On-Line	139	(3)
The Multiple-Components Model of Working Memory	142	(12)
Phonological Loop	144	(3)
Visuospatial Sketchpad	147	(1)
Semantic Information in Working Memory	148	(1)
Central Executive	149	(5)
Conclusion	154	(3)
CHAPTER 7 MODELS OF MEMORY	157	(32)
The SAM Model	159	(7)
Assumptions of the SAM Model	160	(3)
Retrieval in List Learning	163	(2)
Application of SAM to Important Memory Experiments	165	(1)
Evaluation of the SAM Model	166	(1)
Neural Network Models	166	(12)
Distributed Memories	167	(2)
Retrieval from Neural Networks	169	(4)
Learning in Neural Networks	173	(1)
Applications of Neural Networks	174	(3)
Evaluation of the Neural Network Approach	177	(1)
Anderson's ACT Framework	178	(9)
The Architecture of ACT	179	(3)
Memory and Rational Analysis	182	(1)
Research Applications of ACT	183	(3)
Evaluation of ACT	186	(1)
Conclusion	187	(1)
Endnotes	188	(1)
CHAPTER 8 MEMORY FROM INFANCY TO OLD AGE: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES	189	(30)
Memory Development during Childhood	190	(14)
Event Memory in Preverbal Infants	191	(3)
Memory for Skills	194	(3)
Memory for Facts	197	(5)
Working Memory	202	(2)
Memory Changes during Older Adulthood	204	(12)
Memory for Facts	206	(4)
Memory for Skills	210	(2)
Working Memory	212	(4)
Conclusion	216	(3)
CHAPTER 9 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL AND EMOTIONAL MEMORIES	219	(30)
Autobiographical Memory	220	(10)
Studying Autobiographical Memory	221	(3)
Organization of Autobiographical Memory	224	(2)
Autobiographical Memory Viewed as Narrative	226	(3)
Impairment of Autobiographical Memory	229	(1)
Remembering Emotional Events	230	(8)
Research on the Repression Hypothesis	230	(1)
Are Flashbulb Memories Special?	231	(1)
Memories of Witnesses and Victims of Crime	232	(1)
Laboratory Studies of Emotion and Memory	233	(2)
Emotion, Memory, and the Brain	235	(3)
The Memory Wars	238	(8)
The Issues	239	(1)
Clinical Views of Early Childhood Memories	240	(1)
Remembering Pain and Abuse	241	(2)
Suggestibility of Memory and Implanting False Memories	243	(1)
Can Science Distinguish between True and False Memories?	244	(1)
Where Do We Stand? The American Psychological Association Seeks a Response	245	(1)
Conclusion	246	(3)
CHAPTER 10 MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS	249	(26)
The Amnesic Disorders	251	(10)
Case Studies	251	(3)
Performance Patterns in Amnesia	254	(3)
Explaining Amnesia	257	(4)
Impairment of Specialized Memory Functions	261	(5)
Semantic Memory Deficits	262	(2)
Neuropsychology of Working Memory Functions	264	(2)
Alzheimer's Disease	266	(8)
Deficits in Memory for Facts	267	(3)
Working Memory	270	(2)
Deficits in Memory for Skills	272	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease: A Retrospective	273	(1)
Conclusion	274	(1)
CHAPTER 11 ISSUES IN MEMORY RESEARCH	275	(28)
How Many Memories?	275	(18)
Multiple Memory Systems: Two Taxonomies of Memory	277	(3)
Justifying Systems of Memory	280	(6)
A Single-Memory System with Different Processes	286	(5)
Memory Systems Gain Acceptance	291	(2)
Memory: What Are the Important Questions?	293	(8)
Neisser's Call to Arms	293	(1)
Banaji and Crowder Declare Everyday Memory Bankrupt	294	(2)
Rebuttals to Banaji and Crowder	296	(3)
The Correspondence Metaphor of Memory	299	(1)
Conclusion	301	(2)
CHAPTER 12 MEMORY IN EVERYDAY LIFE	303	(32)
Remembering and Forgetting in Everyday Life	304	(6)
Mnemonic Techniques	304	(2)
Skilled Memory	306	(3)
Verbatim Memory versus Plausible Answers	309	(1)
Education	310	(7)
Practicing Skills	310	(2)
Remembering Skills for the Long Haul	312	(2)
Study Skills in Reading	314	(2)
Is There Transfer of Training?	316	(1)
Memory and the Law	317	(8)
Memory Distortions	318	(1)
Problems in Eyewitness Testimony	319	(4)
Improving Eyewitness Testimony	323	(2)
Coping with Memory Impairments	325	(7)
Internal and External Memory Aids	326	(2)
Capitalizing on Spared Functions	328	(2)
Prospective Memory Training	330	(2)
Conclusion	332	(3)
REFERENCES	335	(28)
INDEX	363