Hybrid Electric Vehicles : Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives

by Mi, Chris; Masrur, M. Abul; Gao, David Wenzhong

• ISBN13: 9780470747735
• ISBN10: 0470747730
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-07-05
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Hybrid Electric Vehicles aims to help a new generation of engineers to master the principles of and further advance hybrid vehicle technology. It discusses hybrid vehicles, which include purely electric, hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric, and also off-road hybrid vehicular systems. The book focuses on the power and propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, HEV system architecture (including plug-in & charging control and hydraulic), off-road and other industrial utility vehicles, safety and EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics and electromechanical vibration issues. It avoids addressing in detail topics already available in other HEV related books, but concentrates on material that is not readily available elsewhere, such as design examples for hybrid vehicles, in order to enhance understanding of the principles of the new hybrid vehicle technology. It also covers new developments in the field including electronic CVT, plug-in hybrid, and new power converters and controls.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Sustainable Transportation	p. 3
Population, Energy, and Transportation	p. 4
Environment	p. 5
Economic Growth	p. 6
New Fuel Economy Requirement	p. 7
A Brief History of HEVs	p. 8
Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn from It	p. 10
Architectures of HEVs	p. 11
Series HEVs	p. 12
Parallel HEVs	p. 13
Series-Parallel HEVs	p. 14
Complex HEVs	p. 15
Diesel Hybrids	p. 15
Other Approaches to Vehicle Hybridization	p. 16
Hybridization Ratio	p. 16
Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs	p. 17
State of the Art of HEVs	p. 18
The Toyota Prius	p. 19
The Honda Civic	p. 21
The Ford Escape	p. 21
The Two-Mode Hybrid	p. 21
Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs	p. 22
The Invisible Hand-Government Support	p. 23
References	p. 25
Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile	p. 27
Vehicle Basics	p. 27
Constituents of a Conventional Vehicle	p. 27
Vehicle and Propulsion Load	p. 27
Drive Cycles and Drive Terrain	p. 30
Basics of the EV	p. 31
Why EV?	p. 31
Constituents of an EV	p. 32
Vehicle and Propulsion Loads	p. 34
Basics of the HEV	p. 35
Why HEV?	p. 35
Constituents of a HEV	p. 35
Basics of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)	p. 36
Why PHEV?	p. 36
Constituents of a PHEV	p. 37
Comparison between the HEV and PHEV	p. 38
Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs)	p. 38
Why FCV?	p. 38
Constituents of a FCV	p. 39
Some Issues Related to Fuel Cells	p. 39
Reference	p. 39
HEV Fundamentals	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Vehicle Model	p. 42
Vehicle Performance	p. 44
EV Powertrain Component Sizing	p. 47
Series Hybrid Vehicle	p. 51
Parallel Hybrid Vehicle	p. 56
Electrically Peaking Hybrid Concept	p. 57
ICE Characteristics	p. 63
Gradability Requirement	p. 63
Selection of Gear Ratio from ICE to Wheel	p. 64
Wheel Slip Dynamics	p. 65
References	p. 67
Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain	p. 69
Principle of Planetary Gears	p. 69
Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain	p. 72
GM Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission	p. 76
Operating Principle of the Two-Mode Powertrain	p. 76
Mode 0: Vehicle Launch and Backup	p. 77
Mode 1: Low Range	p. 78
Mode 2: High Range	p. 79
Mode 3: Regenerative Braking	p. 80
Transition from Mode 0 to Mode 3	p. 80
Dual-Clutch Hybrid Transmissions	p. 83
Conventional DCT Technology	p. 84
Gear Shift Schedule	p. 84
DCT-Based Hybrid Powertrain	p. 85
Operation of DCT-Based Hybrid Powertrain	p. 87
Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al.	p. 89
Motor-Alone Mode	p. 90
Combined Power Mode	p. 91
Engine-Alone Mode	p. 91
Electric CVT Mode	p. 91
Energy Recovery Mode	p. 92
Standstill Mode	p. 92
Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission	p. 92
Timken Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission	p. 93
Mode 0: Launch and Reverse	p. 94
Mode 1: Low-Speed Operation	p. 94
Mode 2: High-Speed Operation	p. 94
Mode 4: Series Operating Mode	p. 94
Mode Transition	p. 96
Tsai's Hybrid Transmission	p. 96
Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism	p. 98
Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-Four-Wheel Drive	p. 99
CAMRY Hybrid	p. 101
Chevy Volt Powertrain	p. 102
Dynamics of Planetary-Based Transmissions	p. 103
Non-ideal Gears in the Planetary System	p. 103
Dynamics of the Transmission	p. 104
Conclusions	p. 105
References	p. 106
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles	p. 107
Introduction to PHEVs	p. 107
PHEVs and EREVs	p. 107
Blended PHEVs	p. 108
Why PHEV?	p. 108
Electricity for PHEV Use	p. 110
PHEV Architectures	p. 110
Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs	p. 112
Fuel Economy of PHEVs	p. 112
Well-to-Wheel Efficiency	p. 113
PHEV Fuel Economy	p. 113
Utility Factor	p. 114
Power Management of PHEVs	p. 115
PHEV Design and Component Sizing	p. 118
Component Sizing of EREVs	p. 119
Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs	p. 119
HEV to PHEV Conversions	p. 120
Replacing the Existing Battery Pack	p. 120
Adding an Extra Battery Pack	p. 122
Converting Conventional Vehicles to PHEVs	p. 123
Other Topics on PHEVs	p. 123
End-of-Life Battery for Electric Power Grid Support	p. 123
Cold Start Emissions Reduction in PHEVs	p. 123
Cold Weather/Hot Weather Performance Enhancement in PHEVs	p. 124
PHEV Maintenance	p. 124
Safety of PHEVs	p. 124
Vehicle-to-Grid Technology	p. 125
PHEV Battery Charging	p. 126
Impact of G2V	p. 126
The Concept of V2G	p. 129
Advantages of V2G	p. 134
Case Studies of V2G	p. 134
Conclusion	p. 136
References	p. 138
Special Hybrid Vehicles	p. 139
Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles	p. 139
Regenerative Braking in HHVs	p. 142
Off-road HEVs	p. 144
Diesel HEVs	p. 149
Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, Locomotives	p. 150
Ships	p. 150
Aircraft	p. 154
Locomotives	p. 156
Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles	p. 159
References	p. 160
Further Reading	p. 160
HEV Applications for Military Vehicles	p. 163
Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial to Military Applications	p. 163
Ground Vehicle Applications	p. 164
Architecture - Series, Parallel, Complex	p. 164
Vehicles Which Are of Most Benefit	p. 166
Non-ground Vehicle Military Applications	p. 168
Electromagnetic Launchers	p. 169
Hybrid-Powered Ships	p. 170
Aircraft Applications	p. 171
Dismounted Soldier Applications	p. 171
Ruggedness Issues	p. 173
References	p. 174
Further Reading	p. 175
Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs	p. 177
Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs	p. 177
Onboard Diagnostics	p. 178
Prognostics Issues	p. 180
Reliability of HEVs	p. 182
Analyzing the Reliability of HEV Architectures	p. 183
Reliability and Graceful Degradation	p. 185
Software Reliability Issues	p. 187
EMC Issues	p. 190
Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues	p. 192
End-of-Life Issues	p. 194
References	p. 195
Further Reading	p. 195
Power Electronics in HEVs	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Principle of Power Electronics	p. 198
Rectifiers Used in HEVs	p. 200
Ideal Rectifier	p. 200
Practical Rectifier	p. 201
Single-Phase Rectifier	p. 202
Voltage Ripple	p. 204
Buck Converter Used in HEVs	p. 207
Operating Principle	p. 207
Nonlinear Model	p. 208
Non-isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter	p. 209
Operating Principle	p. 209
Maintaining Constant Torque Range and Power Capability	p. 211
Reducing Current Ripple in the Battery	p. 212
Regenerative Braking	p. 213
Voltage Source Inverter	p. 213
Current Source Inverter	p. 213
Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter	p. 217
Basic Principle and Steady State Operations	p. 218
Voltage Ripple	p. 222
PWM Rectifier in HEVs	p. 226
Rectifier Operation of Inverter	p. 226
EV and PHEV Battery Chargers	p. 229
Forward/Flyback Converters	p. 230
Half-Bridge DC-DC Converter	p. 231
Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter	p. 231
Power Factor Correction Stage	p. 232
Bidirectional Battery Chargers	p. 234
Other Charger Topologies	p. 234
Inductive Charging	p. 235
Wireless Charging	p. 236
Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics	p. 237
Device-Level Simulation	p. 238
System-Level Model	p. 239
Emerging Power Electronics Devices	p. 239
Circuit Packaging	p. 240
Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics	p. 240
Conclusions	p. 243
References	p. 243
Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Induction Motor Drives	p. 246
Principle of Induction Motors	p. 246
Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor	p. 248
Speed Control of Induction Machine	p. 250
Variable Frequency, Variable Voltage Control of Induction Motors	p. 252
Efficiency and Losses of Induction Machine	p. 253
Additional Loss in Induction Motors due to PWM Supply	p. 254
Field-Oriented Control of Induction Machine	p. 265
Permanent Magnet Motor Drives	p. 271
Basic Configuration of PM Motors	p. 272
Basic Principle and Operation of PM Motors	p. 273
Magnetic Circuit Analysis of IPM Motors	p. 277
Sizing of Magnets in PM Motors	p. 286
Eddy Current Losses in the Magnets of PM Machines	p. 291
Switched Reluctance Motors	p. 291
Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines	p. 293
Design and Sizing of Traction Motors	p. 297
Selection of A and B	p. 298
Speed Rating of the Traction Motor	p. 298
Determination of the Inner Power	p. 299
Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors	p. 299
Conclusions	p. 306
References	p. 306
Batteries, Ultracapacitors, Fuel Cells, and Controls	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
Battery Characterization	p. 317
Comparison of Different Energy Storage Technologies for HEVs	p. 321
Modeling Based on Equivalent Electric Circuits	p. 325
Battery Modeling	p. 325
Battery Modeling Example	p. 327
Modeling of Ultracapacitors	p. 329
Battery Modeling Example for Hybrid Battery and Ultracapacitor	p. 331
Battery Charging Control	p. 334
Charge Management of Storage Devices	p. 337
Flywheel Energy Storage System	p. 341
Hydraulic Energy Storage System	p. 344
Fuel Cells and Hybrid Fuel Cell Energy Storage System	p. 345
Introduction to Fuel Cells	p. 345
Fuel Cell Modeling	p. 349
Hybrid Fuel Cell Energy Storage Systems	p. 352
Control Strategy of Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System	p. 355
Summary and Discussion	p. 360
References	p. 361
Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles	p. 363
Introduction	p. 363
Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling	p. 364
HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR	p. 366
HEV Modeling Using PSAT	p. 369
Physics-Based Modeling	p. 370
Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques	p. 378
Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods	p. 381
Conclusion	p. 382
References	p. 382
HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization	p. 385
Introduction	p. 385
Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design	p. 386
DIRECT	p. 386
Simulated Annealing	p. 391
Genetic Algorithms	p. 393
Particle Swarm Optimization	p. 395
Advantages/Disadvantages of Different Optimization Algorithms	p. 398
Model-in-the-Loop Design Optimization Process	p. 399
Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example	p. 400
Series HEV Design Optimization Example	p. 405
Control Framework of a series HEV Powertrain	p. 405
Series HEV Parameter Optimization	p. 407
Optimization Results	p. 408
Conclusion	p. 410
References	p. 412
Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management	p. 413
A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs	p. 413
Methodology to Implement	p. 415
Methodologies for Optimization	p. 420
Cost Function Optimization	p. 423
Benefits of Energy Management	p. 428
References	p. 429
Further Reading	p. 429
Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation	p. 431
What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs?	p. 431
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization	p. 431
Standardization and Commercialization	p. 432
Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles	p. 433
Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation	p. 434
Further Reading	p. 434
Index	p. 435
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